Solution: 8-1. Investigate If Each Ratio Is Dimensionless. A) RV

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8–1. Investigate if each ratio is dimensionless. a) rV 2 >p,

b) Lr>s, c) p>V 2L, d) rL3 >Vm.
Solution
M L 2
2 a ba b
rV L3 T
a) = = 1 yes Ans.
p M
a b
LT 2
M
(L)a b
Lr L3 T2
b) = = 2 no Ans.
s M L
. We or
a 2b
m W ina g
T
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
M
ab
an on in rs h
p LT 2 M
k g rn to rig
c) 2
= 2
= 4 no Ans.
V L L L or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
a b L
e lu nt ns co
T
th inc de f i es
M
of rk ( stu e o tat
a b ( L3 )
rL3
ity o g us d S
L3
d) = = T 2 no Ans.
te is ss th ite
Vm L M
a ba b
in f th se for Un
T LT
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
a) yes
b) no
c) no
d) no
846
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
8–2. Use inspection to arrange each of the following three

variables as a dimensionless ratio: a) L, t, V, b) s, EV, L,
c) V, g, L.
Solution
L
a b(T)
Vt T
a) = = 1 Ans.
L L
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
M
is e D t w
t p or em ch
a b(L)
d th g. in t la
EVL LT 2
an on in rs h
b) = = 1 Ans.
k g rn to rig
s M
or in a uc y
T2
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
L 2
a b
of rk ( stu e o tat
V2 T
ity o g us d S
c) = = 1 Ans.
gL L
te is ss th ite
a 2 b(L)
T
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
Vt
a)
L
EVL
b)
s
V2
c)
gL
847
8–3. The pressure change that occurs in the aortic artery

during a short period of time can be modeled by the equation
∆p = ca ( mV>2R)1>2, where m is the viscosity of blood, V is
its velocity, and R is the radius of the artery. Determine the
M, L, T, dimensions for the arterial coefficient ca.
Solution
1
mV 2
The dimensions for the physical variables in the equation ∆p = ca a b given in
2R
Table 8–1 are
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
M
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
Pressure change, ∆p ML-1T -2 =
d th g. in t la
LT 2
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
M
Viscosity, m ML-1T -1 = or in a uc y
LT
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
L
th inc de f i es
Velocity, V LT -1 =
T
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
Radius, R L
te is ss th ite
Thus, dimensional homogeneity requires

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
1
2
M ( M>LT )( L>T )
y ar d le d
= ca £ §
ro p an o te
2 L
LT
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
1
M M 2
w le co ro is
2
= ca a b
LT LT 2
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
1
M 2
an his
ca = a b Ans.
LT 2
T
Ans: 1
M 2
a b
LT 2
848
*8–4. Determine the Mach number for a jet flying at

800 mi>h at an altitude of 10 000 ft. The velocity of sound in
air is determined from c = 2kRT, where the specific heat
ratio for air is k = 1.40. Note, 1 mi = 5280 ft.
Solution
Referring to the table in Appendix A, at an altitude of 10 000 ft, T = 23.34° F. Also,
R = 1716 ft # lb>slug # R. Here, Tabs = (23.34° F + 460) R = 483.34 R. The speed
of sound through the air is then
. We or
c = 2kRTabs
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
= 21.40 ( 1716 ft # lb>slug # R ) (483.34 R)
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la

an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
= 1077.58 ft>s
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
The velocity of the jet is

th inc de f i es
800 mi 5280 ft 1h
of rk ( stu e o tat
V = a ba b = 1173.3 ft>s
ity o g us d S
1h 1 mi 3600 s
te is ss th ite
The Mach number is

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
V 1173.3 ft>s
th t o a ly by
M = = = 1.089 = 1.09 Ans.

y ar d le d
c 1077.58 ft>s
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
849
8–5. Determine the F, L, T dimensions of the following

terms. a) Q>rV, b) rg>p, c) V 2 >2g, d) rgh.
Solution
L3
a b
Q T L6
a) = 2
= Ans.
FT 2
. We or
rV FT L
a 4 ba b
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
L T
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
FT 2 L
a ba 2 b
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
4 1
rg L T
b) = = or in a uc y Ans.
p F L
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
a 2b
L
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
L 2
a b
ity o g us d S
2
V T
c) = = L Ans.
te is ss th ite
2g L
in f th se for Un
a 2b
gr w in e
T
th t o a ly by
FT 2
y ar d le d
L F
ro p an o te
d) rgh = a ba 2 b(L) = 2 Ans.

L4
st ny s d s ec
T L
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
L6
a)
FT 2
1
b)
L
c) L
F
d) 2
L
850
8–6. Determine the M, L, T dimensions of the following

terms. a) Q>rV, b) rg>p, c) V 2 >2g, d) rgh.
Solution
L3
b a
Q T L5
a) = = Ans.
M L M
. We or
rV
a 3 ba b
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
T
in
no W iss ea s
L
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
M L
an on in rs h
a ba b
k g rn to rig
rg L3 T 2 1
b) = = or in a uc y Ans.
w d le tr p
er ld
p M L
e lu nt ns co
a b
LT 2
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
L 2
ity o g us d S
2a b
V T
te is ss th ite
c) = = L Ans.
2g L
in f th se for Un
a 2b
gr w in e
T
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
M L M
c) rgh = a ba 2 b(L) = Ans.
st ny s d s ec
L3
T LT 2
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
L5
a)
M
1
b)
L
c) L
M
d)
LT 2
851
8–7. Show that the Weber number is dimensionless using

M, L, T dimensions and F, L, T dimensions. Determine its
value for water at 70°F flowing at 8 ft>s for a characteristic
length of 2 ft. Take sw = 4.98 1 10 - 3 2 lb>ft.
Solution
Using the M - L - T base dimensions,
M L 2 M
2 a ba b (L) a 2b
rV L L3 T T
. We or
We = = = = 1
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
s M M
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
a 2b a 2b
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
T T
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Using the F - L - T base dimensions,
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
FT 2 L 2 F
e lu nt ns co
2 a ba b (L) a b
rV L L4 T L
th inc de f i es
We = = = = 1
of rk ( stu e o tat
s F F
a b a b
ity o g us d S
L L
te is ss th ite
From the table in Appendix A, r = 1.937 slug>ft 3 at T = 70° F. Substituting

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
numerically,
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
rV 2L ( 1.937 slug>ft 3 )( 8 ft>s ) 2(2 ft)

ro p an o te
We = = = 49.8 ( 103 ) Ans.

st ny s d s ec
s 3 4.98 ( 10-3 ) 4 lb>ft

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
49.8 ( 103 )
852
*8–8. The Womersley number is often used to study blood

circulation in biomechanics when there is pulsating flow
through a circular tube of diameter d. It is defined as
Wo = 12 d22pfr>m, where f is the frequency of the pressure
in cycles per second. Like the Reynolds number, Wo is a
ratio of inertia and viscous forces. Show that this number is
dimensionless.
Solution
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
The dimensions for the physical variables for the Womersley number are
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Diameter, d L
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Frequency, f T -1
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
ML-3
e lu nt ns co
Density, r
th inc de f i es
Viscosity, m ML-1T -1
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
Then,
te is ss th ite
d 2pfr
in f th se for Un
Wo =
gr w in e
2A m
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
( T -1 )( ML-3 )
st ny s d s ec
= L
A
de f a rse de ot
ML-1T -1
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
1 M 1
sa eir is p rk
= L a ba 3 ba b(L)(T)
th d wo
B T L M
an his
1
T
= L = 1
A L2
Thus Wo is a dimensionless number.
853
8–9. The Womersley number is a dimensionless parameter

that is used to study transient blood flow through the arteries
during heartbeats. It is a ratio of transient to viscous forces
and is written as Wo = r 22pfr>m, where r is the vessel
radius, f is the frequency of the heartbeat, m the apparent
viscosity, and r is the density of blood. Research has shown
that the radius r of the aorta of a mammal can be related to
its mass m by r = 0.0024m0.34, where r is in meters and m is in
kilograms. Determine the Womersley number for a horse
having a mass of 350 kg and heartbeat rate of 30 beats per
minute (bpm), and compare it to that of a rabbit having a
mass of 2 kg and heartbeat rate of 180 bpm. The viscosities of
blood for the horse and rabbit are mh = 0.0052 N # s>m2 and
mr = 0.0040 N # s>m2, respectively. The density of blood for
both is rb = 1060 kg>m3. Plot this variation of Womersley
number (vertical axis) with mass for these two animals. The
results should show that transient forces increase as the size
of the animal increases. Explain why this happens.
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
Solution
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
The Womersley number expressed in terms of mass is

th inc de f i es
2pfr
of rk ( stu e o tat
Wo = 0.0024m0.34
A m
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
beats 1 min
in f th se for Un
For the horse, fh = a30 ba b = 0.5 beats>s

min 60 s
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
32p(0.5) rad>s 4 ( 1060 kg>m3 )

y ar d le d
( Wo ) h = ( 0.0024m0.34 )
ro p an o te
B 0.0052 N # s>m2
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
( Wo ) h = 1.9206m0.34
ill o u vi pr
(1)
w le co ro is
For m = 350 kg,

sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
( Wo ) h = 1.9206 ( 3500.34 ) = 14.1

e
Ans.
T
beats 1 min
For the rabbit, fr = a180 ba b = 3 beats>s
min 60 s
32p(3) rad>s 4 ( 1060 kg>m3 )

( Wo ) r = ( 0.0024m0.34 )
B 0.0040 N # s>m2
( Wo ) r = 5.3640m0.34 (2)
For m = 2 kg,
( Wo ) r = 6.79 Ans.
The plots of the Womersley number vs mass for the horse and rabbit are shown
in Fig. a and b, respectively. From these plots, we notice that Womersley number
increases with mass.
854
8–9. Continued
For the horse Eq (1),
m(kg) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

( Wo ) h 0 7.26 9.19 10.55 11.64 12.55 13.36 14.07 14.73
(Wo)h
(Wo)h
15
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
15
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
10 or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
10
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
5
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
5
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
m(kg)
s
ill o u vi pr
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
(a) m(kg)
th d wo
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

For the rabbit Eq (2)
an his
(a)
T
m(kg) 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

( Wo(Wo)
)r r 0 4.24 5.36 6.16 6.79 7.32 7.79 8.21 8.59
(Wo)r
10
10
m(kg)
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
(b) m(kg)
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Ans:
(b)
6.79
855
8–10. Express the group of variables L, μ, r, V as a

dimensionless ratio.
Solution
Physical Variables. There are n = 4 variables and the unknown function is
f (L, m, r, V) = 0. Using the M - L - T system,
L L
m ML-1T -1
r ML-3
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
LT -1
itt id tio
V
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Here, all three base dimensions are used, so that m = 3. Thus, there is
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
n - m = 4 - 3 = 1 Π term or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Dimensional Analysis. Here, m, r, and V are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables

th inc de f i es
and L will become the q variable. Thus, the Π term is

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
Π = marbV cL
te is ss th ite
Π = ( MaL-aT -a )( MbL-3b )( LcT -c ) (L) = Ma + bL-a - 3b + c + 1T -a - c

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
M: 0 = a + b
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
L: 0 = - a - 3b + c + 1
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
T: 0 = -a - c
w le co ro is
Solving a = - 1, b = 1, c = 1
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
Thus,
an his
e
T
rVL
Π = m-1r1V 1L = Ans.
m
or
This is the Reynolds number. But also
-1 m
Π = is dimensionless Ans.
rVL
Ans:
rVL m
or
m rVL
856
8–11. Express the group of variables p, g, D, r as a

dimensionless ratio.
Solution
f (p, V, D, r) = 0. Using the M - L - T system,
p ML-1T -2
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
g LT -2
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
D L
an on in rs h
ML-3
k g rn to rig
r or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Here, three base dimensions are used, so that m = 3. Thus, there is

th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
n - m = 4 - 3 = 1 Π term
ity o g us d S
Dimensional Analysis. Here, p, g, and r are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables

te is ss th ite
and D will become the q variable. Thus, the Π term is

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
Π = p ag brcD
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
Π = ( MaL-aT -2a )( L bT -2b )( McL-3c ) (L) = M a + cL-a + b - 3c + 1T -2a - 2b

st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
M: 0 = a + c
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
L: 0 = - a + b - 3c + 1
an his
T: 0 = - 2a - 2b
T
Solving, a = - 1, b = 1, c = 1
Thus,
rgD
Π = p-1g1r1D = Ans.
p
Also,
-1 p
Π = is dimensionless Ans.
rgD
Ans:
rgD p
or
p rgD
857
*8–12. The force of buoyancy F is a function of the volume

V of a body and the specific weight g of the fluid. Determine
how F is related to V and g.
Solution
f(F, g, V) = 0. Using the F - L - T system,
F F
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
FL-3
itt id tio
g
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
V L3
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
Here, only two base dimensions are used, so that m = 2. Thus, there is
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
n - m = 3 - 2 = 1 Π term
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
Dimensional Analysis. Here, F and g are chosen as m = 2 repeating variables and V

ity o g us d S
will become the q variable. Thus, the Π term is

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
Π = F ag bV
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
Π = F a ( F bL-3b ) L3 = F a + bL-3b + 3
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
F: 0 = a + b
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
L: 0 = - 3b + 3
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
Solving, a = - 1 and b = 1. Thus,

an his
e
T
gV
Π = F -1g 1V =
F
The function can be written as

gV
fa b = 0
F
Solving for F using this function
F = kgV Ans.
where k is a constant to be determined by experiment.
858
8–13. Show that the hydrostatic pressure p of an

incompressible fluid can be established using dimensional
analysis by realizing that it depends upon the depth h in the
fluid and the fluid’s specific weight g.
Solution
f (p, g, h) = 0. Using the F - L - T system.
p FL-2
g FL-3
h L
Here, two base dimensions are used, so that m = 2. Thus, there is
. We or
n - m = 3 - 2 = 1 Π term
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Dimensional Analysis. Here, p and g are chosen as m = 2 repeating variables and h
an on in rs h
will become the q variable. Thus, the Π term is
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
Π = p ag bh
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Π = ( F aL-2a )( F bL-3b ) (L) = F a + bL-2a - 3b + 1

th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
0 = a + b
in f th se for Un
0 = - 2a - 3b + 1
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
Solving, a = - 1 and b = 1. Thus,

ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
gh
de f a rse de ot
Π = p-1g 1h =
s
ill o u vi pr
p
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk

th d wo
gh
an his
fa b = 0
p
T
Solving for p using this function,

p = kgh (Q.E.D.)
859
8–14. Establish Newton’s law of viscosity using dimensional

analysis, realizing that shear stress t is a function of the fluid
viscosity μ and the angular deformation du>dy. Hint:
Consider the unknown function as f(t, μ, du, dy).
Solution
f(t, m, du, dy) = 0. Here, t has the same dimensions as pressure p. Using the
M - L - T system,
t ML-1T -2
m ML-1T -1
du LT -1
. We or
dy L
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
n - m = 4 - 3 = 1 Π term
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
Note: Obtaining n 7 m was the reason for treating du and dy as two separate
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
variables.
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
Dimensional Analysis. Here t, m and du are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables and

ity o g us d S
dy will become the q variable. Thus, the Π term is

te is ss th ite
Π = tambducdy
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
Π = ( MaL-aT -2a )( MbL-bT -b )( LcT -c )( L ) = Ma + bL-a + b - c + 1T -2a - b - c

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
M: 0 = a + b
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
L: 0 = -a - b + c + 1
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
T: 0 = - 2a - b - c
an his
Solving a = 1, b = - 1, c = - 1. Thus,
T
t dy
Π = t1m-1du -1dy = a b
m du
t dy
fa b = 0
m du
Solving for t using this function,
du
t = km Ans.
dy
Ans:
du
t = km
dy
860
8–15. The period of oscillation t, measured in seconds, of a

buoy depends upon its cross-sectional area A, and its mass
m, and the specific weight g of the water. Determine the
relation between t and these parameters.
Solution
f (A, g, m, t) = 0. The dimensions for t is T. Using the M - L - T system,
A = L2
g = ML-2T -2
m = M
. We or
n - m = 4 - 3 = 1 Π term
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Dimensional Analysis. Here, A, g, and m are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables
an on in rs h
and t will become the q variable. Thus, the Π term is
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
Π = Aa g b mc t
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Π = ( L2a )( MbL-2bT -2b ) (Mc)(T)

th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
L: 0 = 2a - 2b
in f th se for Un
M: 0 = b + c
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
T: 0 = - 2b + 1
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
Solving, a = 1>2, b = 1>2, c = - 1>2. Thus,

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
gA
w le co ro is
1 1 1
Π = A2 g 2 M - 2 t = t
Am
sa eir is p rk
th d wo

an his
e
T
gA
f at b = 0
Am
Solving for t from this function

m
t = k Ans.
A gA
Ans:
m
t = k
A gA
861
*8–16. Laminar flow through a pipe produces a discharge Q D

that is a function of the pipe’s diameter D, the change in
pressure ∆p per unit length, ∆p> ∆x, and the fluid viscosity, μ.
Determine the relation between Q and these parameters.
Solution
∆p
f aQ, D, , mb = 0. Using the M - L - T system,
∆x
Q L3T -1
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
D L
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
∆p
an on in rs h
ML-2T -2
k g rn to rig
∆x or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
m ML-1T -1
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
n - m = 4 - 3 = 1 Π term
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
∆p
gr w in e
Dimensional Analysis. Here, Q, , and m are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables

th t o a ly by
∆x
y ar d le d
and D becomes the q variable.

ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
∆p b c
s
ill o u vi pr
Π = Qaa b m D = ( L3aT -a )( MbL-2bT -2b )( McL-cT -c )( L ) = Mb + cL3a - 2b - c + 1T -a - 2b - c

∆x
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
M: 0 = b + c
an his
L: 0 = 3a - 2b - c + 1
T
T: 0 = - a - 2b - c
Solving, a = - 1>4, b = 1>4, c = -1>4. Thus,
1 ∆p 14
∆p 4 -1
- 14
Π = Q a b m 4D = ° ∆x ¢ D
∆x
Qm
Therefore, the function can be written as
∆p 14
f ≥ ° ∆x ¢ D ¥ = 0
Qm
Solving for Q,
D4 ∆p
Q = kc a b d Ans.
m ∆x
862
8–17. The speed of sound V in air is thought to depend on

the viscosity m, the density r, and the pressure p. Determine
how V is related to these parameters.
Solution
f(V, m, r, p) = 0. Using the M - L - T system,
V LT -1
m ML-1T -1
r ML-3
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ML-1T -2
ed e n
p
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Dimensional Analysis. Here, V, m, and r are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables and

th inc de f i es
p will become the q variable. Thus, the Π term is

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
Π = V ambrcp
te is ss th ite
Π = ( LaT -a )( MbL-bT -b )( McL-3c )( ML-1T -2 ) = Mb + c + 1La - b - 3c - 1T -a - b - 2

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
M: 0 = b + c + 1
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
L: 0 = a - b - 3c - 1
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
T: 0 = -a - b - 2
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
Solving, a = - 2, b = 0, c = - 1. Thus,
an his
p
T
Π = V -2m0r-1p =
V 2r
The function can be rewritten as
p
fa b = 0
V 2r
Solving for V using this function,
p
V = k Ans.
Ar
where k is a constant to be determined by experiment. Notice that V is independent

of m.
Ans:
p
V = k
Ar
863
8–18. The flow Q of gas through the pipe is a function of D

the density r of the gas, gravity g, and the diameter D of the
pipe. Determine the relation between Q and these
parameters.
Solution
f(Q, r, g, D) = 0. Using the M - L - T system,
Q L3T -1
r ML-3
g LT -2
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
D L
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Dimensional Analysis. Here, Q, r, and g are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables and

th inc de f i es
D will become the q variable. Thus the Π term is

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
Π = QarbgcD
te is ss th ite
Π = ( L3aT -a )( MbL-3b )( LcT -2c ) (L) = MbL3a - 3b + c + 1 + T -a - 2c

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
M: 0 = b
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
L: 0 = 3a - 3b + c + 1
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
T: 0 = - a - 2c
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
2 1
Solving, a = - , b = 0, c = . Thus,
an his
5 5
T
1
2 1 g5D
Π = Q -5r0g5D = 2
Q5
The function can be rewritten as
1
g5D
f° 2
¢ = 0
Q5
Solving for Q using this function,
2 1
Q5 = k′g5D
Q = k2gD5 Ans.
where k is a constant to be determined by experiment. Notice that Q is independent

of r.
Ans:
Q = k2gD5
864
8–19. The velocity V of the stream flowing from the side of

the tank is thought to depend upon the liquid’s density
r, the depth h, and the acceleration of gravity g. Determine
the relation between V and these parameters. h
Solution
f (V, r, g, h) = 0. Using the M - L - T system,
V = LT -1
r = ML-3
h = L
. We or
m W ina g
b)
g = LT -2
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Dimensional Analysis. Here, r, h, and g are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables and

th inc de f i es
V will become the q variable. Thus the Π term is

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
Π = r ah bgcV
te is ss th ite
Π = ( MaL-3a )( Lb )( LcT -2c )( LT -1 ) = MaL-3a + b + c + 1T -2c - 1

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
M: 0 = a
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
L: 0 = - 3a + b + c + 1
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
T: 0 = - 2c - 1
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
1 1
Solving, a = 0, b = - , c = - . Thus,
an his
2 2
T
1 1 V
Π = r0h - 2g - 2V =
2gh
V
f = a b = 0
2gh
Solving for V from this function
V = k2gh Ans.
where k is a constant to be determined by experiment. Notice that V is independent

of r.
Ans:
V = k2gh
865
*8–20. The pressure p within the soap bubble is a function

of the bubble’s radius r and the surface tension s of the
liquid film. Determine the relation between p and these
parameters.
r
Solution
f (p, s, r) = 0. Using the F - L - T system,
p FL-2
s FL-1
r L
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
Here, only two base dimensions are used, so that m = 2. Thus, there is
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
n - m = 3 - 2 = 1 Π term
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Dimensional Analysis. Here, p and s are chosen as m = 2 repeating variables and r
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
will become the q variable. Thus the Π term is
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
Π = p asbr
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
Π = ( F aL-2a )( F bL-b ) (L) = F a + bL-2a - b + 1

te is ss th ite
F: 0 = a + b
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
L: 0 = - 2a - b + 1
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
Solving, a = 1 and b = - 1. Thus,

st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
pr
s
ill o u vi pr
Π = p1s -1r =
w le co ro is
s
sa eir is p rk
th d wo

an his
pr
fa b = 0
T
Solving for p from this function
s
p = k Ans.
r
866
8–21. The velocity c of a wave on the surface of a liquid

depends upon the wave length l, the density r, and the
surface tension s of the liquid. Determine the relation
between c and these parameters. By what percent will c
decrease if the density of the liquid is increased by a factor
of 1.5?
Solution
f(l, r, s, c) = 0. Using the F - L - T system,
l L
r FT 2L-4
s FL-1
. We or
m W ina g
b)
LT -1
ed e n
c
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Dimensional Analysis. Here, l, r, and s are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables

th inc de f i es
and c will become the q variable. Thus the Π term is

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
Π = la rb sc c
te is ss th ite
Π = ( La )( F bT 2bL-4b )( F cL-c )( LT -1 ) = F b + cLa - 4b - c + 1T 2b - 1

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
F: 0 = b + c
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
L: 0 = a - 4b - c + 1
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
T: 0 = 2b - 1
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
1 1 1
sa eir is p rk
Solving, a = , b = , and c = - . Thus,

th d wo
2 2 2
an his
rl
e
1 1 1
Π = l2 r 2 s -2 c = c
As
T
rl
f ac b = 0
As
Solving for c,
s
c = k Ans.
A rl
1
, of decrease = a1 - b * 100 = 18.4, Ans.
A 1.5
Ans:
s
c = k
A rl
18.4%
867
8–22. The discharge Q over the weir A depends upon the

width b of the weir, the water head H, and the acceleration H
of gravity g. If Q is known to be proportional to b, determine
the relation between Q and these variables. If H is doubled,
how does this affect Q? A
Solution
f (Q, H, g, b) = 0. Using the M - L - T system,
Q L3T -1
H L
g LT -2
. We or
b L
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
Here, only two base dimensions are used, so that m = 2. Thus, there are
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
n - m = 4 - 2 = 2 Π terms
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
Dimensional Analysis. Here, g and H are chosen as m = 2 repeating variables. Thus
e lu nt ns co
the q variables are Q for Π1 and b for Π2.

th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
Π1 = gaHbQ = ( LaT -2a )( Lb )( L3T -1 ) = La + b + 3T -2a-1

ity o g us d S
L: 0 = a + b + 3
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
T: 0 = - 2a - 1
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
1 5
y ar d le d
Solving, a = - and b = - . Thus,

ro p an o te
2 2
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
1 5 Q
s
Π1 = g - 2H - 2Q =
ill o u vi pr

2gH5
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
Π2 = gcHdb = ( LcT -2c )( Ld )( L ) = Lc + d + 1T -2c

th d wo

an his
L: 0 = c + d + 1
T
T: 0 = - 2c
Solving, c = 0 and d = - 1. Thus,
b
Π = g0H -1b =
2 H
Qb
f° ¢ = 0 ,
2gH H 5
Solving for Q,
b
Q = 2gH5f1a b
H
Since Q is proportional to b, this function becomes
Q = kb2gH3 Ans.

If H is doubled, Q increases by 223 = 2.83 times Ans. Ans:
Q = kb2gH3
increases by 2.83 times
868
8–23. The capillary rise of a fluid along the walls of the d

tube causes the fluid to rise a distance h. This effect depends
upon the diameter d of the tube, the surface tension s, the
density r of the fluid, and the gravitational acceleration g.
Determine the relation between h and these parameters.
Solution
f (h, d, s, r, g) = 0. Using the M - L - T system,
h L
d L
s MT -2
ML-3
. We or
r
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
LT -2
in
no W iss ea s
g
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Here, all three base dimensions are used, so that m = 3. Thus, there are
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
n - m = 5 - 3 = 2 Π terms or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Dimensional Analysis. Here, d, r, and g are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables.

th inc de f i es
Thus the q variables are s for Π1 and h for Π2.

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
Π = d arbges = ( La )( MbL-3b )( LcT -2c )( MT -2 ) = La - 3b + cMb + 1T -2c - 2

1
te is ss th ite
M: 0 = b + 1
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
L: 0 = a - 3b + c
th t o a ly by
T: 0 = - 2c - 2
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
Solving, a = - 2, b = - 1, and c = - 1. Thus,

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
s
Π1 = d -2r-1g -1s =
w le co ro is
rd 2g
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
Π2 = d erfgih = ( Le )( MfL-3f )( LiT -2i ) (L) = MfLe - 3f + i + 1T -2i

an his
M: 0 = f
T
L: 0 = e - 3f + i + 1
T: 0 = - 2i
Solving, e = -1, f = 0, and i = 0. Thus,

h
Π = d -1r0g0h =
2 d
s h
f1a , b = 0
rd 2g d
Solving for h,
h s
= fa 2 b
d rd g
s
h = df a b Ans.
rd 2g
Notice that since d appears in the argument of f , we cannot say that h is proportional Ans:
to d (which in any case we already know from Ch. 1 is not true). We have, however, s
established that for a given d, h is the same for all scenarios where s>rg is the same. h = df a b
rd 2g
869
*8–24. The torsional resistance T of the thrust bearing F

depends upon the diameter D of the shaft, the axial force F,
the shaft rotation v, and the viscosity m of the lubricating
fluid. Determine the relation between T and these
parameters. D
Solution
f (T, D, F, v, m) = 0. Using the F - L - T system,
T FL
D L
F F
v T -1
. We or
FTL-2
m W ina g

b)
m
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Dimensional Analysis. Here, D, F, and m are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables.

th inc de f i es
Thus the q variables are T for Π1 and v for Π2.

of rk ( stu e o tat
Π = DaF bmcT = ( La )( F b )( F cT cL-2c ) (FL) = F b + c + 1La - 2c + 1T c

ity o g us d S

1
te is ss th ite
F: 0 = b + c + 1
in f th se for Un
L: 0 = a - 2c + 1
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
T: 0 = c
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
Solving, a = - 1, b = - 1, and c = 0. Thus,

st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
T
s
ill o u vi pr
Π = D-1F -1m0T =
w le co ro is
1 FD
sa eir is p rk
Π = DeF fmgv = ( Le )( F f )( F gT gL-2g )( T -1 ) = F f + gLe - 2gT g - 1

th d wo

2
an his
F: 0 = f + g
T
L: 0 = e - 2g
T: 0 = g - 1
Solving, e = 2, f = - 1, and g = 1. Thus,

mD2v
Π = D2F -1m1v =
2 F
T mD2v
f1a , b = 0
FD F
Using this function to solve for T,
T mD2v
= fa b
FD F
mD2v
T = FDf a b Ans.
F
Notice that since F and D appear in the argument of f, we cannot say that T is
proportional to F or to D. However, we have established that for given F and D, T is
the same for all scenarios where mv is the same.
870
8–25. The thickness d of the boundary layer for a fluid U

passing over a flat plate depends upon the distance x from
the plate’s leading edge, the free-stream velocity U of the
flow, and the density r and viscosity m of the fluid. u
Determine the relation between d and these parameters. y
Solution
f (d, x, U, r, m) = 0. Using the M - L - T system,
d L
x L
U LT -1
ML-3
. We or
r
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
ML-1T -1
in
no W iss ea s
m
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Dimensional Analysis. Here, x, U, and r are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables.

th inc de f i es
Thus the q variables are d for Π1 and m for Π2.

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
Π = xaU brcd = ( La )( LbT -b )( McL-3c ) (L) = McLa + b - 3c + 1T -b

1
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
M: 0 = c
gr w in e
L: 0 = a + b - 3c + 1
th t o a ly by
T: 0 = -b
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
Solving, a = - 1, b = 0, and c = 0. Thus,

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
d
Π = x -1V 0r0d =
w le co ro is
1 x
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
Π = xdU erfm = ( Ld )( LeT -e )( MfL-3f )( ML-1T -1 ) = Mf + 1Ld + e - 3f - 1T -e - 1

an his
2
e
M: 0 = f + 1
T
L: 0 = d + e - 3f - 1
T: 0 = -e - 1
Solving, d = -1, e = - 1, and f = -1. Thus,
m
Π = x -1U -1r-1m =
2 rUx
or
rUx
Π = = Re
2 m

d
f1a , Reb = 0
x
Solving for d,
d
= f (Re)
x
d = xf (Re) Ans.
Ans:
d = xf (Re)
871
8–26. The discharge Q from a turbine is a function of the

generated torque T, the angular rotation v of the turbine, its
diameter D, and the liquid density, r. Determine the relations
between Q and these parameters. If Q varies linearly with T,
how does it vary with the turbine’s diameter D?
Solution
f(Q, T, v, D, r) = 0. Using the F - L - T system,
Q L3T -1
T FL
v T -1
D L
r FT 2L-4
. We or
n - m = 5 - 3 = 2 Π terms
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
Dimensional Analysis. Since Q is proportional to T, v, D, and r are chosen as m = 3
d th g. in t la
repeating variables. Thus, the q variables are Q for Π1 and T for Π2.
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Π1 = vaDbrcQ = ( T -a )( Lb )( F cT 2cL-4c )( L3T -1 ) = F cLb - 4c + 3T -a + 2c - 1
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
F: 0 = c
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
L: 0 = b - 4c + 3
ity o g us d S
T: 0 = - a + 2c - 1
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
Q
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
Π1 = v-1D-3r0Q =
vD3
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
Π2 = vdDer fT = ( T -d )( Le )( F fT 2fL-4f ) (FL) = F f + 1Le - 4f + 1T -d + 2f

ill o u vi pr

w le co ro is
F: 0 = f + 1
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
L: 0 = e - 4f + 1
an his
e
T
T: 0 = - d + 2f

T
Π2 = v-2D-5r-1T =
v2D5r
Q T
f1a 3
, b
vD v D5r 2
Solving for Q,
Q T
= fa b
vD3 v2D5r
T
Q = vD3f a b
v2D5r
Since Q is proportional to T,
T T
Q = vD3k a b = k Ans. Ans:
2
vDr 5
vrD2 T
2 Q = k
where k is a constant to be determined by experiment. Q is inversely proportional to D . vrD2
872
8–27. The speed c of a water wave is a function of the wave l

length l, the acceleration of gravity g, and the average depth c
of the water h. Determine the relation between c and these
parameters.
h
Solution
f(c, l, g, h) = 0. Using the M - L - T system,
c LT -1
l L
g LT -2
h L
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
Here, only two base dimensions are used, so that m = 2. Thus, there are
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
n - m = 4 - 2 = 2 Π terms
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Dimensional Analysis. Here, g, and l are chosen as m = 2 repeating variables. Thus
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
the q variables are c for Π1 and h for Π2.
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
Π1 = galbc = ( LaT -2a )( Lb )( LT -1 ) = La + b + 1T -2a - 1

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
L: 0 = a + b + 1
te is ss th ite
T: 0 = -2a - 1
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
1 1
Solving, a = - and b = - . Thus,
y ar d le d
2 2
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
c
de f a rse de ot
1 1
Π1 = g -2l-2c =
s
ill o u vi pr
2gl
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
Π1 = gcldh = ( LcT -2c )( Ld ) L = Lc + d + 1T -2c

an his
L: 0 = c + d + 1
T
T: 0 = -2c
Solving, d = -1 and c = 0. Thus,
h
Π2 = g0l-1h =
l
Therefore, the function is

c h
f1a , b = 0
2gl l
Solving for c,
c h
= fa b
2gl l
l
c = 2glf a b Ans.
h
gl 2ph
Note: In fact the equation is C = tan a b , which is consistent with the Ans:
B 2p l l
result just obtained. c = 2gl f a b
h
873
*8–28. The torque T developed by a turbine depends upon

the depth h of water at the entrance, the density of the water
r, the discharge Q, and the angular velocity of the turbine v.
Determine the relation between T and these parameters.
Solution
f(T, h, r, Q, v) = 0. Using the F - L - T system,
T FL
h L
r FT 2L-4
Q L3T -1
. We or
m W ina g
T -1
b)
ed e n
v
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
n - m = 5 - 3 = 2 Π terms
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
Dimensional Analysis. Here, r, Q, and v are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables.
e lu nt ns co
Thus the q variables are T for Π1 and h for Π2.

th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
Π1 = raQbvcT = ( F aT 2aL-4a )( L3bT -b )( T -c ) (FL) = F a + 1L-4a + 3b + 1T 2a - b - c

ity o g us d S
F: 0 = a + 1
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
L: 0 = - 4a + 3b + 1
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
T: 0 = 2a - b - c
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
5 1
de f a rse de ot
Solving, a = - 1, b = - , and c = - . Thus,

s
ill o u vi pr
3 3
w le co ro is
5 1 T
Π1 = r-1Q -3v - 3T =
sa eir is p rk
5 1
th d wo
rQ 3v 3
an his
Π2 = rdQevfh = ( F dT 2dL-4d )( L3eT -e )( T -f ) (L) = F dL-4d + 3e + 1T 2d - e - f

e
F: 0 = d
L: 0 = - 4d + 3e + 1
T: 0 = 2d - e - f
1 1
Solving, d = 0, e = - , and f = . Thus,
3 3
1
1 1 v 3
Π2 = r0Q -3v 3h = a b h
Q

1
T v 3
f1 £ ,a b h§ = 0
5
rQ v
3
1
3 Q
Solving for T,
1
v 3
T = rQ3v3f 3 a b h4
5 1
Ans.
Q
874
8–29. The drag force FD on the jet plane is a function of the V

speed V, the characteristic length L of the plane, and the FD
density r and viscosity m of the air. Determine the relation
between FD and these parameters.
L
Solution
f(FD, V, L, r, m) = 0. Using the M - L - T system,
FD MLT -2
V LT -1
L L
r ML-3
m ML-1T -1
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
n - m = 5 - 3 = 2 Π terms
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
Dimensional Analysis. Here, r, V, and L are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables.
k g rn to rig
Thus, the q variables are FD for Π1 and m for Π2. or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Π1 = raV bLcFD = ( MaL-3a )( LbT -b )( Lc )( MLT -2 ) = Ma + 1L-3a + b + c + 1T -b - 2

th inc de f i es
M: 0 = a + 1
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
L: 0 = -3a + b + c + 1
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
T: 0 = -b - 2
gr w in e
th t o a ly by

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
FD
st ny s d s ec
Π1 = r-1V -2L-2FD =
de f a rse de ot
rV 2L2
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
Π2 = rdV eLfm = ( MdL-3d )( LeT -e )( Lf )( ML-1T -1 ) = Md + 1L-3d + e + f - 1T -e - 1

sa eir is p rk
th d wo
M: 0 = d + 1
an his
L: 0 = -3d + e + f - 1
T
T: 0 = -e - 1
m
Π2 = r-1V -1L-1m =
rVL
or
rVL
Π2 = = Re
m

FD
f1 ° , Re¢ = 0
rV 2L2
Solving forFD,
FD
= f (Re)
rV 2L2
Ans:
FD = rV 2L2f (Re) Ans.
FD = rV 2L2f (Re)
875
8–30. The time t needed for ethyl ether to drain from the
pipette is thought to be a function of the fluid’s density r
and viscosity m, the nozzle’s diameter d, and gravity g.
Determine the relation between t and these parameters.
d
Solution
t = f(r, m, d, g) or g(t, r, m, d, g) = 0. Thus, n = 5. Using the M - L - T system
given in table 8–1
Time,
t T
r ML-3
Density,
m ML-1 T -1
Viscosity,
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
Diameter,
d, L
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Gravity, g, LT -2
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Here, m = 3 since three base dimensions M, L and T are involved. Thus, there are
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
n - m = 5 - 3 = 2 Π terms. r, d and g are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables
e lu nt ns co
since collectively they contain all three base dimensions as required. The first Π
th inc de f i es
term using t as g the variable is

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
Π1 = rad bgct
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
= ( Ma L-3a )( Lb )( Lc T -2c )( T )

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
= Ma L-3a + b + c T -2c + 1

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
Thus, for
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
M: a = 0
w le co ro is
L: - 3a + b + c = 0
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
T: - 2c + 1 = 0
an his
e
T
1 1
Solving, a = 0, b = - and c = . Then
2 2
1 1 g
Π1 = r0d -2 g 2t = t
Ad
The second Π term using m as g variable is
Π2 = rdd egt m
= ( Md L-3d )( Le )( Lf T -2f )( ML-1T -1 )

= Md + 1 L-3d + e + f - 1 T -2f - 1

Thus, for
M: d + 1 = 0
L: - 3d + e + f - 1 = 0
T: - 2f - 1 = 0
876
8–30. Continued
3 1
Solving, d = -1, e = - and f = - . Then
2 2
3 1 m
Π2 = r-1d - 2g - 2 m = 3 1
rd 2g2
Then
g m
f1 ° t, ¢ = 0
A d rd 32 g12
. We or
m W ina g
b)
g
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
Solving for t in this equation,
t p or em ch
Ad
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
g m
t = f ° 3 1¢ or in a uc y
Ad
w d le tr p
er ld
rd 2 g2
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
d m
of rk ( stu e o tat
t = f ° 3 1 ¢ Ans.
ity o g us d S
Ag rd 2 g2
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
d m
t = f ° 3 1¢
Ag rd 2 g2
877
8–31. The head loss hL in a pipe depends upon its diameter

D, the velocity of flow V, and the density r and viscosity m
of the fluid. Determine the relation between hL and these
parameters.
Solution
f (hL, D, V, r, m) = 0. Using the M – L – T system,
hL L
D L
V LT -1
r ML-3
m ML-1T -1
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
n - m = 5 - 3 = 2 Π terms
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Dimensional Analysis. Here, D, V, and r are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables.
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
Thus, the q variables are hL for Π1 and m for Π2.
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
Π1 = DaV brchL = ( La )( LbT -b )( McL-3c ) (L) = McLa + b - 3c + 1T -b

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
M: 0 = c
te is ss th ite
L: 0 = a + b - 3c + 1
in f th se for Un
T: 0 = -b
gr w in e
th t o a ly by

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
hL
de f a rse de ot
Π1 = D-1V 0r0hL =
s
ill o u vi pr
D
w le co ro is
Π2 = DdV er fm = ( Ld )( LeT -e )( MfL-3f )( ML-1T -1 ) = Mf + 1Ld + e - 3f - 1T -e - 1

sa eir is p rk
th d wo
M: 0 = f + 1
an his
L: 0 = d + e - 3f - 1
T
T: 0 = -e - 1
Solving, d = -1, e = -1, and f = - 1. Thus,
m
Π2 = D-1V -1r-1m =
rVD
or
rVD
Π2 = = Re
m
Therefore the function can be written as

hL
f1 a , Reb = 0
D
Solving for hL,
hL
= f (Re)
D
hL = Df (Re) Ans. Ans:
hL = Df (Re)
878
*8–32. The pressure difference ∆p of air that flows through

a fan is a function of the diameter D of the blade, its angular
rotation v, the density r of the air, and the flow Q. Determine
the relation between ∆p and these parameters.
D
Solution
f (∆p, D, v, r, Q) = 0. Using the F – L – T system,
∆p FL-2
D L
v T -1
r FT 2L-4
Q L3T -1
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
n - m = 5 - 3 = 2 Π terms
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Dimensional Analysis. Here, D, v, and r are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables.
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
Thus, the q variables are ∆p for Π1 and Q for Π2.
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
Π1 = Davbrc ∆p = ( La )( T -b )( F cT 2cL-4c )( FL-2 ) = F c + 1La - 4c - 2T -b + 2c

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
F: 0 = c + 1
te is ss th ite
L: 0 = a - 4c - 2
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
T: 0 = -b + 2c
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d

ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
∆p
de f a rse de ot
Π1 = D-2v-2r-1 ∆p =
s
ill o u vi pr
rv2D2
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
Π2 = Ddver fQ = ( Ld )( T -e )( F fT 2fL-4f )( L3T -1 ) = F fLd - 4f + 3T -e + 2f - 1

th d wo
F: 0 = f
an his
e
T
L: 0 = d - 4f + 3
T: 0 = -e + 2f - 1
Solving, d = -3, e = - 1, and f = 0. Thus,

Q
Π2 = D-3v-1r0Q =
vD3
∆p Q
f1 a , b = 0
rv2D2 vD3
Solving for ∆p,
∆p Q
2 2
= fa b
rv D vD3
Q
∆p = rv2D2f a b Ans.
vD3
879
8–33. The period of time t between small water waves is

thought to be a function of the wave length l, the water
depth h, gravitational acceleration g, and the surface tension
s of the water. Determine the relation between t and these
parameters.
Solution
f (t, l, h, g, s) = 0. Using the M – L – T system,
t T
l L
h L
g LT -2
s MT -2
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
n - m = 5 - 3 = 2 Π terms
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Dimensional Analysis. Here, l, g, and s are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables.
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
Thus, the q variables are t for Π1 and h for Π2.
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
Π1 = lagbsct = ( La )( LbT -2b )( McL-2c ) (T) = McLa + bT -2b - 2c + 1

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
M: 0 = c
te is ss th ite
L: 0 = a + b
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
T: 0 = - 2b - 2c + 1
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
1 1
ro p an o te
Solving, a = - , b = , and c = 0. Thus,

st ny s d s ec
2 2
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
1 1 g
Π1 = l-2g2s0t = t
w le co ro is
Al
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
Π2 = ldgesfh = ( Ld )( LeT -2e )( MfL-2f ) (L) = MfLd + e + 1T -2e - 2f

an his
e
T
M: 0 = f
L: 0 = d + e + 1
T: 0 = - 2e - 2f
Solving, d = -1, e = 0, f = 0. Thus,
h
Π2 = l-1g0s0h =
l

g h
f1at , b = 0
Al l
Solving for t,
g h
t = fa b
Al l
l h
t = f a b Ans.
Ag l
Ans:
l h
t = fa b
Ag l
880
8–34. The drag force FD on the square plate held normal

to the wind depends upon the area A of the plate and the air
velocity V, density r, and viscosity m. Determine the relation
FD
Solution
f (FD, V, r, m, A) = 0. Using the M – L – T system,
FD MLT -2
V LT -1
r ML-3
m ML-1T -1
A L2
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
n - m = 5 - 3 = 2 Π terms
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Dimensional Analysis. Here, V, r, and A are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables.
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
Thus, the q variables are FD for Π1 and m for Π2.
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
Π1 = V arbAcFD = ( LaT -a )( MbL-3b )( L2c )( MLT -2 ) = Mb + 1La - 3b + 2c + 1T -a - 2

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
M: 0 = b + 1
te is ss th ite
L: 0 = a - 3b + 2c + 1
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
T: 0 = -a - 2
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d

ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
FD
Π1 = V -2r-1A-1FD =
de f a rse de ot
rV 2A
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
Π2 = V dreAfm = ( LdT -d )( MeL-3e )( L2f )( ML-1T -1 ) = Me + 1Ld - 3e + 2f - 1T -d - 1

sa eir is p rk
th d wo
M: 0 = e + 1
an his
L: 0 = d - 3e + 2f - 1
T
T: 0 = -d - 1
1
Solving, d = -1, e = - 1, and f = . Thus,
2
1 m m
Π2 = V -1r-1A-2m = 1
=
rVA2 rVL
or
rVL
Π2 = = Re
m

FD
f1 a , Reb = 0
rV 2A
Solving for FD,
FD
= f (Re)
rV 2A
FD = rV 2Af (Re) Ans. Ans:
FD = rV 2Af (Re)
881
8–35. The thrust T of the propeller on a boat depends

upon the diameter D of the propeller, its angular velocity v,
the speed of the boat V, and the density r and viscosity m of V
the water. Determine the relation between T and these
parameters.
T
Solution
f(T, D, v, V, r, m) = 0. Using the F – L – T system,
T F V LT -1
D L r FT 2L-4
-1
v T m FTL-2
n - m = 6 - 3 = 3 Π terms
Dimensional Analysis. Here, r, v, and D are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables.
. We or
Thus the q variables are T for Π1, m for Π2, and V for Π3.
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
Π1 = ravbDcT = ( F aT 2aL-4a )( T -b )( Lc )( F ) = F a + 1L-4a + cT 2a - b
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
F: 0 = a + 1
k g rn to rig
L: 0 = - 4a + c or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
T: 0 = 2a - b
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
Solving, a = - 1, b = - 2, and c = -4. Thus,

ity o g us d S
T
te is ss th ite
Π1 = r-1v-2D-4T =
in f th se for Un
rv2D4
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
Π2 = rdveDfm = ( F dT 2dL-4d )( T -e )( Lf )( FTL-2 ) = F d + 1L-4d + f - 2T 2d - e + 1

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
F: 0 = d + 1
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
L: 0 = - 4d + f - 2
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
T: 0 = 2d - e + 1
sa eir is p rk
th d wo

an his
m
T
Π2 = r-1v-1D-2m =
rvD2
Π3 = rgvhDiV = ( F gT 2gL-4g )( T -k )( Li )( LT -1 ) = F gL-4g + i + 1T 2g - h - 1
F: 0 = g
L: 0 = - 4g + i + 1
T: 0 = 2g - h - 1
Solving, g = 0, h = - 1, and i = -1. Thus,
V
Π3 = r0v-1D-1V =
vD
T m V
f1 a 2 4
, ,
2 vD
b = 0
rv D rvD
Solving for T,
T m V
= fa , b
2 4
rv D rvD2 vD Ans:
m V
m V T = rv2D4f a b ,
T = rv2D4f a , b Ans. rvD vD2
rvD2 vD
882
*8–36. The power P of a blower depends upon the

impeller diameter D, its angular velocity v, the discharge Q,
and the fluid density r and viscosity m. Determine the
relation between P and these parameters.
Solution
f( p, D, v, Q, r, m) = 0. Using the M – L – T system,
p ML2T -3
D L
v T -1
Q L3T -1
r ML-3
m ML-1T -1
n - m = 6 - 3 = 3 Π terms
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
Dimensional Analysis. Here, D, v, and m are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables.
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
Thus, the q variables are P for Π1, Q for Π2, and r for Π3.
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
Π1 = DavbmcP = ( La )( T -b )( McL-cT -c )( ML2T -3 ) = Mc + 1La - c + 2T -b - c - 3
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
M: 0 = c + 1
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
L: 0 = a - c + 2
of rk ( stu e o tat
T: 0 = -b - c - 3
ity o g us d S

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
P
gr w in e
Π1 = D-3v-2m-1P =
th t o a ly by
D3v2m
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
Π2 = DdvemfQ = ( Ld )( T -e )( MfL-fT -f )( L3T -1 ) = M fLd - f + 3T -e - f - 1

st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
M: 0 = f
s
ill o u vi pr
0 = d - f + 3
w le co ro is
L:
sa eir is p rk
T: 0 = -e - f - 1
th d wo
an his
Solving, d = -3, e = - 1, and f = 0. Thus,

T
Q
Π2 = D-3v-1m0Q =
D3v
Π3 = D v m r = ( L )( T -h )( MiL-iT -i )( ML-3 ) = Mi + 1Lg - i - 3T -h - i
g h i g
M: 0 = i + 1
L: 0 = g - i - 3
T: 0 = -h - i
Solving, g = 2, h = 1, and i = - 1. Thus,
rD2v
Π3 = D2v1m-1r =
m
P Q rD2v
f1 a , , b = 0
D3v2m D3v m
Solving for P,
P Q rD2v
= f a , b
D3v2m D3v m
Q rD2v
P = D3v2mf a , b Ans.
D3v m
883
8–37. The discharge Q of a pump is a function of the

impeller # diameter D, its angular velocity v, the power
output W, and the density r and viscosity m of the fluid.
Determine the relation between Q and these parameters.
Solution
Physical Variables.
# There are n = 6 variables and the unknown function is
f(Q, D, v, W, r, m) = 0. Using the M – L – T system,
Q L3T -1
D L
v T -1
#
W ML2T -3
r ML-3
m ML-1T -1
n - m = 6 - 3 = 3 Π terms
. We or
Dimensional Analysis. Here, D, v, and P are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables.
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
Thus, the q variables are Q for Π1, r for Π2, and m for Π3.
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
#
Π1 = DavbW cQ = ( La )( T -b )( McL2cT -3c )( L3T -1 ) = McLa + 2c + 3T -b - 3c - 1
an on in rs h
M: 0 = c
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
L: 0 = a + 2c + 3
th inc de f i es
T: 0 = - b - 3c - 1
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S

te is ss th ite
# Q
in f th se for Un
Π1 = D-3v-1W 0Q =
D3v
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
#
Π2 = Ddve W fr = ( Ld )( T -e )( MfL2fT -3f )( ML-3 ) = Mf + 1Ld + 2f - 3T -e - 3f
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
M: 0 = f + 1
de f a rse de ot
L: 0 = d + 2f - 3
s
ill o u vi pr
0 = - e - 3f
w le co ro is
T:
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
Solving, d = 5, e = 3, and f = -1. Thus,

an his
# rD5v3
Π2 = D5v3W -1r = #
T
W
#
Π3 = DgvhW im = ( Lg )( T -h )( MiL2iT -3i )( ML-1T -1 ) = Mi + 1Lg + 2i - 1T -h - 3i - 1
M: 0 = i + 1
L: 0 = g + 2i - 1
T: 0 = - h - 3i - 1
Solving, g = 3, h = 2, and i = -1. Thus,
# D3v2m
Π3 = D3v2W -1m =
P
Q rD5v3 D3v2m
f1 a 3
# ,
, # b = 0
Dv W W
Solving for Q,
Q rD5v3 D3v2m
= fa # , # b
D3v W W Ans:
rD5v3 D3v2m
5 3
rD v D v m 3 2
Q = D3vf a # , # b
Q = D vf a # ,
3 # b Ans. W W
W W
884
8–38. As the ball falls through a liquid, its velocity V is a

function of the diameter D of the ball, its density rb, and the
density r and viscosity m of the liquid, and the acceleration
due to gravity g. Determine the relation between V and
these parameters.
D
Solution
f(V, D, rb, r, m) = 0. Using the M – L – T system,
V LT -1
D L
rb ML-3
r ML-3
m ML-1T -1
. We or
LT -2
m W ina g
g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Dimensional Analysis. Here, D, r, and m are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables.

th inc de f i es
Thus, the q variables are V for Π1, rb for Π2, g for Π3.
of rk ( stu e o tat
Π1 = DarbmcV = ( La )( MbL-3b )( McL-cT -c )( LT -1 ) = Mb + cLa - 3b - c + 1T -c - 1

ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
M: 0 = b + c
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
L: 0 = a - 3b - c + 1
th t o a ly by
T: 0 = -c - 1
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
Solving, a = 1, b = 1, and c = -1. Thus,

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
rVD
w le co ro is
Π1 = D1r1m-1V =
sa eir is p rk
m
th d wo
Π2 = Ddremfrb = ( Ld )( MeL-3e )( MfL-fT -f )( ML-3 ) = Me + f + 1Ld - 3e - f - 3T -f

an his
M: 0 = e + f + 1
T
L: 0 = d - 3e - f - 3
T: 0 = -f
Solving, d = 0, e = - 1, and f = 0. Thus,
rb
Π2 = D0r-1m0rb =
r
Π3 = Dhrimjg = ( Lh )( MiL-3i )( MjL-jT -j )( LT -2 )
= Mi + jLh - 3i - j + 1T -j - 2
M: 0 = i + j
L: 0 = h - 3i - j + 1
T: 0 = -j - 2
885
8–38. Continued
Solving, h = 3, i = 2, j = - 2. Thus

D3e 2g
Π3 = D3r2m-2g =
m2
rVD rb D3r2g
fa , , b = 0
m r m2
. We or
Solving for V,
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
rVD rb D3r2g
= f1 a , b
an on in rs h
m r m2
k g rn to rig
rb D3r2g
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
m
er ld
e lu nt ns co
V = fa , b Ans.
rD r m2
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
m rb D3r2g
V = fa , b
rD r m2
886
8–39. The change in pressure ∆p in the pipe is a function D

of the density r and the viscosity m of the fluid, the pipe
diameter D, and the velocity V of the flow. Establish the
V
relation between ∆p and these parameters.
Solution
f (∆p, m, D, r, V) = 0. Using the M – L – T system,
∆p ML-1T -2
m ML-1T -1
D L
r ML-3
V LT -1
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
n - m = 5 - 3 = 2 Π terms
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
Dimensional Analysis. Here, D, r, and V are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables.
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Thus the q variables are ∆p for Π1 and m for Π2.

th inc de f i es
Π1 = DarbV c ∆p = ( La )( MbT -3b )( LCT -C )( ML-1T -2 ) = Mb + 1La - 3b + c - 1T -c - 2

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
M: 0 = b + 1
te is ss th ite
L: 0 = a - 3b + c - 1
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
0 = -c - 2
th t o a ly by
T:
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
Solving, a = 0, b = - 1, and c = - 2. Thus,

st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
∆p
s
ill o u vi pr
Π1 = D0r-1V -2 ∆p =
rV 2
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
Π2 = DdreV fm = ( Ld )( MeL-3e )( LfT -f )( ML-1T -1 ) = Me + 1Ld - 3e + f - 1T -f - 1

th d wo
an his
M: 0 = e + 1
T
L: 0 = d - 3e + f - 1
T: 0 = -f - 1
Solving, d = -1, e = - 1, and f = - 1. Thus,
m
Π2 = D-1r-1V -1m =
rVD
or
rVD
Π2 = = Re
m

∆p
f1a , Reb = 0
rV 2
∆p = rV 2f (Re) Ans.
Ans:
∆p = rV 2f (Re)
887
*8–40. The drag force FD on the automobile is a function v

of its velocity V, its projected area A into the wind, and the
density r and viscosity m of the air. Determine the relation
FD
Solution
f (FD, V, A, r, m) = 0. Using the M – L – T system,
FD MLT -2
V LT -1
A L2
r ML-3
m ML-1T -1
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
n - m = 5 - 3 = 2 Π terms
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
Dimensional Analysis. Here, V, A, and r are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables.
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Thus, the q variables are FD for Π1, and m for Π2.

th inc de f i es
Π1 = V aAbrcFD = ( LaT -a )( L2b )( McL-3c )( MLT -2 ) = Mc + 1La + 2b - 3c + 1T -a - 2

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
M: 0 = c + 1
te is ss th ite
L: 0 = a + 2b - 3c + 1
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
0 = -a - 2
th t o a ly by
T:
y ar d le d
ro p an o te

st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
FD
s
ill o u vi pr
Π1 = V -2A-1r-1FD =
rAV 2
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
Π2 = V gAhrim = ( LgT -g )( L2h )( MiL-3i )( ML-1T -1 ) = Mi + 1Lg + 2h - 3i - 1T -g - 1

th d wo
an his
M: 0 = i + 1
T
L: 0 = g + 2h - 3i - 1
T: 0 = -g - 1
1
Solving, g = - 1, h = - , and i = - 1. Thus,
2
1 m m
Π3 = V -1A-2r-1m = 1
=
rVA 2 rVL
or
rVL
Π2 = = Re
m

FD L
f1 a , , Reb = 0
rAV 2 2A
Solving for FD in this equation.
FD
= f (Re)
rV 2L2
FD = rV 2L2 3f (Re) 4 Ans.
888
8–41. When an underwater explosion occurs, the pressure

p of the shock wave at any instant is a function of the mass
of the explosive m, the intial pressure p0 formed by
the explosion, the spherical radius r of the shock wave, and
the density r and the bulk modulus EV of the water.
Determine the relation between p and these parameters.
r
Solution
f (p, m, p0, r, r, EV) = 0. Using the M - L - T system,
p ML-1T -2
m M
p0 ML-1T -2
r L
. We or
ML-3
m W ina g

b)
ed e n
r
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
EV ML-1T -2
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
n - m = 6 - 3 = 3 Π terms
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
Dimensional Analysis. Here, p0, m, and r are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables.

of rk ( stu e o tat
Thus, the q variables are p for Π1, r for Π2, and EV for Π3.
ity o g us d S
Π1 = p0ambr cr = ( MaL-aT -2a )( Mb )( Lc )( ML-1T -2 ) = Ma + b + 1L-a + c - 1T -2a-2

te is ss th ite

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
M: 0 = a + b + 1
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
L: 0 = -a + c - 1
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
T: 0 = - 2a - 2
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr

w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
p
th d wo
Π1 = p0-1m0r 0p =
p0
an his
e
T
Π2 = p0dmer fr = ( MdL-dT -2d )( Me )( L f )( ML-3 ) = Md + e + 1L-d + f - 3T -2d
M: 0 = d + e + 1
L: 0 = -d + f - 3
T: 0 = - 2d
Solving, d = 0, e = - 1, and f = 3. Thus,

rr 3
Π2 = p00m-1r 3r =
m
Π3 = p0gmhr iEV = ( MgL-gT -2g )( Mh )( Li )( ML-1T -2 ) = Mg + h + 1L-g + i - 1T -2g - 2
M: 0 = g + h + 1
L: 0 = -g + i - 1
T: 0 = - 2g - 2
889
8–41. Continued
Solving, g = - 1, h = 0, and i = 0. Thus,

EV
Π3 = p0-1 m0r 0EV =
p0
p rr 3 EV
f1 a , , b =0
p0 m p0
Solving for p using this function,
. We or
p rr 3 EV
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
= fa , b
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
p0 m p0
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
rr 3 EV
k g rn to rig
p = p0 f a , b or in a uc y Ans.
m p0
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
rr 3 EV
p = p0 f a , b
m p0
890
8–42. The drag force FD acting on a submarine depends

upon the characteristic length L of the vessel, the velocity V
at which it is traveling, and the density r and viscosity m of
the water. Determine the relation between FD and these
parameters.
Solution
f (F, L,V, r, m) = 0. Using the M - L - T system,
FD MLT -2
L L
V LT -1
r ML-3
. We or
ML-1T -1
m W ina g

b)
m
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
n - m = 5 - 3 = 2 Π terms
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Dimensional Analysis. Here, V, r, and m are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables.

th inc de f i es
Thus, the q variables are FD for Π1 and L for Π2.

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
Π1 = V arbmcFD = ( LaT - a )( MbL-3b )( McL-cT -c )( MLT -2 ) = Mb + c + 1La - 3b - c + 1T -a - c - 2

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
M: 0 = b + c + 1
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
L: 0 = a - 3b - c + 1
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
T: 0 = -a - c - 2
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
Solving, a = 0, b = 1, and c = -2. Thus,

w le co ro is
FDr
sa eir is p rk
Π1 = V 0r1m-2FD =
th d wo
m2
an his
Π2 = V dremfL = ( LdT -d )( MeL-3e )( MfL-fT -f )( L ) = Me + fLd - 3e - f + 1T -d - f

T
M: 0 = e + f
L: 0 = d - 3e - f + 1
T: 0 = -d - f
Solving, d = 1, e = 1, and f = - 1. Thus,

rVL
Π2 = V 1r1m-1L = = Re
m

FDr
f1a , Reb = 0
m2
Solving for FD,
FDr
= f (Re)
m2
m2 Ans:
FD = f (Re) Ans. m2
r FD = f (Re)
r
891
#
8–43. The power W supplied by a pump is thought to be a
function of the discharge Q, the change in pressure ∆p
between the inlet and outlet, and the density r of the fluid.
Use the Buckingham Pi theorem to establish a general
relation between these parameters so that an experiment
may be performed to determine this relationship.
Solution
# #
W = f (Q, ∆p, r) or g(W, Q, ∆p, r) = 0. Thus, n = 4. Using the M - L - T
system given in Table 8–1,
#
Power, W ML2T -3
Discharge, Q L3T -1
Change in pressure, ∆p ML-1T -2
Density, r ML-3
. We or
m W ina g
Here, m = 3 since three base dimensions M, L and T are involved. Thus, there is
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
n - m = 4 - 3 = 1 Π term. r, Q and ∆p are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
since collectively
# they contain all three base dimensions as required. The only Π
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
term using W as the q variable is
# or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
Π = raQb ∆pcW
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
= ( MaL-3a )( L3bT -b )( McL-cT -2c )( ML2T -3 )

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
= Ma + c + 1L-3a + 3b - c + 2T -b - 2c - 3
te is ss th ite
Thus, for
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
M: a + c + 1 = 0
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
L: - 3a + 3b - c + 2 = 0
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
T: - b - 2c - 3 = 0
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
Solving a = 0, b = -1 and c = - 1. Then

sa eir is p rk
#
th d wo
# W
Π = r0Q -1 ∆p-1W =
an his
Q∆p
T
Thus, the general relation between the given physical variables is

#
W = CQ∆p Ans.
where C is a dimensionless constant to be determined from experiment.
#
Ans:
W = CQ∆p
892
*8–44. The diameter D of oil spots made on a sheet of

porous paper depends upon the diameter d of the squirting
nozzle, the height h of the nozzle from the surface, the
velocity V of the oil, and its density r, viscosity m, and
surface tension s. Determine the dimensionless ratios that
define this process.
d
h V
Solution
D
D = f (d, h, V, r, m, p) or g(D, d, h, V, r, m, s) = 0. Thus, n = 7 using the
M - L - T system given in Table 8–1,
Diameter of the spot, D L
Diameter of the nozzle, d L
Height, h L
Velocity, V LT -1
. We or
ML-3
m W ina g
Density, r
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Viscosity, m ML-1T -1
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Surface tension, s MT -2
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Here, m = 3 since three base dimensions M, L and T are involved. Thus, there are
th inc de f i es
n - m = 7 - 3 = 4 Π terms. r, V and h are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables

of rk ( stu e o tat
since collectively they contain all three base dimensions as required. The first Π
ity o g us d S
term, using m as the q variable, is

te is ss th ite
Π1 = raV bhcm
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
= ( MaL-3a )( LbT -b )( Lc )( ML-1T -1 )

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
= Ma + 1L-3a + b + c - 1T -b - 1
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
Thus, for
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
M: a + 1 = 0
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
L: - 3a + b + c - 1 = 0
an his
T: -b - 1 = 0
T
Solving a = - 1, b = - 1 and c = -1. Then

m
Π1 = r-1V -1h-1m =
rVh
1 rVh
Recognize that = is the Reynolds number. The second Π term, using s as
Π1 m
the q variable, is
Π2 = rdV ehfs
= ( MdL-3d )( LeT -e )( Lf )( MT -2 )
Thus for
M: d + 1 = 0
L: - 3d + e + f = 0
T: -e - 2 = 0
893
8–44. Continued
Solving, d = -1, e = - 2 and f = - 1. Then
s
Π2 = r-1V -2h-1s =
rV 2h
1 rV 2h
Recognize that = is the Weber number. The third Π term, using D as the
Π2 s
q variable, is
Π3 = r gV hhiD
= ( MgL-3g )( LhT -h )( Li )( L )
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
= MgL-3g + h + i + 1T -h
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Thus, for
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
M: g = 0 or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
L: - 3g + h + i + 1 = 0
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
T: -h = 0
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
Solving, g = 0, h = 0 and i = - 1. Then

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
D
Π3 = r0V 0h-1D =
y ar d le d
h
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
Since q variable d for fourth Π term has the same dimension as D, Hence
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
d
w le co ro is
Π4 =
sa eir is p rk
h
th d wo
Thus, the functional relation is

an his
e
T
D d
g aRe, We, , b = 0 Ans.
h h
894
8–45. Mist from an aerosol produces droplets having a

diameter d, which is thought to depend upon the diameter
of the nozzle D, the surface tension s of the droplets, the
velocity V at which the droplets are ejected, and the density
r and viscosity m of the air. Determine the relation between
d and these parameters.
Solution
f (d, D, V, r, m, s) = 0. Using the M - L - T system,
d L
D L
V LT -1
r ML-3
. We or
ML-1T -1
m W ina g

b)
m
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
s MT -2
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
n - m = 6 - 3 = 3 Π terms
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
Dimensional Analysis. Here, D, V, and r are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables.

ity o g us d S
Thus, the q variables are d for Π1, m for Π2, and s for Π3.
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
Π1 = DaV brcd = ( La )( LbT -b )( McL-3c ) (L) = McLa + b - 3c + 1T -b

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
M: 0 = c
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
L: 0 = a + b - 3c + 1
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
T: 0 = -b
w le co ro is

sa eir is p rk
th d wo
d
an his
Π1 = D-1V 0r0d =
D
T
Π2 = DdV er fm = ( Ld )( LeT -e )( MfL-3f )( ML-1T -1 ) = Mf + 1Ld + e - 3f - 1T - e - 1
M: 0 = f + 1
L: 0 = d + e - 3f - 1
T: 0 = -e - 1

m
Π2 = D-1V -1r-1m =
rVD
or
rVD
Π2 = = Re
m
895
8–45. Continued
Π3 = DgV hris = ( Lg )( LhT )( MiL-3i )( MT -2 ) = Mi + 1Lg + h - 3iT -h - 2

-h

M: 0 = i + 1
L: 0 = g + h - 3i
T: 0 = -h - 2
Solving, g = - 1, h = - 2, and i = -1. Thus,
s
Π3 = D-1V -2r-1s =
rV 2D
. We or
m W ina g
or
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
rV 2D
Π3 = = We
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
s
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
d
f1a , Re, Web = 0
of rk ( stu e o tat

D
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
Solving for d,
in f th se for Un
d
gr w in e
= f ( Re, We )
th t o a ly by

D
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
d = Df ( Re, We )
st ny s d s ec
Ans.
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
d = Df ( Re, We )
896
8–46. Fluid flow depends upon the viscosity m, bulk

modulus EV , gravity g, pressure p, velocity V, density r,
surface tension s, and a characteristic length L. Determine
the dimensionless groupings for these eight variables.
Solution
f (m, EV, g, p, V, r, s, L) = 0. Using the M - L - T system,
m ML-1T -1 V LT -1
EV ML-1T -2 r ML-3
g LT -2 s MT -2
P ML-1T -2 L L
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
n - m = 8 - 3 = 5 Π terms
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Dimensional Analysis. Here, V, L, and r are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables.
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
Thus, the q variables are m for Π1, EV for Π2, g for Π3, P for Π4, and s for Π5.
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
Π1 = V aLbrcm = ( LaT -a )( Lb )( McL-3c )( ML-1T -1 ) = Mc + 1La + b - 3c - 1T -a - 1

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
M: 0 = c + 1
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
L: 0 = a + b - 3c - 1
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
T: 0 = -a - 1
y ar d le d
ro p an o te

st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
m
Π1 = V -1L-1r-1m =
w le co ro is
rVL
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
or
an his
rVL
T
Π1 = = Re
m
Π2 = V dLerfEV = ( LdT -d )( Le )( MfL-3f )( ML-1T -2 ) = Mf + 1Ld + e - 3f - 1T -d - 2
M: 0 = f + 1
L: 0 = d + e - 3f - 1
T: 0 = -d - 2
Solving, d = -2, e = 0, and f = - 1. Thus,

EV
Π2 = V -2L0r-1EV =
rV 2
or
rV 2
Π2 = = M
EV
897
8–46. Continued
Π3 = V gLhrip = ( LgT )( Lh )( MiL-3i )( ML-1T -2 ) = Mi + 1Lg + h - 3i - 1T -g - 2

-g

M: 0 = i + 1
L: 0 = g + h - 3i - 1
T: 0 = -g - 2
Solving, g = - 2, h = 0, and i = -1. Thus,

p
Π3 = V -2L0r-1p = = Eu
rV 2
. We or
Π4 = V jLkrlg = ( L jT -j )( Lk )( MlL-3l )( LT -2 ) = MlL j + k - 3l + 1T -j - 2
m W ina g

b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
M: 0 = l
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
L: 0 = j + k - 3l + 1 or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
T: 0 = -j - 2
th inc de f i es
Solving, j = - 2, k = 1, and l = 0. Thus,

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
gL 2gL
Π4 = V -2L1r0g =
te is ss th ite
=
V2 V
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
or
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
V
st ny s d s ec
Π4 = = Fr
de f a rse de ot
2gL
s
ill o u vi pr
Π5 = V mLnrps = ( LmT -m )( Ln )( MpL-3p )( MT -2 ) = Mp + 1Lm + n - 3pT -m - 2

w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
M: 0 = p + 1
an his
L: 0 = m + n - 3p
T
T: 0 = -m - 2
Solving, m = -2, n = - 1, and p = - 1. Thus,
s
Π5 = V -2L-1r-1s =
rV 2L
or
rV 2L
Π5 = = We
s
f (Re, M, Eu, Fr, We) = 0 Ans.
Ans:
f (Re, M, Eu, Fr, We) = 0
898
8–47. The discharge Q over a small weir depends upon the

water head H, the width b and height h of the weir, the H
acceleration of gravity g, and the density r, viscosity m, and
surface tension s of the fluid. Determine the relation between
Q and these parameters.
h
Solution
f (Q, H, b, h, g, r, m, s) = 0. Using the M - L - T system,
Q L3T -1 g LT -2
H L r ML-3
b L m ML-1T -1
h L s MT -2
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
n - m = 8 - 3 = 5 Π terms
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Dimensional Analysis. Here, r, g, and H are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables.
or in a uc y
Thus, the q variables are Q for Π1, b for Π2, h for Π3, m for Π4, and s for Π5.
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Π1 = ragbHcQ = ( MaL-3a )( LbT -2b )( Lc )( LbT -1 ) = MaL-3a + b + c + 3T -2b - 1

th inc de f i es

of rk ( stu e o tat
M: 0 = a
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
L: 0 = - 3a + b + c + 3
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
T: 0 = - 2b - 1
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
1 5
Solving, a = 0, b = - , and c = - . Thus,
st ny s d s ec
2 2
de f a rse de ot
Q
ill o u vi pr
1 5
Π1 = r0g -2H -2Q =
w le co ro is
2gH5
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
Π2 = rdgeHfb = ( MdL-3d )( LeT -2e )( L f ) (L) = MdL-3d + e + f + 1T -2e

an his
M: 0 = d
T
L: 0 = - 3d + e + f + 1
T: 0 = - 2e
Solving, d = 0, e = 0, and f = -1. Thus,
b
Π2 = r0g0H -1b =
H
Π3 = rhgiH jh = ( MhL-3h )( LiT -2i )( Lj ) (L) = MhL-3h + i + j + 1T -2i
M: 0 = h
L: 0 = - 3h + i + j + 1
T: 0 = - 2i
Solving, h = 0, i = 0, and j = -1. Thus,
h
Π3 = r0g0H -1h =
H
899
8–47. Continued
Π4 = rkglHmm = ( MkL-3k )( LlT -2l )( Lm )( ML-1T -1 ) = Mk + 1L-3k + l + m - 1T -2l - 1

M: 0 = k + 1
L: 0 = -3k + l + m - 1
T: 0 = -2l - 1
1 3
Solving, k = -1, l = - , and m = - . Thus,
. We or
2 2
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
m
itt id tio
1 3
is e D t w
Π4 = r-1g - 2H - 2m =
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
r2gH3
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Π5 = rngpHqs = ( MnL-3n )( LpT -2p )( Lq )( MT -2 ) = Mn + 1L-3n + p + qT -2p - 2
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
M: 0 = n + 1
th inc de f i es
L: 0 = -3n + p + q
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
T: 0 = -2p - 2
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
Solving, n = -1, p = - 1, and q = - 2. Thus,

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
s
Π5 = r-1g -1H -2s =
y ar d le d

ro p an o te
rgH2
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot

s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
Q b h m s
f1 ° ¢ = 0
sa eir is p rk
, , , , 2
2gH H H r2gH3 rgH
th d wo
5
an his
Solving for Q,
T
Q b h m s
= f° , , , ¢
2gH5 H H r2gH3 rgH2
b h m s
Q = 2gH5f ° , , , ¢ Ans.
H H r2gH3 rgH2
Ans:
b,h, m
, s ¢
Q = 2gH5 f °
H H r2gH rgH2
3
900
*8–48. If water flows through a 50-mm-diameter pipe at

2 m>s, determine the velocity of carbon tetrachloride
flowing through a 60-mm-diameter pipe so that they both
have the same dynamic characteristics. The temperature of
both liquids is 20°C.
50 mm
Solution
Since inertia and viscous forces are predominant, the Reynolds number must be 60 mm
the same for both cases. From Appendix A, rte = 1590 kg>m3, rw = 998.3 kg>m3,
mte = 0.958 ( 10-3 ) N # s>m2, and mw = 1.00 ( 10-3 ) N # s>m2 at 20° C . This requires
rVD rVD
a b = a b
m w m te
( 998.3 kg>m3 )( 2 m>s ) (0.05 m) ( 1590 kg>m3 ) Vte(0.06 m)
=
1.00 ( 10-3 ) N # s>m2 0.958 ( 10-3 ) N # s>m2
. We or
m W ina g
V = 1.00 m>s Ans.
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
901
8–49. In order to test the flow over the surface of an

airplane wing, a model is built to a scale of 1>15 and is
tested in water. If the airplane is designed to fly at 350
350 mi/h
mi>h, what should the velocity of the model be in order
to maintain the same Reynolds number? Is this test
realistic? Take the temperature of both the air and water
to be 60°F.
Solution
From Appendix A, for water nm = 12.2 ( 10-6 ) ft 2 >s and for air np = 0.158 ( 10-3 ) ft 2 >s
VL VL
at 60º F. Since, n = m>r, the Reynolds number can be written as Re = = .
m>r n
Thus,
VL VL
a b = a b
n m n p
n m Lp
. We or
Vm = a ba bV
n p Lm p
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
12.2 ( 10-6 ) ft 2 >s 15
an on in rs h
= £ §a b ( 350 mi>h )
k g rn to rig
0.158 ( 10-3 ) ft 2 >s 1 or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
= 405.38 mi>h = 405 mi>hr Ans.

th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
No, since the velocity is too large for a water tunnel.

ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
405 mi>hr
902
8–50. The model of a river is constructed to a scale of 1>60. If

the water in the river is flowing at 38 ft>s, how fast must the
water flow in the model?
Solution
Since the inertia and gravitational forces are predominant in the river flow, the
Froude numbers for both the model and the prototype must be same.
( Fr ) p = ( Fr ) m
V V
a b = a b
2gL m 2gL p
Lm 1
Vm = Vp = ( 38 ft>s ) = 4.906 ft>s = 4.91 ft>s Ans.
A Lp A 60
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
4.91 ft>s
903
8–51. Water flowing through a 100-mm-diameter pipe is

used to determine the loss in pressure when gasoline flows
through a 75-mm diameter pipe at 3 m>s. If the pressure
loss in the pipe transporting water is 8 Pa, determine
the pressure loss in the pipe transporting the gasoline.
Take ng = 0.465 1 10 - 6 2 m2 >s and nw = 0.890 1 10 - 6 2 m2 >s,
rg = 726 kg>m3 , rw = 997 kg>m3.
Solution
For the Reynolds number,
VD VD
a b = a b
n w n g
nw Dg 0.890 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s 75 mm

Vw = Vg a ba b = (3 m>s) a ba b
ng Dw 0.465 ( 10 ) m >s 100 mm
-6 2
= 4.306 m>s
. We or
For the Euler number,
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
∆p ∆p
a b = a b
an on in rs h
2
rv2
k g rn to rig
rv w g
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
Vg 2
er ld
rg 726 kg>m3 3 m>s 2
e lu nt ns co
∆pg = ∆pw a ba b = (8 Pa)a ba b

Vw2 3 4.306 m>s
th inc de f i es
rw 997 kg>m
of rk ( stu e o tat
∆pg = 2.83 Pa Ans.

ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
2.83 Pa
904
*8–52. The effect of drag on a model airplane is to be

tested in a wind tunnel with a wind speed of 200 mi>h. If a
similar test is performed underwater in a channel, what
should the speed of the water be to achieve the same result 200 mi/h
when the temperature is 60°F?
Solution
Since the viscous and inertia forces are predominant, the Reynolds numbers for
both cases must be the same. Since n = m>r, the Reynold’s numbers can be written
VL VL
as Re = = . Thus,
m>r n
VL VL
a b = a b
n w n a
n w La
Vw = a ba b ( Va )
. We or
n a Lw
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
La
d th g. in t la
Since the same model is used for both cases, a b = 1. From Appendix A,
Lw
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
nw = 12.2 ( 10-6 ) ft 2 >s and na = 0.158 ( 10-3 ) ft 2 >s at 60° F. Thus,
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
0.0122 ( 10-3 ) ft 2 >s

Vw = c d (1)(200 mi>h)
th inc de f i es
0.158 ( 10-3 ) ft 2 >s

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
= 15.44 mi>hr = 15.4 mi>h Ans.

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
905
8–53. When a 100-mm-diameter sphere travels at 2 m>s in

water having a temperature of 15°C, the drag force is 2.80 N.
Determine the velocity and drag force on a 150-mm-diameter
sphere traveling through water under similar conditions.
Solution
Since the Reynolds number involves V, it will be used to determine the velocity of
the 150-mm diameter sphere. Since v = m>r, the Reynold’s numbers can be written
VD VD
as Re = = . Thus,
m>r v
VD VD
a b = a b
v 2 v 1
v2 D1
V2 = a ba bV
v1 D2 1
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
v2
d th g. in t la
Since both spheres move in the same medium (water at 15º C), a b = 1. Thus,
v1
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
100 mm or in a uc y
w d le tr p
b ( 2 m>s ) = 1.333 m>s = 1.33 m>s
er ld
V2 = (1)a Ans.
e lu nt ns co
150 mm
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
F F
Subsequently, since p = ∝ 2 , the Euler numbers, which involve p, can be used
ity o g us d S
A D
te is ss th ite
to determine the drag force on the 150-mm diameter sphere. This gives
in f th se for Un
p p
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
a b = a b
rV 2 rV 2
y ar d le d
2 1
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
F F
a b = a 2 2b
de f a rse de ot
rD2V 2 2
s
rD V 1
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
r2 D2 2 V2 2
sa eir is p rk
F2 = a ba b a b F1
th d wo
r1 D1 V1
an his
r2
T
Here, = 1 since both spheres move in the same medium (water at 15º C). Thus,
r1
150 mm 2 1.333 m>s 2
F2 = (1)a b a b (2.80 N)
100 mm 2 m>s
= 2.80 N Ans.
Ans:
V2 = 1.33 m>s
F2 = 2.80 N
906
8–54. In order to determine the formation of waves around

obstructions in a river, a model having a scale of 1>10 is used.
If the river flows at 6 ft>s, determine the speed of the water
for the model.
Solution
For the river, the inertia and gravitational forces are predominant. Thus, the equality
of the Froude number will be used.
V V
a b = a b
2gL m 2gL p
Lm
Vm = Vp
B Lp
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
1
itt id tio
is e D t w
( 6 ft>s ) = 1.897 ft>s = 1.90 ft>s Ans.
t p or em ch
=
d th g. in t la
A 10
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
1.90 ft>s
907
8–55. The optimum performance of mixing blades 0.5 m in

diameter is to be tested using a model one-fourth the size of
the prototype. If the test of the model in water reveals the
optimum speed to be 8 rad>s, determine the optimum
angular speed of the prototype when it is used to mix ethyl
alcohol. Take T = 20°C. 0.25 m
0.25 m
Solution
vD rVD
Since V = and n = m>r, the Reynolds number can be written as Re = =
2 m
(vD>2)(D) vD2
= . Thus,
m>r 2n
vD2 vD2
a b = a b
2n p 2n m
np Dm 2
. We or
vp = a ba b vm
m W ina g
nm Dp
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
From Appendix A, np = 1.51 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s and nm = 1.00 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s . Thus,
an on in rs h
1.51 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s 1 2
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
vp = c d a b (8 rad>s)
e lu nt ns co
1.00 ( 10 -6
) 4
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
= 0.755 rad>s Ans.

ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
0.755 rad>s
908
*8–56. The flow of water around the structural support is

1.2 m>s when the temperture is 5°C. If it is to be studied
using a model built to a scale of 1>20, and using water at a
temperature of 25°C, determine the velocity of the water
used with the model.
1.2 m/s
Solution
VL VL
a b = a b
n m n p
Using Appendix A
n m Lp
Vm = Vp a ba b
n p Lm
0.898 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s 20

= 1.2 m>s a ba b
. We or
1.52 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s 1
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
= 14.2 m>s Ans.
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
909
8–57. A model of a ship is built to a scale of 1>20. If the

ship is to be designed to travel at 4 m>s, determine the
speed of the model in order to maintain the same Froude
number.
Solution
V V
a b = a b
2gL m 2gL p
Lm
Vm = Vp
B Lp
1
= ( 4 m>s ) = 0.8944 m>s = 0.894 m>s Ans.
A 20
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
0.894 m>s
910
8–58. The flow around the airplane flying at an altitude of

10 km is to be studied using a wind tunnel and a model that
800 km/h
is built to a 1>15 scale. If the plane has an air speed of
800 km>h, what should the speed of the air be inside the
tunnel? Is this reasonable?
Solution
The air flow around the airplane causes the inertia and viscous forces to be
predominant. Thus, the Reynolds number will be used. Since n = m>r, the Reynolds
VL VL
number can be written as Re = = .
m>r n
VL VL
a b = a b
n m n p
Lp nm
Vm = a ba bV
. We or
Lm np p
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
From Appendix A, np = 35.25 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s at an altitude of 10 km and
d th g. in t la
nm = 14.61 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s at ground level. Thus,
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
15 14.61 ( 10 ) m >s
w d le tr p
-6 2
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Vm = a bc d (800 km>h)
1 35.25 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
Vm = 4973.61 km>h = 4.97 Mm>h Ans.

ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
No, since a wind speed of Vm = 4.97 Mm>h is extremely difficult to achieve. Also, it
in f th se for Un
is greater than the speed of sound, and so the results would not be valid.
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
4.97 Mm>h
911
8–59. The model of an airplane has a scale of 1>30. If the

drag force on the prototype is to be determined when the
plane is flying at 600 km>h, find the speed of the air in a
wind tunnel for the model if the air has the same temperature
and pressure. Is it reasonable to do this test?
Solution
Since the air flow around the airplane causes the inertia and viscous forces to be
predominant, the Reynolds number will be used. Since n = m>r, the Reynolds
VL VL
m>r n
VL VL
a b = a b
n m n p
n m Lp
Vm = a ba bV
. We or
n p Lm p
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
nm
d th g. in t la
Since the air has the same pressure and temperature in both cases, a b = 1. Thus,
an on in rs h
np
k g rn to rig
30 or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
Vm = (1)a b(600 km>h)
e lu nt ns co
1
th inc de f i es
= 18 000 km>h = 18 Mm>h Ans.

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
No, Vm = 18 Mm>h is too fast to achieve, and since it is far greater than the speed of
te is ss th ite
sound the results would not be valid even if the test could be done.
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
18 Mm>h
912
8–60. The resistance of waves on a 250-ft-long ship is tested

in a channel using a model that is 15 ft long. If the ship travels
at 35 mi>h, what should be the speed of the model to resist
the waves? 35 mi/h
Solution
The wave force on the ship causes the inertia and gravitational forces to be
predominant. Thus, the Froude number will be
V V
. We or
a b = a b
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
2gL 2gL
in
no W iss ea s
m p
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Lm
an on in rs h
Vm = V
k g rn to rig
A Lp p
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Lm 15 ft 3
Here, = = . Thus,
th inc de f i es
Lp 250 ft 50
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
3
Vm = (35 mi>h)
A 50
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
= 8.573 mi>h = 8.57 mi>h Ans.

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
913
8–61. A model of a submarine is built to a scale of 1>25

and tested in a wind tunnel at an airspeed of 150 mi>h. What
is the intended speed of the prototype if it is in water at the
same temperature of 60°F?
Solution
The flow of fluid around the submarine causes the inertia and viscous forces to be
VL VL .
number can be written as Re = =
. We or
m>r n
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
VL VL
d th g. in t la
a b = a b
n p n m
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Lm n p or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
Vp = Vma ba b
e lu nt ns co
Lp n m
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
From Appendix A, nm = 0.158 ( 10-3 ) ft 2 >s and np = 12.2 ( 10-6 ) ft 2 >s. Thus,
ity o g us d S
12.2 ( 10-6 ) ft 2 >s

te is ss th ite
1
Vp = ( 150 mi>h ) a b£ §
in f th se for Un
25 0.158 ( 10-3 ) ft 2 >s

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
Vp = 0.4633 mi>h = 0.463 mi>h Ans.

ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
0.463 mi>h
914
*8–62. The flow of water around the bridge pier is to be

studied using a model built to a scale of 1>15. If the river
flows at 0.8 m>s, determine the corresponding velocity of
the water in the model at the same temperature.
0.8 m/s
Solution
Water flow of fluid around the pier causes the inertia and viscous forces to be
. We or
VL VL
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
n
itt id tio
m>r
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
VL VL
an on in rs h
a b = a b
k g rn to rig
n m n p or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
n m Lp
Vm = a ba bV
th inc de f i es
n p Lm p
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
nm
Since water is used for the model and the prototype, a b = 1. Thus,
te is ss th ite
np
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
15
th t o a ly by
Vm = (1)a b ( 0.8 m>s )

1
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
= 12 m>s Ans.
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
12 m>s
915
*8–63. The resistance created by waves on a 100-m-long

ship is tested in a channel using a model that is 4 m long. If
the ship travels at 60 km>h, what should be the speed of
the model?
Solution
The wave force on the ship causes the inertia and gravitational forces to be
predominant. Thus, the Froude number will be
. We or
n n
° ¢ = ° ¢
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
2gL 2gL
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
m p
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
Lm
k g rn to rig
Vm = Vp or in a uc y
B Lp
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Lm 4m 1
th inc de f i es
Here, = = . Thus,
of rk ( stu e o tat
Lp 100 m 25
ity o g us d S
1
te is ss th ite
Vm = ( 60 km>h )
A 25
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
= 12 km>h Ans.
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
12 km>h
916
*8–64. The velocity of water waves in a channel are

studied in a laboratory using a model of the channel one-
6 m/s
twelfth its actual size. Determine the velocity of waves in
the channel if they have a velocity of 6 m>s in the model.
Solution
The motion of the wave causes the inertia and gravitational forces to be predominant.
Thus, the equality of the Froude numbers will require
. We or
n n
° ¢ = ° ¢
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
2gL 2gL
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
p m
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
Lp
k g rn to rig
Vp = Vm or in a uc y
B Lm
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Lp 12
th inc de f i es
Here, = . Thus,
of rk ( stu e o tat
Lm 1
ity o g us d S
12
te is ss th ite
Vp = ( 6 m>s )
A1
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
= 20.78 m>s = 20.8 m>s Ans.

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
917
8–65. A model of a submarine is built to determine the

drag force acting on its prototype. The length scale is 1>100,
and the test is run in water at 20°C, with a speed of 8 m>s. If
the drag force on the model is 20 N, determine the drag 8 m/s
force on the prototype if it runs in water at the same speed
and temperature. This requires that the drag coefficient
CD = 2FD >rV 2L2 be the same for both the model and the
prototype.
Solution
The requirement is
2FD 2FD
a b = a b
rV 2L2 rV 2L2
. We or
p m
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
Vp 2 Lp 2
itt id tio
rp
is e D t w
t p or em ch
( FD ) p = a ba b a b ( FD ) m
d th g. in t la
rm Vm Lm
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
Since the model and prototype run with the same speed in water having the same
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
rp Vp Lp 100
th inc de f i es
temperature, = = 1. Here, = a b . Thus,

Vm Lm 1
of rk ( stu e o tat
rm
ity o g us d S
100 2
( FD ) p = (1)(1)2 a b ( 20 N )
te is ss th ite

1
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
= 200 ( 103 ) N = 200 kN

th t o a ly by
Ans.
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
200 kN
918
*8–66. A model of a plane is built to a scale of 1>15 and is

tested in a wind tunnel. If the plane is designed to travel at
800 km>h at an altitude of 5 km, determine the required
density of the air in the wind tunnel so that the Reynolds
and Mach numbers are the same. Assume the temperature
is the same in both cases and the speed of sound in air at
this temperature is 340 m>s.
Solution
Using the Mach number,
V V
a b = a b
c m c p
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
The speed of sound in air having the same temperature is the same, cm = cp. Thus,
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Vm = VP
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Using the Reynolds number,
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
rVL rVL
a b = a b
th inc de f i es
m m m p
of rk ( stu e o tat
mm VP LP
ity o g us d S
rm = a ba ba br
mP Vm Lm p
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
For air at the same temperature, mm = mp. From Appendix A, rp = 0.7364 kg>m3 at
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
an altitude of 5 km. Thus,

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
15
st ny s d s ec
rm = (1)(1)a b ( 0.7364 kg>m3 ) = 11.046 kg>m3 = 11.0 kg>m3 Ans.

de f a rse de ot
1
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
Note: The result is not reasonable, since the value of rm is not possible with air in
sa eir is p rk
realistic conditions.
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
11.0 kg>m3
919
8–67. The motion of water waves in a channel are to be

studied in a laboratory using a model one-twelfth the size of
the channel. Determine the time for a wave in the channel
to travel 10 m if it takes 15 seconds for the wave to travel
this distance in the model.
Solution
The motion of the wave causes the inertia and gravitational forces to be predominant,
so the Froude number will be used.
V V
. We or
a b = a b
m W ina g
2gL 2gL
b)
ed e n
m p
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Lm
Vm = Vp
an on in rs h
B Lp
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
sp
er ld
sm 10 m 10 m
e lu nt ns co
Here, Vm = = = 0.6667 m>s and Vp = = . Then,

tm 15 s tp tp
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
1 10 m
ity o g us d S
0.6667 m>s = a b
A 12 t p
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
t p = 4.330 s = 4.33 s Ans.

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
4.33 s
920
*8–68. It is required that a pump be designed for use in a

chemical plant such that it delivers 0.8 m3 >s of benzene with
a pressure increase of 320 kPa. What is the expected flow and
pressure increase produced by a model one-sixth the size of
the prototype? If the model produces a power output of
900 kW, what would be the power output of the prototype?
Solution
Since the viscous force is the dominant force, then Reynolds number similitude must
be achieved.
rVL rVL
a b = a b
. We or
m m m p
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Since benzene will be used for both model and prototype, rm = rp and mm = mp.
Then
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
VmLm = VpLp or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Vm Lp
th inc de f i es
= (1)
of rk ( stu e o tat
Vp Lm
ity o g us d S
Since Q = VA and A has the dimension of L2, Eq. 1 becomes

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
Qm >Lm2 Lp
gr w in e
=
th t o a ly by
Qp >Lp2 Lm
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
2
Q m Lp Lp
st ny s d s ec
a 2b = a b
de f a rse de ot
Q p Lm Lm
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
Lp Lm 2 Lm
sa eir is p rk
Qm = Qp a ba b = Qp a b
th d wo
Lm Lp Lp
an his
Lm 1
Here, Qp = 0.8 m3 >s. and
T
= . Then
Lp 6
1
Qm = ( 0.8 m3 >s ) a b = 0.133 m3 >s Ans.
6
For the pressure comparison, Euler number similitude should be used since the
pressure change is involved.
∆P ∆P
a 2
b = a 2b
rV m rV p
Since rm = rp,
(∆P)m (∆P)p
=
Vm2 Vp 2
Vm 2
(∆P)m = (∆P)pa b
Vp
921
*8–68. Continued
Substituting Eq 1 into this equation,

Lp 2
(∆P)m = (∆P)pa b
Lm
Lp
. We or
Here (∆P)p = 320 kPa and = 6,
Lm
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
(∆P)m = (320 kPa ) ( 62 ) = 11520 kPa = 11.5 MPa
d th g. in t la
Ans.
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
As shown earlier,
#
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
W = CQ∆p
th inc de f i es
So that
of rk ( stu e o tat
# #
ity o g us d S
Wp Wm
=
te is ss th ite
Qp(∆p)p Qm(∆p)m
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
and
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
# # Qp (∆p)p # Lp Lm 2 # Lm
ro p an o te
Wp = Wm a ba b = Wm a ba b = Wma b
st ny s d s ec
Qm (∆p)m Lm Lp Lp
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
Here,
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
# 1
th d wo
W = 900 kW a b = 150 kW Ans.

6
an his
e
T
922
8–69. If the jet plane can fly at Mach 2 in air at 35°F,

determine the required speed of wind generated in a wind
tunnel at 65°F and used on a model built to a scale of 1>25.
Hint: Use Eq. 13–24, c = 2kRT, where k = 1.40 for air.
Solution
For air, Appendix A gives R = 1716 ft # lb>slug # R. Thus,
Vm Vp
=
. We or
2k RTm 2k RTp
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
Vm Vp
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
=
2Tm 2Tp
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Vp = 2 ( 2kRT ) p
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Vp = 221.40 ( 1716 ft # lb>slug # R ) (35° + 460) R

th inc de f i es

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
= 2181.0 ft>s = 2.18 ( 103 ) ft>s Ans.

te is ss th ite
Vm 2181.0
in f th se for Un
=
gr w in e
265° + 460 235° + 460

th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
Vm = 2246.1 ft>s = 2.25 ( 103 ) ft>s

ro p an o te
Ans.
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
2.25 ( 103 ) ft>s
923
8–70. The drag coefficient on an airplane is defined by

CD = 2FD >rV 2L2. If the drag force acting on the model of a
plane tested at sea level is 0.3 N, determine the drag force on
the prototype, which is 15 times larger and is flying at
20 times the speed of the model at an altitude of 3 km.
Solution
The requirement is
2FD 2FD
a 2 2
b = a b
rV L rV 2L2
. We or
p m
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
Vp 2 Lp 2
is e D t w
rp
t p or em ch
( FD ) p = ( FD ) m = a ba b a b
d th g. in t la

rm Vm Lm
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
From Appendix A, rp = 0.9092 kg>m at an altitude of 3 km and rm = 1.225 kg>m3
3
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
at sea level. Thus
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
0.9092 kg>m3 20Vm 2 15Lm 2

of rk ( stu e o tat
( FD ) p = (0.3 N)a ba b a b
1.225 kg>m3 Vm Lm
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
= 20.04 ( 103 ) N = 20.0 kN Ans.

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
20.0 kN
924
8–71. The model of a hydrofoil boat is to be tested in a

channel. The model is built to a scale of 1>20. If the lift
produced by the model is 7 kN, determine the lift on the
prototype. Assume the water temperature is the same in
both cases. This requires Euler number and Reynolds
number similarity.
Solution
For the Reynolds number,
rVL rVL
a b = a b
m p m m
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
Vp rm mp Lm
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
= a ba ba b
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Vm rp mm Lp
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
At the same temperature, rp = rm and mm = mp. Thus,
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Vp Lm 1
= =
th inc de f i es
Vm Lp 20
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
F F>L2 F
Since p = F>A = , the Euler number can be written as Eu = = .
te is ss th ite
2 2
L rV rV 2L2
in f th se for Un
The Euler number gives

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
F F
a b = a 2 2b
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
2 2
rV L p rV L m
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
rp Vp 2 Lp 2
s
ill o u vi pr
Fp = a ba b a b Fm
Vm Lm
w le co ro is
rm
sa eir is p rk
1 2 20 2
th d wo
= (1)a b a b (7 kN)
20 T
an his
e
T
= 7 kN Ans.
Ans:
7 kN
925
*8–72. The model of a boat is built to a scale of 1>50.

Determine the required kinematic viscosity of the water in
order to test the model so that the Froude and Reynolds
numbers remain the same for the model and the prototype.
Is this test practical if the prototype operates in water at
T = 20°C?
Solution
For the Froude number
V V
a b = a b
2gL 2gL
. We or
m p
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
Vm Lm
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
=
d th g. in t la
Vp B Lp
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
For the Reynolds number, or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
VL VL
a b = a b
th inc de f i es
n p n m
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
3
Vm Lm Lm Lm Lm 2
nm = a ba bnp = a bnp = a b np
te is ss th ite
Vp Lp B Lp Lp Lp
in f th se for Un
From Appendix A, np = 1.00 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s. at T = 20° C . Thus,

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
3
ro p an o te
1 2
nm = a b 3 1.00 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s 4
st ny s d s ec
50
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
nm = 2.828 ( 10-9 ) m2 >s = 2.83 ( 10-9 ) m2 >s Ans.

w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
No, this value is too low to be practical.

th d wo
an his
e
T
926
8–73. If an airplane flies at 800 mi>h at an altitude of

5000 ft, what should its speed be so that it has the same 800 mi/h
Mach number when it is at 15 000 ft? Assume the air has the
same bulk modulus. Use Eq. 13–25, c = 2EV >r.
RES
CUE
RES
CUE
51204271
Solution
For the Mach number,
V V
a b = a b
c 2 c 1
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
c2
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
V2 = a bV
d th g. in t la
c1 1
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
EV
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
EV c2 B r2 r1
e lu nt ns co
Since c = and EV is constant, then = = . Thus,

B r c1 A r2
th inc de f i es
EV
of rk ( stu e o tat
B r1
ity o g us d S
r1
te is ss th ite
V2 = V
A r2 1
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
From Appendix A, r1 = 2.043 ( 10-3 ) slug>ft 3 at an altitude of 5000 ft and

y ar d le d
r2 = 1.495 ( 10-3 ) slug>ft 3 at an altitude of 15 000 ft . Thus,

ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
2.043 ( 10-3 ) slug>ft 3

s
ill o u vi pr
V2 = £ § ( 800 mi>h )
B 1.495 ( 10-3 ) slug>ft 3
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
= 935.20 mi>h = 935 mi>h Ans.

an his
e
T
Ans:
935 mi>h
927
8–74. A 60-ft-long “check dam” on a river provides a

means of collecting debris that flows downstream. If the
flow over the dam is 8000 ft 3 >s, and a model of this dam is
to be built to a scale of 1>20, determine the flow over the 60 ft
model and the depth of water that flows over its crest.
Assume that the water temperature for the prototype and
the model is the same. The volumetric flow over the dam
can be determined using Q = CD 2gLH 3>2, where CD is
the coefficient of discharge, g the acceleration of gravity, L
is the length of the dam, and H is the height of the water
above the crest. Take CD = 0.71.
Solution
Since the gravitational force is the dominant force, then Froude number similitude
must be achieved.
V V
a b = a b
2gL m 2gL p
Here gm = gp. Thus
. We or
Vp
m W ina g
Vm
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
=
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
2Lm 2Lp
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
1
Vm Lm 2 or in a uc y
= a b (1)
w d le tr p
er ld
Vp Lp
e lu nt ns co
Since V = Q>A and A has a dimension of L2, Eq 1 becomes

th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
1
Qm >Lm2 Lm 2
ity o g us d S
= a b
Qp >Lp 2 Lp
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
1
Q m Lp 2 Lm 2
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
a b = a b
Q p Lm Lp
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
1
Lm 2 Lm 2
st ny s d s ec
Qm
= a ba b
de f a rse de ot
Qp Lp Lp
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
5
Qm Lm 2
sa eir is p rk
= a b
Qp Lp
th d wo
an his
5
Lm 2
Qm = Qp a b
T
Lp
Lm 1
Here = and Qp = 8000 ft 3 >s, then
Lp 20
5
1 2
Qm = ( 8000 ft >s ) a b = 4.47 ft 3 >s
3
Ans.
20
The height over the dam is

3 3
Q = CD 2g LH2; 8000 ft 3 >s = 0.71232.2(60 ft) ( Hp2 )
Hp = 10.31 ft
Here
Hm Lm Hm 1
= ; =
Hp Lp 10.31 ft 20
Hm = 0.515 ft Ans.
Ans:
Qm = 4.47 ft 3 >s
Hm = 0.515 ft
928
8–75. A ship has a length of 180 m and travels in the sea

where rs = 1030 kg>m3. A model of the ship is built to a 1
>60 scale, and it displaces 0.06 m3 of water such that its hull
has a wetted surface area of 3.6 m2. When tested in a towing
tank at a speed of 0.5 m>s, the total drag on the model was
2.25 N. Determine the drag on the ship and its corresponding
speed. What power is needed to overcome this drag? The
drag due to viscous (frictional) forces can be determined
using (FD)f = 1 12 rV 2A 2 CD, where CD is the drag coefficient
determined from CD = 1.328> 2Re for Re 6 106 and
CD = 0.455> 1log 10Re2 2.58 for 106 6 Re 6 109. Take r =
1000 kg>m3 and n = 1.00 1 10 - 6 2 m2 >s.
Solution
Using the scale,
Lm 1 Lm 1
= ; = Lm = 3 m
Lp 60 180 m 60
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
For Froude number similitude,
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
V V
k g rn to rig
a b = a b
2gL m 2gL p or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Since g is a constant,
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
1
VP Lp 2
ity o g us d S
= a b
Vm Lm
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
1
Lp 2
gr w in e
Vp = a b Vm
th t o a ly by
Lm
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
Lp
st ny s d s ec
Here, = 60 and Vm = 0.5 m>s . Then

de f a rse de ot
Lm
s
ill o u vi pr
1
Vp = ( 602 )( 0.5 m>s ) = 3.873 m>s = 3.87 m>s
w le co ro is
Ans.
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
Next, we will compute the frictional drag force. Here, Vm = 0.5 m>s, Lm = 3 m and
nm = 1.00 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s . Then
an his
e
T
VmLm (0.5 m>s)(3 m)

(Re)m = = = 1.5 ( 10-6 )
nm 1.00 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s
Since 106 6 (Re)m 6 109,
0.455 0.455
( CD ) m = = = 4.1493 ( 10-3 )
3 log 10 ( Re ) m 4 2.58
3 log 101.5 ( 10 ) 6 4 2.58
1 1
3( FD ) f 4 m = a rm Vm2 Am b ( CD ) m = c ( 1000 kg>m3 )( 0.5 m>s ) 2 ( 3.6 m2 ) d 3 4.1493 ( 10-3 ) 4
2 2
= 1.867 N
929
8–75. Continued
Thus, the drag force due to the wave action on the model is
3 ( FD ) g 4 m = FD - 3 ( FD ) f 4 m = 2.25 N - 1.867 N = 0.3828 N
Using the equation given in the text
. We or
rp Vp 2 Lp 2
3 ( FD ) g 4 p 3 ( FD ) g 4 m a
m W ina g
= ba b a b
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
Vm Lm
itt id tio
rm
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
rp Lp Lp 2
3 ( FD ) g 4 m a
an on in rs h
= ba ba b
k g rn to rig
rm Lm Lm
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
rp Lp 3
e lu nt ns co
= 3 ( FD ) g 4 m a ba b
th inc de f i es
rm Lm
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
1030 kg>m3
= ( 0.3828 N ) ° ¢ ( 603 )
te is ss th ite
1000 kg>m3
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
= 85.17 ( 103 ) N
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
The frictional drag force on the prototype must be determined. Here, Vp = 3.873 m>s,
st ny s d s ec
Lp = 180 m and np = 1.00 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s . Then

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
VpLp ( 3.873 m>s )( 180 m )

w le co ro is
(Re)p = = = 0.6971 ( 109 )

sa eir is p rk
np 1.00 ( 10-6 ) m2 >s

th d wo
Since 106 6 (Re)p 6 109,

an his
e
T
0.455 0.455
( CD ) p = = = 1.6434 ( 10-3 )
3 log 10 ( Re ) p 4 2.58 3 log 100.6971 ( 109 ) 4 2.58
Lp 2
Here, Ap = Am a b = ( 3.6 m2 )( 602 ) = 12960 m2. Then
Lm
1 1
3 ( FD ) f 4 p = a rp Vp2 Ap b ( CD ) p = c ( 1030 kg>m3 )( 3.873 m>s ) 2 ( 12960 m2 ) d 3 1.6434 ( 10-3 ) 4
2 2
= 164.53 ( 103 ) N
Thus, the total drag force is

( FD ) p = 3 ( FD ) g 4 p + 3 ( FD ) f 4 p = 85.17 ( 103 ) N + 164.53 ( 103 ) N
= 249.70 ( 103 ) N = 250 kN Ans.
The power is
#
W = ( FD ) pVp = 3 249.70 ( 103 ) N 4 ( 3.873 m>s ) Ans:
= 967.09 ( 103 ) W Vp = 3.87 m>s
= 967 kN Ans. ( FD ) p = 250 kN
#
W = 967 kN
930

Solution: 8-1. Investigate If Each Ratio Is Dimensionless. A) RV

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8–1. Investigate if each ratio is dimensionless. a) rV 2 >p,

8–2. Use inspection to arrange each of the following three

8–3. The pressure change that occurs in the aortic artery

Thus, dimensional homogeneity requires

*8–4. Determine the Mach number for a jet flying at

The velocity of the jet is

The Mach number is

M = = = 1.089 = 1.09 Ans.

8–5. Determine the F, L, T dimensions of the following

d) rgh = a ba 2 b(L) = 2 Ans.

8–6. Determine the M, L, T dimensions of the following

8–7. Show that the Weber number is dimensionless using

From the table in Appendix A, r = 1.937 slug>ft 3 at T = 70° F. Substituting

rV 2L ( 1.937 slug>ft 3 )( 8 ft>s ) 2(2 ft)

We = = = 49.8 ( 103 )  Ans.

s 3 4.98 ( 10-3 ) 4 lb>ft

*8–8. The Womersley number is often used to study blood

Thus Wo is a dimensionless number.

8–9. The Womersley number is a dimensionless parameter

The Womersley number expressed in terms of mass is

For the horse, fh = a30 ba b = 0.5 beats>s

32p(0.5) rad>s 4 ( 1060 kg>m3 )

For m = 350 kg,

( Wo ) h = 1.9206 ( 3500.34 ) = 14.1

32p(3) rad>s 4 ( 1060 kg>m3 )

For the horse Eq (1),

m(kg) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

m(kg) 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

8–10. Express the group of variables L, μ, r, V as a

Dimensional Analysis. Here, m, r, and V are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables

and L will become the q variable. Thus, the Π term is

Π = ( MaL-aT -a )( MbL-3b )( LcT -c ) (L) = Ma + bL-a - 3b + c + 1T -a - c

8–11. Express the group of variables p, g, D, r as a

Here, three base dimensions are used, so that m = 3. Thus, there is

Dimensional Analysis. Here, p, g, and r are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables

and D will become the q variable. Thus, the Π term is

Π = ( MaL-aT -2a )( L bT -2b )( McL-3c ) (L) = M a + cL-a + b - 3c + 1T -2a - 2b

*8–12. The force of buoyancy F is a function of the volume

Dimensional Analysis. Here, F and g are chosen as m = 2 repeating variables and V

will become the q variable. Thus, the Π term is

Solving, a = - 1 and b = 1. Thus,

The function can be written as

Solving for F using this function

where k is a constant to be determined by experiment.

8–13. Show that the hydrostatic pressure p of an

Here, two base dimensions are used, so that m = 2. Thus, there is

Π = ( F aL-2a )( F bL-3b ) (L) = F a + bL-2a - 3b + 1

Solving, a = - 1 and b = 1. Thus,

The function can be written as

Solving for p using this function,

where k is a constant to be determined by experiment.

8–14. Establish Newton’s law of viscosity using dimensional

Dimensional Analysis. Here t, m and du are chosen as m = 3 repeating variables and

dy will become the q variable. Thus, the Π term is

Π = ( MaL-aT -2a )( MbL-bT -b )( LcT -c )( L ) = Ma + bL-a + b - c + 1T -2a - b - c

We = = = 49.8 ( 103 ) Ans.

( Wo ) h = 1.9206 ( 3500.34 ) = 14.1