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    Density Log PDF

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    Joseph Yepez
    The document discusses well logging tools and methods for measuring formation bulk density and estimating lithology, porosity, and fluid content. A density log provides a continuous measurement of bulk density, which depends on solid matrix mineralogy, porosity, and fluid content. Gamma rays are used to measure density, with higher density formations absorbing more gamma rays. Porosity can be estimated from bulk density measurements by accounting for matrix density and fluid effects. The photoelectric absorption index from density logs can also help indicate lithology independently of porosity.

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    Density Log PDF

    Uploaded by

    Joseph Yepez
    181 views22 pages
    The document discusses well logging tools and methods for measuring formation bulk density and estimating lithology, porosity, and fluid content. A density log provides a continuous measurement of bulk density, which depends on solid matrix mineralogy, porosity, and fluid content. Gamma rays are used to measure density, with higher density formations absorbing more gamma rays. Porosity can be estimated from bulk density measurements by accounting for matrix density and fluid effects. The photoelectric absorption index from density logs can also help indicate lithology independently of porosity.

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    The document discusses well logging tools and methods for measuring formation bulk density and estimating lithology, porosity, and fluid content. A density log provides a continuous measurement of bulk density, which depends on solid matrix mineralogy, porosity, and fluid content. Gamma rays are used to measure density, with higher density formations absorbing more gamma rays. Porosity can be estimated from bulk density measurements by accounting for matrix density and fluid effects. The photoelectric absorption index from density logs can also help indicate lithology independently of porosity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    181 views22 pages

    Density Log PDF

    Uploaded by

    Joseph Yepez
    The document discusses well logging tools and methods for measuring formation bulk density and estimating lithology, porosity, and fluid content. A density log provides a continuous measurement of bulk density, which depends on solid matrix mineralogy, porosity, and fluid content. Gamma rays are used to measure density, with higher density formations absorbing more gamma rays. Porosity can be estimated from bulk density measurements by accounting for matrix density and fluid effects. The photoelectric absorption index from density logs can also help indicate lithology independently of porosity.

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    of 22

    WELL LOGGING I

    DENSITY LOG
    BULK DENSITY LOG
    • Provides a continuous measurement of the formation’s bulk density.
    • Bulk density is a result of the solid matrix (mineralogy), porosity and
    any fluids present. It may be referred to as ρb or RHOB.
    • If the effects of porosity and fluid are removed from the bulk density
    measurement then the measured density reflect the matrix density.
    BULK DENSITY LOG
    • Provides an indication of formation lithology if no porosity is
    present.
    • The sources used are cesium 137 (preferred because of the stability,
    decays of 30 years of half life, gamma ray decay of 0.66 MeV) and
    cobalt 40.
    • Gamma rays detected have energies ranging from 0.2 to 0.6 MeV.
    • The lost energy by scattering is dependent on the number of electrons
    in the formation and hence is proportional to the density. Higher the
    density of the formation lower the response at the detector.
    • Density is low in high pressure formation
    GR INTERACTION WITH MATTER
    • Photoelectric absortion
    • Low energy photon interacts with the electron in the atom and
    removes it from its shell.
    • Occur when the energy of the incident photon is equal to or just
    greater than the binding energy of the electron in its shell
    • It is related to the atomic number of the attenuating medium (Z),
    the energy of the incident photon (E) and the physical density of
    the attenuating medium (p) by: Z³ p / E³.
    GR INTERACTION WITH MATTER
    • Compton scatteringthe
    • Main cause of scattered radiation in a material.
    • Partial absorption process
    • It occurs due to the interaction of the x-ray or gamma photon with
    free electrons
    • Proportional to the electron density and physical density of the
    material
    • Inversely proportional to photon energy
    • does not depend on atomic number
    GR INTERACTION WITH MATTER
    Pair production
    • results in the complete attenuation of the incident photon
    • Pair production can only occur if the incident photon energy is at
    least 1.022 MeV
    • Nucleus undergoes a change of state and is transformed into two
    particles (essentially creating matter from energy): one electron and
    one positron
    GR INTERACTION WITH MATTER
    DENSITY MEASUREMENT
    DENSITY MEASUREMENT
    DENSITY MEASUREMENT
    MEASUREMENT
    DENSITY TOOLS
    Single detector Dual detector-compensated
    VOLUMEN OF INVESTIGATION
    EXAMPLE 1

    • There is always correlation between Δρ and caliper.


    • If Δρ>0.20 bulk density is invalid.
    • It is caused by poor contact of the pad.
    POROSITY ASSESMENT
    It is nor measured. It is estimated from:
    EFFECT OF LITHOLOGY
    EXAMPLE 2
    • Estimate porosity in the fully/water saturated zone
    • Estimate porosity in a pure shale
    • What type of hydrocarbon do we have in this formation?
    • Estimate porosity in hydrocarbon bearing zone
    EXAMPLE 2
    GRAPHICAL ESTIMATION OF
    POROSITY
    PHOTOELECTRIC ABSORPTION
    INDEX
    • Taken from the Litho-Density Log
    The primary use of the Pe log as an indicator of lithology.
    • The Pe log is independent of porosity, and so can be used in
    combination with bulk density in interpretation.
    PHOTOELECTRIC ABSORPTION
    INDEX
    The sensitivity of the Pe log to heavy elements (e.g. Barite at 266.8
    barns/electron) can be problematic when heavy, barite-rich drilling muds
    are used. Even the slightest concentration of barite in the mud
    can cause the photoelectric absorption index to be unusable.
    LITHOLOGY ASSESMENT

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