CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Owing to the natural resources that the Philippines possess, our country is occupied

with hectares and hectares of plains and land for planting. With these, one of the factors of our

economic growth is the agricultural products that we export to our neighboring countries

(Philippine Statistics Authority, 2017). According to the World Bank (2017), as of 2017, 27.7%

of the Filipino workforce is focused on agriculture. As such, this industry has been credited as

one of the reasons why the Philippine economy is continuously growing. Most of the land we

have today are still not converted to buildings and infrastructures (Food and Fertilizer

Technology Center, n.d.), thus can also be used to generate revenues from exports and crop

yields.

Locally, Davao del Sur is one of the top producers of crops, such as rice, sugar, coconut,

corn and banana in the Philippines (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2017) because of its

“favorable climate and fertile soil” (National Economic and Development Authority Region

XI, n.d.).

With the planting of staple crops for export and/or import and for daily consumption,

efficient irrigation is a necessity for any agricultural processes for many of the Filipino farmers.

Irrigation systems compensate for the required water needs of plants if water is scarce

(International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, 2016). As such, in areas that may

receive irregular precipitation, irrigation improves the growth and quality of crops. Thus, the

success in harvesting crops because of this proper use and management of irrigation will also

help in the development of the overall economy of our country. This also allows farmers to

1
grow crops on a consistent schedule, creating more reliable food supplies for its countrymen

(National Geographic Library, n.d.).

However, one of the most pressing problems that our agriculture sector (particularly

with the use of irrigation systems) is the pursuing effect of global warming and climate change.

According to the latest findings of PAGASA (2019), parts of Davao del Sur experience a

temperature of 31 degree Celsius which caused the increase of soil temperatures. Because of

this, most of the crops are susceptible to heat stress (even though moisture is kept). As a result,

there is a higher risk that this can negatively impact plant root development and reduce the

plant’s photosynthetic and transpiration efficiencies affecting also the yield of the harvest

(Irmak, 2016).

Another common problem faced by most farmers today is the abnormal fluctuations of

the weather patterns in our country – floods and extreme heat may arise in any time of a year.

This leaves Filipino farmers to encounter big problems such as the ability to provide for their

family’s needs when they are not sure whether they can harvest their crops, and make money

out of it, or not. They would not risk their capital in their agri-business, so they would pay

different fees to irrigate their field during dry spell with the help of irrigation structures

constructed by National Irrigation Administration (NIA). According to Cantor (1967), to

overcome deficiencies in rainfall for growing crops, the need for irrigation is significant in

accumulating higher agricultural production of a country. As such, it is important that in a

country like ours, irrigation systems should be efficient and effective.

Aside from the problem stated in the latter, there are also other intervening and external

factors that may cause a failure in an irrigation system and facilities. For instance, Faggi (1991)

cited some occurrences why these happen in some countries like Kazakhstan, Iraq and India.

An important aspect that he pinpointed is the lack of funds for operation and maintenance, thus

2
warranting a structural adjustment to improve the overall system of the said project. This, in

turn, had resulted to the transferring of the management’s control from a government agency

to local water users.

To evaluate the efficiency of the budget used in the construction of irrigation projects,

there is a need to assess the performance of these irrigation systems after its transferring of

irrigation management to farmer’s association. According to a research led by Bititci and his

colleagues in 1997, “the performance assessment system is seen as the information system

which enables the performance management process”, therefore making a project in

consideration to function effectively and efficiently. The performance management that he

meant in here is the continuing process of communication between a manager and an employee

throughout the year, in support of achieving the organization’s strategic goals, therefore

providing organizational excellence. Moreover, performance assessments can help determine

problems and identify ways and means of improving system performance, therefore achieving

excellence and delivering value in the long run (Moullin, 2007). As a result, the people who

will use this, especially the farmers, will not have to have difficulty in solving problems related

to irrigation and will also help alleviate their hardships.

Aside from individual and private stakeholders, efficient planning and performance

assessment will also help the government in its budget management and planning. Ghazouani

et al. (2012) and Mollinga (2007) claimed that Irrigation Management Transfer (IMT) would

reduce governmental spending in irrigation system’s maintenance. Irrigation Management

Transfer (IMT) refers to the process that relocates the responsibilities and the authority of the

central government to the non-governmental and/or local agencies and private entities in the

management of irrigation systems (Ghazouani et. al, 2012).

3
 In the Philippine setting, the weight of most of the management, operation and

maintenance, design and planning of irrigation structures is in the National Irrigation

Administration (NIA) and Irrigators’ Association (IA). The National Irrigation Administration

(NIA) is responsible in the planning and building of irrigation systems around the country. By

this virtue, the government would allocate the budget to the NIA, and then NIA would design

and plan the irrigation structures that would be appropriate in that province, and then hand them

over to local farmers so that, if rainfall is not sufficient to produce highly valued commercial

crops, they could use these projects instead for agricultural production. On the other hand, the

Irrigators’ Association which is also under the NIA, ensures a sustainable irrigation operation

to yield better and more crops (National Irrigation Association, n.d.). Together, proper

allocation of budget is placed to prevent any problems that may tamper both the private and

public sectors. And for that reason, this study aims to assess the various performances of an

irrigation system which specifically focuses on the municipality of Magsaysay.

In order to assess and analyze the performance of an existing irrigation system in

Magsaysay, Davao del Sur, various indicators are to be used in this study. There are many other

ways to evaluate the performance of a small-scale irrigation, but the researchers of this study

will only focus on factors such as agricultural production and financial aspects. Agricultural

indicators such as output per cropped area, output per unit command area, and output per unit

irrigated supply were be employed in this study. The financial performance of the existing

irrigation system will be accessed by financial indicator such as operation and maintenance

cost per unit area, operation and maintenance cost per unit volume of water supplied, and

financial self-sufficiency (FSS). It is to the purpose of this study that by evaluating these

indicators, we will come to know how efficiently a system is installed, operated and

maintained.

4
Objectives of the Study

This study is conducted to evaluate the performance of an irrigation system in

BADAGOY (Barayong-Dalawinon-Calamagoy) Irrigation Association based on agricultural

production and financial aspects, which specifically focuses on the municipality of Magsaysay.

This municipality had been one of the most important irrigated agricultural areas in Davao del

Sur, due to the construction and development of the Communal Irrigation Project (BADAGOY

Dam) situated at Brgy. Bacungan, Magsaysay, Davao del Sur.

Significance of the Study

As an agricultural country, irrigation in the Philippines is of dire importance (Far

Eastern Agriculture, 2013). More than one third of the country’s nearly 90mn inhabitants

depend on farming and fishing for a living. Because of the current weather conditions in Davao

del Sur, there is relative stress among crops and of the soil because of increasing temperatures.

As a result, plants will have the tendency to succumb because with less water content in the

soil, transport of nutrients as well as the photosynthesis and respiration may be negatively

affected. Thus, affecting the growth and yield of crops in the long-run. The damages brought

because of this problem will be detrimental to the society, especially to the farmers and to

businesses and private sectors which are involved in the export of crops and other agro-

industrial products. To curb this problem, irrigation systems are constructed to provide the

necessary water requirements of the soil and of the crops especially in areas where precipitation

is scarce. Hence, the findings of the study would be significant to the following:

Economy. Rice have greater impact in the trades inside and outside the country. More and

more investors from other countries will be interested by this product because of its appearance

and taste. Thus, it may result to improvement of the country’s economy.

5
Farmers. It will give ideas regarding the production of crops and the assessment of production

aspects. It will also give farmers the idea regarding the right spatial and temporal patterns for

him/her to yield better and more crops.

Irrigation Association. This will not only help assess the irrigation systems structurally and

functionally, but also assess the performance of the association as well. This will help the IA

to identify all possible lapses of the organization in manning projects and will help them find

solutions to counteracting these problems.

6
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Irrigation Management Transfer (IMT)

Irrigation management transfer aims or develops a participatory management among

individuals or for the IA’s, it aims to strengthen farmer control over water and irrigation

infrastructure.

Bandyopsdhyay and his colleagues (2007) conducted a research study in the Philippines

to examine the impact of the IMT on IA’s performance and on rice yields, and found out that

the presence of the IMT helps IA’s to increase its maintenance activities. On the other hand,

those without IMT contracts undertake canal maintenance. The presence of the IMT, also

affects the production of rice which increases the farm yield up to 6%, and helps our farmers

to alleviate themselves from poverty; concluded that this increase in crop yield was resulted by

an improved water distribution and a solution for any other conflicts.

The rise of IMT as a procedure for subsector change can be followed back to the mid-

1970s, when a general disillusionment with the execution of water system frameworks

(following gigantic speculations by governments and universal offices during the 1960s)

started to grab hold. As a general rule, water system organizations built up with the motivation

behind providing water to those frameworks under an unbending, top-down methodology

bombed in their goals. Ranchers who were intended to pay for these administrations so as to

keep the activity economical started to flounder in their commitments and to request better

administrations custom-made to their necessities. An endless loop of non-installment and

foundation weakening followed. By the 1980s, the world monetary downturn had constrained

governments to overhaul their approaches of attempting to keep the water system frameworks

running from their pitiful spending plans after absence of installments of water charges by

7
ranchers had just expanded. The requirement for change was ready. As a final product, the

fundamental target of IMT was to accomplish enhancements in the execution of the inundated

agribusiness division, including both profitability and monetary and physical manageability.

(FAO, n.d.)

The concept of IMT normally refers to the process that seeks the relocation of

responsibility and authority from the controlling government agencies managing irrigation

systems (under the public sector) into the hands of non-governmental organizations (NGOs).

(FAO, n.d.)

To the farmers, IMT improves timeliness and equity of water delivery thus increases

their crop yield and their income. To the government side, IMT has reduced the cost of

government allocations towards the O&M of irrigation systems thus reducing government cost.

(FAO, n.d.)

Irrigation

Irrigation is the process through which controlled amount of water can be supplied

through artificial means such as pipes, ditches, sprinklers etc. the main objectives of irrigation

systems is to help agricultural crop growth, landscape maintenance, reduce the effect of

inadequate rainfall etc. Therefore, the importance of irrigation systems is very high. Agriculture

is often greatly hampered due to irregular, insufficient or uncertain rain. Proper irrigation

systems can secure uninterrupted agriculture. (CT, n.d.)

The productivity of irrigated land is more than the un-irrigated land. Crop yields

everywhere in the developing world are consistently higher in irrigated areas than in rainfed

areas. Seeds cannot grow in dry soil as moisture is necessary for the germination of seeds. With

the help of irrigation supply, the required moisture content of soil for the growth of seed can

be ensured. (CT, n.d.)

8
 Multiple cropping in a year is possible through irrigation. This will enhance production

& productivity. In many areas of India, two or three crops in a year are cultivated with irrigation

facilities. Through the irrigation, it is possible to supply the required amount of hydrogen &

oxygen, which is important for the proper development of plant root. (CT, n.d.)

A plant can absorb mineral nutrients from the irrigated soil. Thus, irrigation is essential

for the general growth of the plant. Bringing more land under cultivation is possible through

irrigation. Insufficient rain may also cause drought & famines. Irrigation can play a protective

role during the period of drought & famines. Irrigation contributes to the economic growth and

poverty reduction2. As income and employment are closely related to output and irrigation

increases production, substantial increase in income is achieved in the countryside. (CT, n.d.)

Irrigation System

To irrigate is to water crops by bringing in water from pipes, canals, sprinklers, or other

man-made means, rather than relying on rainfall alone. Places that have sparse or seasonal

rainfall could not sustain agriculture without irrigation. In areas that have irregular

precipitation, irrigation improves crop growth and quality. By allowing farmers to grow crops

on a consistent schedule, irrigation also creates more reliable food supplies. (National

Geographic, n.d.)

Ancient civilizations in many parts of the world practiced irrigation. In fact, civilization

would probably not be possible without some form of irrigation. The earliest form of irrigation

probably involved people carrying buckets of water from wells or rivers to pour on their crops.

As better techniques developed, societies in Egypt and China built irrigation canals, dams,

dikes, and water storage facilities. Ancient Rome built structures called aqueducts to carry

water from snowmelt in the Alps to cities and towns in the valleys below. This water was used

for drinking, washing, and irrigation. (National Geographic, n.d.)

9
 Modern irrigation systems use reservoirs, tanks, and wells to supply water for crops.

Reservoirs include aquifers, basins that collect snowmelt, lakes, and basins created by dams.

Canals or pipelines carry the water from reservoirs to fields. Canals and pipelines, just like the

ancient Roman aqueducts, often rely on the force of gravity. Pumps may also move water from

reservoirs to fields. (National Geographic, n.d.)

Crops are irrigated by several methods: flooding an entire field, channeling water

between rows of plants, spraying water through large sprinklers, or letting water drop onto

plants through holes in pipes. Letting water drop onto plants through holes in pipes, known as

drip irrigation, is considered one of the most efficient methods of irrigation. Drip irrigation

focuses the water onto the plant itself. Other methods can waste water by letting it absorb into

the ground where there are no plants. Water can also evaporate into the air when sprayed

through sprinklers. (National Geographic, n.d.)

Water Usage Performance

Quality of water plays an extremely important role in water depletion and productivity.

(Molden, 1997) New indicators are proposed which includes consideration of water reuse and

aim to assist in identifying and providing clear distinctions between beneficial and non –

beneficial water uses. (Elsevier, 2011) The performance of Badagoy IA depends on efficient

and reliable working of all functional components including all water resources, physical

assets, operational activities, personnel, and financial activities.

Water use ideas and execution descriptors that might be helpful in characterizing

protection and sparing of water are talked about with the point of improving the general

execution and profitability of water use. New pointers are proposed which incorporate thought

of water reuse and expect to help with recognizing and giving clear refinements among

advantageous and non-gainful water employments. An examination of profitability ideas

10
helpful both in water system and somewhere else is given together proposals for where

regularly utilized terms, for example, the comprehensively utilized "water use productivity"

among others, would be better maintained a strategic distance from in water system building

and given substantially more barely characterized implications in agronomy and organic

sciences. Specific consideration is given to financial issues in water efficiency. The

examination is finished with different contextual investigation applications at water system

ranch and framework scales. It is suggested that a lot of terms (not really those created here)

be generally embraced that will give a premise to simple, certain correspondence and give

across the board normal comprehension of the issues which must be looked to create ways to

deal with accomplish effective water use. (Pereira, 2012)

Irrigated Agriculture

Water is one of the most important thing in this world especially in sustaining our daily

needs like drinking water, water used for our laundries, for taking a bath and many more, but

irrigation is one of the largest water user worldwide that is commonly used in crops.

It may affect to lower the ground water levels through pumping, and may change the

natural hydrology of a watershed, and also altered, reduced or sometimes depleted the river

flows .But even though most of the environmental effects of irrigation are negative, it also

plays a critical role in providing food and fiber for our growing population.

Providing the same food without irrigation practices would likely have even greater

environmental impacts like scarcity in foods because of failed harvests. (Trout, n.d.)

Since Philippines is an agricultural type country we mostly rely on our different crops

that was exported in other countries to increase or to develop our economy and also Irrigated

agriculture is one of the most critical human activities sustaining civilization. Our world’s

population is growing and food supply must be doubled in order to provide for the 7.7 billion

11
people in the world. Through Irrigated agriculture the average, irrigated crop yields are 2.3

times higher than those from rain fed ground. These numbers demonstrate that irrigated

agriculture will continue to play an important role as a significant contributor to the worlds

food supply. Irrigation allows for a more consistent food supply and higher productivity.

Irrigation in Rice Production

Development of irrigation has been recognize as a means of activating economic

growth and rural expansion (Fitsum Hagos et al., 2009). Water uses are often independent with

in an irrigation system, failure to apply all uses may cause unsustainable allocation of water

(Renwick, 2001). Improved farm management practices allow for more efficient used of water

such as drip irrigation system or advance water management practices to conserve water

(Donald Negri et al., 1989)

World production will have to double in the next 35 to 45 years to meet the demands

of increased population (King, 1953). Lack of water supply in the rice production may result

depletion and may threaten food security in Asia since rice is very sensitive to water stress.

Rice production in Asia needs to increase to feed a growing population (Dawe, 2012).

Communal Irrigation System

Including of farmers in the decision making processes for the management of irrigation

is necessary not only for the effective operation and maintenance of the system, but also to

make effective use of resource and to increase farm productivity as well as farmer’s income

(Raby, 1991; Sinha, 1996).

An irrigation system of the Philippines may be classified into one of these 3 types: (1)

National, or (2) Private, or (3) Communal. The irrigation discussed here belongs to the three

type. The Communal Irrigation Systems (CIS), are small gravity systems and are mostly of

“run-of-the-river’ type. The basic structure of this system is an appropriately-sized concrete or

12
earth dam and a simple network of irrigation canals for water distribution. The size of each

system is less than 1,000 ha (Wijayatrna & Vermillion, 1994). These systems are owned and

managed by farmer irrigation associations. They are either constructed by farmers’ association

or by NIA and are turned over to the farmers through their respective farmer associations after

complexion, and thus, operated and maintained by them. In the Philippines over 5,000

community systems (locally reffered to as communal systems) serve about half of the country’s

irrigated croplands (Bagadion and Korten 1979); in Indonesia, over 25 percent Bottrall 1981);

while in Malaysia, at least 20 percent (Taylor and Tantigate 1981).

The Badagoy CIS, situated in the province of Davao del Sur, Philippines, serves rice

fields in the adjoining municipalities of Magsaysay and Matan-ao. Achieved cropping intensity

of 200% during wet and dry seasons. Cropping Calendar Plan was strictly adhered for

synchronizing planting. Using of synchronizing planting for an area of 2350 hectares and

planted twice a year, Badagoy produced 658,000 cavans or 32,900 metric tons of palay;

harvesting an average yield of 140 cavans/hectare/cropping or 7 tons/hectare/cropping as per

harvest report of CY 2011.

Badagoy is a large communal irrigation system nestling in aggregate area of 2,350

hectares of irrigated rice farms. The Badagoy Communal Irrigation System covers 15 districts

of (8) barangays and (2) rural communities in the Municipalities of Magsaysay and Matan-ao,

Davao del Sur. A very rich and providing great rice land spreading all over the town conveys

a landscape of productivity and evokes farmer’s passion for rice farming.

13
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Agricultural offices, members of Badagoy Irrigator’s Association offices, engineers

working in National Irrigation Administration (NIA) and some village farmers were consulted

on the general condition of the village from an agricultural point of view during the site

visitation. The data needed to carry out this study, i.e. crop patterns, water supply, crop prices,

irrigation infrastructure operation and maintenance expenses, farmers’ income, were collected

from responsible authorities and local farmers. The local prices of the crops were investigated

at Magsaysay local market as well as at the Digos Public Market. Interviews with farmers had

been conducted to obtain information on the municipality’s irrigation methods, distribution and

water scarcity issues. As this work were done to determine the efficiency and effectiveness of

an irrigation system, a great deal of effort were made to check the accuracy and consistency of

data by surveying and observing different records in different areas. The irrigation system

performance at Magsaysay, Davao del Sur were evaluated by the following indicators:

Agricultural production performance indicators are as follows: output per cropped area,

output per unit command, and output per unit irrigation supply.

₱ Production (₱)
Output per cropped area ( )=
ha Irrigated Cropped Area (ha)

₱ Production (₱)
Output per command area ( ) =
ha Command Area (ha)

₱ Production (₱)
Output per unit irrigation supply ( ) =
m3 Irrigation Water Supply (m3 )

Financial performance indicators are as follows: operation and maintenance cost per

unit area and operation and maintenance cost per unit volume of water supplied and financial

self-suffiency (FSS).
14
 ₱ O&M Cost (₱)
O&M cost per unit area ( ) =
ha Total Area (ha)

₱ O&M Cost (₱)

O&M cost per unit vol. of water supplied ( 3 ) =
m Total vol. of water supplied (m3 )

Annual Fee Revenue (₱)

Financial Self − Sufficiency (FSS) =
Total Annual Expenditures (₱)

Experimental Flowchart

Site Visitation

Data Gathering

Analyzing the Data

Steps for Assessment of Irrigation System Performance

15
 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE

According to the data that we obtained from the Badagoy Irrigation Association, the

researchers were able to determine the discharge rates of the four dams situated at Kasuga

Creek, Narvasa Spring and Balatukan River (of which, 2 dams are present). The researchers,

made possible through the water permit, were also given each of the information of the dams

– name, type and the discharge of water for the purpose of irrigation. Summarized below, as

shown in the table, were the findings of the research:

Table 1. Location of Dams with their Given Discharge during Dry and Wet Season

DRY SEASON WET SEASON

LOCATION
(LPS) (LPS)
KASUGA CREEK 266 300
NARVASA SPRING 120 120
BALATUKAN RIVER
900 900
(GRAVITY DAM)
BALATUKAN RIVER 767 1934
TOTAL 2053 3254

Table 2. Amount of Water Diverted into Fields during Dry and Wet Season

CROPPING DISCHARGE AMOUNT OF WATER

NO. OF DAYS
SEASON (CU.M./S) DIVERTED (CU.M.)

WET (JUN-OCT) 153 3.254 43015276.8

DRY (NOV-MAY) 212 2.053 37604390.4

TOTAL 80619667.2

Shown in this table that highest amount of water diverted into the farmers’ field is

during the wet season which gave 43,015,276.80 m3/s compared to the 37,604,390.40 m3/s of

diverted water during the dry season. Although the dry season had a longer duration (in days),

16
that is from November to May, compared to the wet season with only 5 months of cropping

season, the latter had larger discharge rate. This is because the discharge during wet season is

higher as compared to the dry season given the fact that much rain water can be harnessed

during the wet season. Although rains may still be present during the dry season, the discharge

is lower because of the higher soil temperature which causes the water from the rivers and

creek to seep faster than normal. And during times where atmospheric temperature increases,

precipitation patterns may change and drought may also occur. Thus, the water sources in most

irrigation systems are at stake, affecting the amount of water supplied in dams, for example.

Output per Cropped Area

Output per Cropped Area is an indicator used to assess the agricultural production of

an irrigation association. With this, the year(s) with the highest and lowest revenue can be

determined. Crop yield (cavans/ha) during the dry and wet seasons can also be calculated.

Because of these data, members of the irrigation association will be able to address problems

such as the reason(s) as to why production rate that certain year occurred. As such, members

will also be able to find ways to cope with these losses and to find solutions to these problems.

The table below shows the output per cropped area during year 2016, 2017, and 2018

during the dry season as well as the wet season. Computations of output per cropped area are

also shown below.

Table 3. List of Irrigated and Planted Areas CY 2018 (Wet Season)

DISTRICT AREA YIELD (CAVAN/HA PRODUCTION

@ 50 KLS PER (PHP)
BAG)
1 135.1288 13581 230877
2A 146.5049 15100 256700
2B 123.8620 12784 217328
3 99.2309 11232 190944
4 116.7670 0 0

17
 5A 96.9480 0 0
5B 104.1133 0 0
6A 114.3529 0 0
6B 93.5153 0 0
7A 75.0060 0 0
7B 56.2242 0 0
8A 87.4248 804 13668
8B 140.4052 1247 21199
9 102.6736 0 0
10A 159.2703 0 0
10B 125.5350 0 0
11 144.6831 321 5457
12A 150.4841 661 11237
12B 135.1679 0 0
12C 106.7894 0 0
13 69.8760 7485 127245
14 89.0344 9079 154343
15 142.9629 14020 238340
TOTAL 2615.96 86314 1467338

₱ Production (₱)
Output per cropped area ( )=
ha Irrigated Cropped Area (ha)

₱ 1,467,338
=
2615.96 ha

Output per cropped area = ₱𝟓𝟔𝟎. 𝟗𝟐/𝐡𝐚

Table 4. List of Irrigated and Planted Areas CY 2018 (Dry Season)

YIELD (CAVAN/HA
PRODUCTION
DISTRICT AREA @ 50 KLS PER
(PHP)
BAG)
1 135.1288 14026 238442
2A 146.5049 13093 222581
2B 123.8620 11419 194123
3 99.2309 9111 154887
4 116.7670 10966 186422
5A 96.9480 9145 155465
5B 104.1133 9626 163642
6A 114.3529 11092 188564

18
 6B 93.5153 8872 150824
7A 75.0060 7615 129455
7B 56.2242 5035 85595
8A 87.4248 8604 146268
8B 140.4052 12948 220116
9 102.6736 8975 152575
10A 159.2703 12752 216784
10B 125.5350 10342 175814
11 144.6831 10113 171921
12A 150.4841 13425 228225
12B 135.1679 13443 228531
12C 106.7894 9436 160412
13 69.8760 6197 105349
14 89.0344 7681 130577
15 142.9629 13663 232271
TOTAL 2615.96 237579 4038843

₱ Production (₱)
Output per cropped area ( )=
ha Irrigated Cropped Area (ha)

₱ 4,038,843.00
=
2615.96 ha

Output per cropped area = ₱𝟏, 𝟓𝟒𝟑. 𝟗𝟐/𝐡𝐚

Table 5. List of Irrigated and Planted Areas CY 2017 (Wet Season)

DISTRICT AREA YIELD PRODUCTION

(CAVAN/HA (PHP)
@ 50 KLS PER
BAG)
1 133.0953 15160 257720
2A 150.1376 16515 280755
2B 112.5620 13782 234294
3 99.2309 11596 197132
4 113.0580 15571 264707
5A 96.3235 12715 216155
5B 91.1240 9534 162078
6A 103.6549 12464 211888
6B 89.1803 11332 192644
7A 75.8504 10467 177939

19
 7B 56.3668 6067 103139
8A 84.3520 12147 206499
8B 137.2052 15902 270334
9 103.7341 14938 253946
10A 151.8650 17294 293998
10B 125.8810 13126 223142
11 142.5146 18101 307717
12A 129.1678 14208 241536
12B 127.0229 15484 263228
12C 91.0397 11107 188819
13 69.2590 8671 147407
14 88.3244 10422 177174
15 144.2679 17312 294304
TOTAL 2515.2173 303915 5166555

₱ Production (₱)
Output per cropped area ( )=
ha Irrigated Cropped Area (ha)

₱ 5,166,555
=
2515.2173 ha

Output per cropped area = ₱𝟐, 𝟎𝟓𝟒. 𝟏𝟐/𝐡𝐚

Table 6. List of Irrigated and Planted Areas CY 2017 (Dry Season)

DISTRICT AREA YIELD PRODUCTION

(CAVAN/HA (PHP)
@ 50 KLS PER
BAG)
1 133.0953 13880 235960
2A 150.1376 13964 237388
2B 112.5620 14253 242301
3 99.2309 9981 169677
4 113.0580 16137 274329
5A 96.3235 10055 170935
5B 91.1240 7943 135031
6A 103.6549 10872 184824
6B 89.1803 10592 180064
7A 75.8504 8697 147849
7B 56.3668 4876 82892
8A 84.3520 10638 180846

20
 8B 137.2052 16235 275995
9 103.7341 12224 207808
10A 151.8650 15882 269994
10B 125.8810 10673 181441
11 142.5146 15527 263959
12A 129.1678 11764 199988
12B 127.0229 15956 271252
12C 91.0397 8868 150756
13 69.2590 6945 118065
14 88.3244 8821 149957
15 144.2679 14844 252348
TOTAL 2515.2173 269627 4583659

₱ Production (₱)
Output per cropped area ( )=
ha Irrigated Cropped Area (ha)

₱ 4,583,659
=
2515.2173 ha

Output per cropped area = ₱𝟏, 𝟖𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟕/𝐡𝐚

Table 7. List of Irrigated and Planted Areas CY 2016 (Wet Season)

DISTRICT AREA YIELD PRODUCTION

(CAVAN/HA (PHP)
@ 50 KLS PER
BAG)
1 127.6989 14,564 247588
2A 141.4775 15,676 266492
2B 109.0210 13,988 237796
3 96.5920 12,567 213639
4 112.0280 15,890 270130
5A 93.4660 7,694 130798
5B 85.7180 11,878 201926
6 152.0953 18,760 318920
7A 71.5990 8,365 142205
7B 56.7928 9,366 159222
8A 84.3280 10,475 178075
8B 131.6072 16,332 277644
9 107.1763 8,533 145061
10A 150.6219 17,498 297466
10B 65.0051 5,774 98158

21
 11 132.8954 15,429 262293
12A 105.9953 13,028 221476
12B 126.0600 15,365 261205
13 68.0130 9,851 167467
14 88.8120 10,432 177344
15 142.9973 16,482 280194
TOTAL 2250.00 267,947 4555099

₱ Production (₱)
Output per cropped area ( )=
ha Irrigated Cropped Area (ha)

₱ 4,555,099
=
2250.00 ha

Output per cropped area = ₱𝟐, 𝟎𝟐𝟒. 𝟒𝟗/𝐡𝐚

Table 8. List of Irrigated and Planted Areas CY 2016 (Dry Season)

DISTRICT AREA YIELD PRODUCTION

(CAVAN/HA (PHP)
@ 50 KLS PER
BAG)
1 127.6989 12,037 204629
2A 141.4775 14,089 239513
2B 109.0210 10,852 184484
3 96.5920 9,126 155142
4 112.0280 11,410 193970
5A 93.4660 8,864 150688
5B 85.7180 8,397 142749
6 152.0953 15,340 260780
7A 71.5990 6,657 113169
7B 56.7928 5,432 92344
8A 84.3280 8,074 137258
8B 131.6072 12,097 205649
9 107.1763 9,858 167586
10A 150.6219 14,237 242029
10B 65.0051 6,922 117674
11 132.8954 13,143 223431
12A 105.9953 10,662 181254
12B 126.0600 11,882 201994
13 68.0130 6,683 113611
14 88.8120 8,374 142358
15 142.9973 14,362 244154
TOTAL 2250.00 218,498 3714466

22
 ₱ Production (₱)
Output per cropped area ( )=
ha Irrigated Cropped Area (ha)

₱ 3,714,466
=
2250.00 ha

Output per cropped area = ₱𝟏, 𝟔𝟓𝟎. 𝟖𝟕/𝐡𝐚

Table 9. Output per Cropped Area

Year Wet (Jun-Oct) Dry (Nov-May)

2016 2024.49 1650.87
2017 2054.12 1822.37
2018 560.92 1543.92

Figure 1. Output per Cropped Area

Output per Cropped Area (Php/ha)

3000

2000

1000

0
2016 2017 2018
Year
Wet (Jun-Oct) Dry (Nov-May)

Based from the above figure, output per cropped area was higher during dry season

which gives an average value of Php1672.39/ha compared to the average value of wet season

which gives Php1546.51/ha. There are many factors that may have caused this. In the year

2018, it can be seen that there were many zero values in terms of production. This is because

23
many crops was not harvested during the wet season because of some occurrence which caused

some farmers to stop their businesses in the past, because of loss in revenues and profits.

Output per Command Area

This is also one of the indicators to assess the agricultural production in an irrigation

association. The difference between output per cropped area and output per command area is

in their number of area chosen for cropping. To compute output per cropped area, the area of

the irrigated land is used. On the other hand, the total area of added irrigated area and

uncultivated area is used to compute for the output per command area.

Table 10. Irrigated and Command Area

YEAR IRRIGATED COMMAND

AREA (ha) AREA (ha)
2016 2250 2590
2017 2515.2173 2590
2018 2615.96 2800

Table 7 shows the irrigated area and command area in the years 2016 to 2018. It can be

seen from this information that irrigated area is really different during the years 2016, 2017,

2018 owing to the newcomers in agricultural business. If more people are engaged in rice

business, then many would also avail of the irrigation system in Badagoy, thus, a higher value

in the irrigated land.

In terms of command area, we can see that there is not much discrepancy between the

data from the years 2016 to 2017. However, it increased about 210 hectares in 2018 because,

according to the National Irrigation Association (NIA), there are areas planted with sugarcane

before which were later converted to rice fields.

24
 Below are the tables and computations of output per command area from year 2016 to

2018 during wet and dry season.

Table 11. Summary of Production during Wet and Dry Season

CROPPING PRODUCTION
YEAR
SEASON (PHP)

WET 4,555,099.00
2016
DRY 3,714,466.00
WET 5,166,555.00
2017
DRY 4,583,659.00
WET 1,467,338.00
2018
DRY 4,038,843.00

Below are the calculations to compute the output per cropped area.

Wet Season (2016):

₱ Production (₱)
Output per command area ( ) =
ha Command Area (ha)

₱ 4,555,099
=
2590 ha.

Output per command area = ₱𝟏, 𝟕𝟓𝟖. 𝟕𝟑/𝐡𝐚

Dry Season (2016):

₱ Production (₱)
Output per command area ( ) =
ha Command Area (ha)

₱ 3,714,466
=
2590 ha.

Output per command area = ₱𝟏, 𝟒𝟑𝟒. 𝟏𝟔/𝐡𝐚

25
Wet Season (2017):

₱ Production (₱)
Output per command area ( ) =
ha Command Area (ha)

₱ 5,166,555
=
2590 ha.

Output per command area = ₱𝟏, 𝟗𝟗𝟒. 𝟖𝟏/𝐡𝐚

Dry Season (2017):

₱ Production (₱)
Output per command area ( ) =
ha Command Area (ha)

₱ 4,583,659
=
2590 ha.

Output per command area = ₱𝟏, 𝟕𝟔𝟗. 𝟕𝟓/𝐡𝐚

Wet Season (2018):

₱ Production (₱)
Output per command area ( ) =
ha Command Area (ha)

₱ 1,468,338
=
2800 ha.

Output per command area = ₱𝟓𝟐𝟒. 𝟎𝟓/𝐡𝐚

Dry Season (2018):

₱ Production (₱)
Output per command area ( ) =
ha Command Area (ha)

₱ 4,038,843
=
2800 ha.

Output per command area = ₱𝟏, 𝟒𝟒𝟐. 𝟒𝟒/𝐡𝐚

26
Table 12. Summary of the Output per Command Area

CROPPING OUTPUT PER COMMAND

YEAR
SEASON AREA (PHP/ha)

WET 1,758.73
2016
DRY 1,434.16
WET 1,994.81
2017
DRY 1,769.75
WET 524.05
2018
DRY 1,442.44

Figure 2. Output per Command Area

Output per Command Area (Php/ha)

3000

2000

1000

0
2016 2017 2018
Year
Wet (Jun-Oct) Dry (Nov-May)

Based on the graphical representation above, it can be indicated that output per

command area is larger during the dry season with an average value of Php 1, 548.78/ha

compared to the wet season which has an average value of Php 1,425.86/ha. For this reason,

crop production in the year 2018 was in smaller scale. When the researchers asked Badagoy

IA President Exequiel D. Elentorio about this, he stated that many farmers terminated their

businesses because of bankruptcy in the past, so crop yield was relatively lower also.

27
Output per Unit Irrigation Supply

Wet season (2016):

₱ Production (₱)
Output per unit irrigation supply ( 3
)=
𝑚 Irrigation Water Supply (𝑚3 )

₱ 4,555,099.00
=
43,015,276.80 𝑚3

Output per unit irrigation supply = ₱0.106/𝑚3

Dry season (2016):

₱ Production (₱)
Output per unit irrigation supply ( 3
)=
𝑚 Irrigation Water Supply (𝑚3 )

₱ 3,714,466.00
=
37,604,390.40 𝑚3

Output per unit irrigation supply = ₱0.099/𝑚3

Wet season (2017):

₱ Production (₱)
Output per unit irrigation supply ( ) =
𝑚3 Irrigation Water Supply (𝑚3 )

₱ 5,166,555.00
=
43,015,276.80 𝑚3

Output per unit irrigation supply = ₱0.120/𝑚3

Dry season (2017):

₱ Production (₱)
Output per unit irrigation supply ( ) =
𝑚3 Irrigation Water Supply (𝑚3 )

₱ 4,583,659.00
=
37,604,390.40 𝑚3

28
Output per unit irrigation supply = ₱ 0.122/𝑚3

Wet season (2018):

₱ Production (₱)
Output per unit irrigation supply ( ) =
𝑚3 Irrigation Water Supply (𝑚3 )

₱ 1,467,338.00
=
43,015,276.80 𝑚3

Output per unit irrigation supply = ₱0.034/𝑚3

Dry season (2018):

₱ Production (₱)
Output per unit irrigation supply ( 3
)=
𝑚 Irrigation Water Supply (𝑚3 )

₱ 4,038,843.00
=
37,604,390.40 𝑚3

Output per unit irrigation supply = ₱0.107/𝑚3

Figure 3. Output per Unit Irrigation Supply

0.150
Output per Unit Irrigation Supply

0.100
(Php/cu.m.)

0.050

0.000
2016 2017 2018
Year

Wet (Jun-Oct) Dry (Nov-May)

29
Table 13. Output per Unit Irrigation Supply

Year Wet (Jun-Oct) Dry (Nov-May)

2016 0.106 0.099
2017 0.120 0.122
2018 0.034 0.107

Based from the above table and figure, the output per unit irrigation supply is higher

during the dry season which gives an average value of Php0.109/m3 as compared to the wet

season which gives an average value of Php0.087/m3; this is due to less availability of water

for this season.

FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE

The data used to analyze different financial performance indicators in this study was

obtained from the financial statement of the Badagoy Irrigation Association in Poblacion,

Magsaysay, Davao del Sur. Below are the data collected and the computations of each

indicator.

Operation and Maintenance Cost per Unit Area

The main objective of operation and maintenance cost per unit area is to minimize the

operation and maintenance cost.

Table 14. O&M Cost per Unit Area

Year O&M Cost (₱) Area (hectares)

2016 4,100,223.89 2250

2017 3,498,295.58 2515.2173

2018 3,770,605.46 2615.96

30
In year 2016,

₱ O&M Cost (₱)

O&M cost per unit area ( ) =
ha Total Area (ha)

₱ 4,100,223.89
=
2250 ha.

O&M cost per unit area = ₱1,822.32/ha

In year 2017,

₱ O&M Cost (₱)

O&M cost per unit area ( ) =
ha Total Area (ha)

₱ 3,498,295.58
=
2515.2173 ha.

O&M cost per unit area = ₱1,390.85/ha

In year 2018,

₱ O&M Cost (₱)

O&M cost per unit area ( ) =
ha Total Area (ha)

₱ 3,770,605.46
=
2615.96 ha.

O&M cost per unit area = ₱1,441.38/ha

Operation and Maintenance Cost per Unit Volume of Water Supplied

The main objective of operation and maintenance cost per unit area is to minimize the

cost of supply of water because every drop of water should be used efficiently and

economically.

Table 15. O&M Cost per Unit Volume of Water Supplied

Year O&M Cost (₱) Water Supplied (cu.m.)

2016 4,100,223.89 80,619,667.20

2017 3,498,295.58 80,619,667.20

2018 3,770,605.46 80,619,667.20

31
In year 2016,

₱ O&M Cost (₱)

O&M cost per unit vol. of water supplied ( 3 ) =
m Total vol. of water supplied (m3 )

₱ 4,100,223.89
=
80,619,667.20 m3

O&M cost per unit vol. of water supplied = ₱0.051/m3

In year 2017,
₱ O&M Cost (₱)
O&M cost per unit vol. of water supplied ( 3 ) =
m Total vol. of water supplied (m3 )

₱ 3,498,295.58
=
80,619,667.20 m3

O&M cost per unit vol. of water supplied = ₱0.043/m3

In year 2018,
₱ O&M Cost (₱)
O&M cost per unit vol. of water supplied ( 3 ) =
m Total vol. of water supplied (m3 )

₱ 3,770,605.46
=
80,619,667.20 m3

O&M cost per unit vol. of water supplied = ₱0.047/m3

Table 16. Summary of the O&M Cost per Unit Area and O&M Cost per Unit Volume of
Water Supplied

O&M COST PER

O&M COST PER
UNIT VOLUME OF
YEAR UNIT AREA
WATER SUPPLIED
(PHP/HECTARES)
(PHP/CU.M.)

2016 1822.32 0.051

2017 1390.85 0.043
2018 1441.38 0.047

32
 From the table above, it can be seen that O&M cost per unit was higher in the year 2016

amounting to Php1822.32/ha followed by the year 2018 which gave the value of Php1441.38/ha

and in the year 2017 which had Php1390.85/ha. This means that in the year 2016, the Badagoy

Irrigation Association paid much for operation and maintenance because of the occurrences of

natural disasters in their area, which also resulted to some damaged structures or parts of the

dam. Also, the value of O&M per unit volume of water supplied was higher in the year 2016

which amounted to Php0.051/m3, followed by year 2018 which gave Php0.047/m3 and lastly,

in the year 2017 which is Php0.043/m3. From this data, it can be interpreted that water users

in the year 2016 paid more in their water usage bills because of the occurrence of extreme heat

stress and increase in soil temperature, which led to water scarcity.

Financial Self-Sufficiency (FSS)

The financial self-sufficiency indicator shows how much of the money spent on

operations and maintenance is generated locally. Assuming operations and maintenance

expenditures are sufficient to meet actual needs, this indicator can determine the financial

sustainability of the system). The financial self-sufficiency indicator is particularly important

for gauging the impacts of irrigation management transfer, where the primary goal is to transfer

financial responsibility for the system from the government to the farmers.

The financial self-sufficiency (FSS) is given by the formula;

Annual Fee Revenue (₱)

Financial Self − Sufficiency (FSS) =
Total Annual Expenditures (₱)

Where,

Annual fee revenue, is the revenue generated, either from fees, or other locally generated

income, and total annual expenditure is the amount expended locally through operation and

management.

33
Table 17. Annual Fee Revenue and Annual Expenditures

Annual Fee Annual

Year
Revenue Expenditures

2016 8,703,004.03 8,287,740.42

2017 9,066,842.08 7,582,389.11

2018 9,207,928.96 7,439,846.39

In year 2016,
Annual Fee Revenue (₱)
Financial Self − Sufficiency (FSS) =
Total Annual Expenditures (₱)

₱ 8,703,004.03
=
₱ 8,287,740.42

Financial Self − Sufficiency (FSS) = 1.05

In year 2017,
Annual Fee Revenue (₱)
Financial Self − Sufficiency (FSS) =
Total Annual Expenditures (₱)

₱ 9,066,842.08
=
₱ 7,582,389.11

Financial Self − Sufficiency (FSS) = 1.20

In year 2018,
Annual Fee Revenue (₱)
Financial Self − Sufficiency (FSS) =
Total Annual Expenditures (₱)

₱ 9,207,928.96
=
₱ 7,439,846.39

Financial Self − Sufficiency (FSS) = 1.24

34
Table 18. Summary of Financial Self-Sufficiency (FSS)

Year FSS

2016 1.05

2017 1.2

2018 1.24

Figure 4. Financial Self-Sufficiency (FSS)

Financial Self-Sufficiency

1.24
1.20

1.05

2016 2017 2018

Year

Based on Figure 4, as the year progressed (2016 to 2018), the value of the Financial

Self-Sufficiency (FSS) also increased. The standard value of FSS is 1.0, and since each values

exceeded this standard, this proved that the Badagoy IA can sufficiently provide for the

operation and maintenance of the irrigation system of its area. The highest value of FSS was

recorded in the year 2018. A higher financial self-sufficiency ratio implies that the management

organizations could financially sustain themselves for the operation and maintenance

expenditures.

35
 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The study was done to introduce the concept of performance indicators such as

agricultural production and financial indicators as a tool to evaluate the performance of

irrigation system of BADAGOY Irrigation Association. The results shows that during the dry

season, output per cropped area and output per command area are high. This may have been

caused by many factors. The major factor affecting output per crop area is the production

values, values of crop grown, cropping pattern and intensity. In 2018, it can be seen that in

terms of production there were many zero values during the wet season. This is because many

crops were not harvested during the wet season due to some events in the past that cause some

farmers to stop their business due to loss of income.

The results also showed that during year 2016, the operation and maintenance per unit

area is higher as compared to the other years. Because of the occurrence of natural disasters

such as flashfloods in their area, which resulted in some damaged irrigation structures, the

Badagoy Irrigation Association paid a lot for operation and maintenance. Also, the operation

and maintenance per unit volume of water supplied is higher in the year 2016 compared to the

other years. It can be interpreted that water users in the year 2016 paid more in their water

usage bills because of the event of extreme heat stress and increase in soil temperature, which

led to water scarcity.

The outcome of financial self-sufficiency during 2016, 2017 and 2018 are above the

standard value financial self-sufficiency (FSS) which is 1.0. This implies that the Badagoy

Irrigation Association in Poblacion, Magsaysay, Davao del Sur could provide adequate

provision for the operation and maintenance of its irrigation system.

36
 It was also observed in the study site that much rice fields do not have rice planted on

it. This is because water is scarce and irrigation systems could not be of much help. The water

from the river which supplies the BADAGOY dam was also dried up and drained more than

its original capacity because of the ever increasing climatic temperature around the country.

Thus, the researchers suppose that the limited amount of water availability in the

municipality of Magsaysay can be overcome by the provision of construction of more reservoir

or structures that can impound water for use if ever precipitation is insufficient. These

reservoirs will collect rain water during the monsoon season, such as from June to October.

Then that water will then be utilized for the purpose of irrigation during the period of water

scarcity especially during the dry seasons.

One of the tenets of this research is to advocate the use of effective and efficient water

shed management in different regions of the country as agriculture is one of our main

livelihood. The construction and design of structures for recharging ground water should also

be done so that water for irrigation can be drawn from varied water sources, and not just

utilizing waters from dams, rivers or creeks as problems may arise during dry seasons. The

researchers also propose that farmers should be trained for techniques in improving

performance of irrigation systems, and not just rely on the bureaucratic operation of

government agencies. As such, crop production and removal of the water scarcity problem may

be accommodated.

37
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Philippine Statistics Authority (2017). Philippine Agriculture in Figures. Retrieved March

12, 2019 from http://countrystat.psa.gov.ph

World Bank (2017). Employment in agriculture, percent of total employment and modeled

ILO estimate. Retrieved March 12, 2019 from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator

Food and Fertilizer Technology Center (n.d.). Agriculture in the Philippines. Retrieved

March 12, 2019 from http://www.fftc.agnet.org/view

Food and Agriculture Organization (2018). Advisory on El Niño. Retrieved March 12, 2019

from https://reliefweb.int/report/world/fao-el-ni-o-2018-19

Cantor (1967). Agricultural transformation in India since independence. Retrieved March 12,

2019 from http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in

Faggi P (1991). Desertification. Geography of an environmental crisis. 1st ed. Milano: Etas

Books. Retrieved March 12, 2019

Bititci US, Carrie AS, Mc Devitt L (1997). Integrated performance measurement systems: a

development guide, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol.17,

No.5, pp. 522-534. Retrieved March 12, 2019

Moullin M (2007). Performance measurement definitions: Linking performance measurement

and organizational excellence, Int. J. Health Care Quality Assurance, Vol 20(3): 181-183.

Retrieved March 12, 2019

Ghazouani W, Molle F, Rap E (2012). Water Users Associations in the NEEN region-IFAD

interventions and overall dynamics. Draft, submitted to IFAD. Retrieved March 12, 2019

38
Mollinga P (2007). Water Policy-Water Politics: Social Engineering and Strategic Action in

Water Sector Reform. ZEF, Working Paper Series 19, Centre for Development Research,

University of Bonn. Retrieved March 12, 2019

Bandyopsdhyay, S, Shyamsundor, P, Xie, M (2007). Yield impact of irrigation management

transfer. Retrieved March 13, 2019 from https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs

Molden D (1997). Accounting for water use and productivity. Retrieved March 13, 2019 from

https://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/envAccounting/ceea/PImeetings

Pereira, Luis S., Cordery, Ian, Iacovides, Iacovos (2012). Improved indicators of water use

performance and productivity for sustainable water conservation and saving. Retrieved March

13, 2019 from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/agiwat

National Geographic (n.d.). Irrigation. Retrieved April 5, 2019 from

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/irrigation/

Far Eastern Agriculture (2013). Philippine irrigation system running dry. Retrieved April 5,

2019 from http://www.fareasternagriculture.com/crops/agriculture/philippine-irrigation-

system-running-dry

Irmak, S., D.Z. Haman, and R. Bastug (2000). Determination of crop water stress index for

irrigation timing and yield estimation of corn. Agronomy Journal 92(6):1221-1227.

International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (2019). Irrigation history. Retrieved

April 5, 2019 from http://www.icid.org/res_irrigation.html

Trout, T.J (n.d.). Environmental Effects of Irrigated Agriculture. Retrieved April 6, 2019 from

https://www.actahort.org/books/537/537_71.htm

Dowgert, Michael F. Ph.D. (2010). The Impact of Iriigated agriculture on a stable food supply.

Retrieved April 6, 2019 from https: // www. Ksre-k-state.edu/irrigate/oow/p10/Dowget10.pdf

39
Renwick, Mary E., (2001). Valuing Water in a Multiple-use System-Irrigated Agriculture and

Reservoir Fisheries. Retrieved April 5, 2019 from

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1012950912505

Dawe, David (2012). The Rice Crisis: Markets, policies and food security. Retrieved April 5,

2019 from https://scholar.google.com.ph

Negri, Donald, H., Hanchar, John J. (1989). Water Conservation through irrigation

technology. Retrieved April 5, 2019 from https://scholar.google.com.ph

Alicante, E. (1991). Social and Economic Sustainability of communal irrigation systems in

Iloilo Province. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. UPLB, College, Laguna, Philippines.

Bagadion, Benjamin U. and Frances F. Korten (1979). Government assistance to communal

irrigation in the Philippine: Facts, History, and current issues. Philippine Agricultural

Engineering Journal.

Raby, N. (1991). Participatory management in large irrigation systems: Issues for

considerations. World Development-Oxford 19:12, 1767-1776.

40