(2008 2009) Mathematical Reflections The Next Two Years Toc

Contents
1 Problems 1
1.1 Junior Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Senior Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.3 Undergraduate Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.4 Olympiad Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2 Solutions 57
2.1 Junior Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.2 Senior Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
2.3 Undergraduate Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
2.4 Olympiad Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
3 Articles 343
3.1 An Unexpectedly Useful Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
3.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
3.1.2 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
3.1.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
3.2 Vectors Conquering Hexagons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
3.3 Kk versus Kk+1 \ {e} . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
3.4 Elementary Properties of Cyclotomic Polynomials . . . . . . . 367
3.4.1 Prerequisites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
3.4.2 Cyclotomic Polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
3.4.3 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
3.5 A Metric Relation and its Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
x Contents
3.6 Two Applications of RCF, LCF, and EV Theorems . . . . . . . 384

3.7 Unrigorously Jensen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
3.8 Some Remarks on Problem U23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
3.8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
3.8.2 Three Proofs of the Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
3.8.3 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
3.9 Numbers with a Nice Property of their Powers . . . . . . . . . 403
3.10 On a Theorem Regarding Lattice Pentagons . . . . . . . . . . . 408
3.11 On an Algebraic Identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
3.12 Angle Inequalities in Tetrahedra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
3.13 On a Vector Equality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
3.14 On a Method of Proving Symmetric Inequalities . . . . . . . . 432
3.14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
3.14.2 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
3.14.3 Solving Problems by Using the Main Lemma . . . . . . 433
3.14.4 Independent Study Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
3.15 A Way to Prove the Inequality R ≥ 3r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
3.15.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
3.15.2 Two Propositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
3.15.3 Proof of Theorem 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
3.15.4 A Corollary and a Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
3.16 Variations on an Algebraic Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
3.16.1 Main Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
3.16.2 Geometric Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
3.16.3 Algebraic Variations of Inequalities (A), (B), (C) . . . . 449
3.17 On a Turan Theorem for Cyclic Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
3.17.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
3.17.2 Bounds for ex(n, C2m+1 ), m ≥ 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
3.17.3 Bounds for ex(n, C2m ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
3.17.4 Expected Number of Cn Subgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
3.18 On a Geometric Inequality Involving Medians . . . . . . . . . . 460
3.18.1 First Proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
3.18.2 Second Proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
3.18.3 An Extension of Inequality (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
Contents xi
3.19 An Independent Parametrization of an Acute Triangle

and its Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
3.20 Centroids and Tiling Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
3.20.1 Technique Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
3.20.2 Solved Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478
3.20.3 Afterthoughts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
3.21 A Turan’s Theorem Generalization Using Equivalence
Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
3.21.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
3.21.2 Turan’s Generalized Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Problem Author Index 491
Article Author Index 493

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Contents

3.6 Two Applications of RCF, LCF, and EV Theorems . . . . . . . 384

3.19 An Independent Parametrization of an Acute Triangle

Problem Author Index 491

Article Author Index 493

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