INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Fertilizers are material that is use or applied to plants to supply them nutrition for growth,

it enhances the natural fertility of the soil or replace the chemical elements taken from the soil

by previous crops. There are two types of fertilizer: organic and synthetic, these fertilizers provide

crops with nutrients like potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen, which allow crops to grow bigger,

faster, and to produce more food.

Plant’s capacity to grow is worsen and deteriorate because of the continuous global

warming and climate change. Also, using artificial or chemical fertilizer makes the complication

worsen. Organic fertilizers are diverse formulation of products that provide plants with nutrients

and/or improve organic matter. High quality organic fertilizers are the product of natural

decomposition. These fertilizers are more natural and are easy for plants to digest.

In this research, the researchers decided to do a comparative investigation between

animal organic fertile and plant organic fertile. These two fertilizers contain essential nutrients

for plants to grow like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and etc. It is to distinguish whether any

of two is more effective or equal.

Statement of the Problem

 The researchers aim to evaluate both the differentiation of animal and plant organic

fertile. The objectives of this study are to answer these questions:

Significance of the Study

The present study will be beneficial to the following:

To the community. This study aims to inform the community about various organic fertilizer

presents to their homes.

To the farmers and gardeners. This study will help them to use more various organic fertilizer

and help them plant and harvest more whether for a small garden of fruit-bearing plants, or a

large farm with thousands of acres of crops.

Scope and Limitations

This research is based on experimental studies effects on different amount of nutrient in

various fertilizer to the growth and yield of the Eggplant and Tomato plant. The study will not

cover topics beyond the scope of the research.

1. How effective the plant fertilizer to the growth and yield of the Eggplant and Tomato plant?

2. Does the Soil Fertility affect the growth and yield of the Eggplant and Tomato plant?
3.Is it necessary to fertilize the plant?

4.What are the nutrients present in the organic fertilizers?

Theoretical Consideration

Banana

A banana is an elongated, edible fruit, botanically a berry, produced by several kinds of large

herbaceous flowering plants in the genus Musa. In some countries, bananas used for cooking

may be called "plantains", distinguishing them from dessert bananas. The fruit is variable in size,

color, and firmness, but is usually elongated and curved, with soft flesh rich in starch covered

with a rind, which may be green, yellow, red, purple, or brown when ripe. The fruits grow in

clusters hanging from the top of the plant. Almost all modern edible seedless (parthenocarp)

bananas come from two wild species – Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana. The scientific

names of most cultivated bananas are Musa acuminata, Musa balbisiana, and Musa × paradisiaca

for the hybrid Musa acuminata × M. balbisiana, depending on their genomic constitution. The old

scientific name for this hybrid, Musa sapientum, is no longer used.

Musa species are native to tropical Indomalaya and Australia, and are likely to have been

first domesticated in Papua New Guinea. They are grown in 135 countries, primarily for their

fruit, and to a lesser extent to make fiber, banana wine, and banana beer and as ornamental
plants. The world's largest producers of bananas in 2017 were India and China, which together

accounted for approximately 38% of total production.

The term "banana" is also used as the common name for the plants that produce the

fruit. This can extend to other members of the genus Musa, such as the scarlet banana (Musa

coccinea), the pink banana (Musa velutina), and the Fe'i bananas. It can also refer to members of

the genus Ensete, such as the snow banana (Ensete glaucum) and the economically important

false banana (Ensete ventricosum). Both genera are in the banana family, Musaceae.

Banana peel

A banana peel, called banana skin in British English, is the outer covering of the banana

fruit. Banana peels are used as food for animals, an ingredient in cooking, in water purification,

for manufacturing of several biochemical products as well as for jokes and comical situations.

Banana peels are sometimes used as feedstock for cattle, goats, pigs, monkeys, poultry,

rabbits, fish, zebras and several other species, typically on small farms in regions where bananas

are grown. There are some concerns over the impact of tannins contained in the peels on animals

that consume them.

The nutritional value of banana peel depends on the stage of maturity and the cultivar; for

example, plantain peels contain less fibre than dessert banana peels, and lignin content increases

with ripening (from 7 to 15% dry matter). On average, banana peels contain 6-9% dry matter of

protein and 20-30% fibre (measured as NDF). Green plantain peels contain 40% starch that is
transformed into sugars after ripening. Green banana peels contain much less starch (about 15%)

when green than plantain peels, while ripe banana peels contain up to 30% free sugars. Banana

peels are also used for water purification, to produce ethanol, cellulase, laccase, as fertilizer and

in composting.

Leaves

A leaf (plural leaves) is the principal lateral appendage of the vascular plant stem, usually

borne above ground and specialized for photosynthesis. The leaves, stem, flower and fruit

together form the shoot system. Leaves are collectively referred to as foliage, as in "autumn

foliage". In most leaves, the primary photosynthetic tissue, the palisade mesophyll, is located on

the upper side of the blade or lamina of the leaf but in some species, including the mature foliage

of Eucalyptus, palisade mesophyll is present on both sides and the leaves are said to be

isobilateral. Most leaves are flattened and have distinct upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial)

surfaces that differ in color, hairiness, the number of stomata (pores that intake and output

gases), the amount and structure of epicuticular wax and other features. Leaves are mostly green

in color due to the presence of a compound called chlorophyll that is essential for photosynthesis

as it absorbs light energy from the sun. A leaf with lighter-colored or white patches or edges is

called a variegated leaf.

Leaves can have many different shapes, sizes, and textures. The broad, flat leaves with

complex venation of flowering plants are known as megaphylls and the species that bear them,

the majority, as broad-leaved or Megaphyllous plants. In the clubmosses, with different

evolutionary origins, the leaves are simple (with only a single vein) and are known as microphylls.
Some leaves, such as bulb scales, are not above ground. In many aquatic species, the leaves are

submerged in water. Succulent plants often have thick juicy leaves, but some leaves are without

major photosynthetic function and may be dead at maturity, as in some cataphylls and spines.

Furthermore, several kinds of leaf-like structures found in vascular plants are not totally

homologous with them. Examples include flattened plant stems called phylloclades and cladodes,

and flattened leaf stems called phyllodes which differ from leaves both in their structure and

origin. Some structures of non-vascular plants look and function much like leaves. Examples

include the phyllids of mosses and liverworts.

Chicken

The chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is a domesticated subspecies of the red junglefowl

originally from Southeastern Asia. Rooster or cock is a term for an adult male bird, and younger

male may be called a cockerel. A male that has been castrated is a capon. An adult female bird is

called a hen and a sexually immature female is called a pullet. Originally raised for cockfighting

or for special ceremonies, chickens were not kept for food until the Hellenistic period (4th–2nd

centuries BC). Humans now keep chickens primarily as a source of food (consuming both their

meat and eggs) and as pets. Chickens are one of the most common and widespread domestic

animals, with a total population of 23.7 billion as of 2018,[ up from more than 19 billion in 2011.

There are more chickens in the world than any other bird. There are numerous cultural

references to chickens – in myth, folklore and religion, and in language and literature. Genetic

studies have pointed to multiple maternal origins in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Asia,

but the clade found in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East and Africa originated from the
Indian subcontinent. From ancient India, the chicken spread to Lydia in western Asia Minor, and

to Greece by the 5th century BC. Fowl have been known in Egypt since the mid-15th century BC,

with the "bird that gives birth every day" having come from the land between Syria and Shinar,

Babylonia, according to the annals of Thutmose III.

Chicken Manure

Chicken manure is the feces of chickens used as an organic fertilizer, especially for soil low

in nitrogen. Of all animal manures, it has the highest amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and

potassium. Chicken manure is sometimes pelletized for use as a fertilizer, and this product may

have additional phosphorus, potassium or nitrogen added. Optimal storage conditions for

chicken manure include keeping it in a covered area and retaining its liquid, because a significant

amount of nitrogen exists in the urine.

Fresh chicken manure contains 0.5% to 0.9% nitrogen, 0.4% to 0.5% phosphorus, and 1.2%

to 1.7 %potassium. One chicken produces approximately 8–11 pounds of manure monthly.

Chicken manure can be used to create homemade plant fertilizer.

Eggplant

Eggplant (US, Australia, New Zealand, anglophone Canada), aubergine (UK, Ireland,

Quebec, and most of mainland Western Europe) or brinjal (South Asia, Singapore, Malaysia,

South Africa) is a plant species in the nightshade family Solanaceae. Solanum melongena is grown

worldwide for its edible fruit.

 Most commonly purple, the spongy, absorbent fruit is used in several cuisines. Typically used

as a vegetable in cooking, it is a berry by botanical definition. As a member of the genus Solanum,

it is related to the tomato, chili pepper, and potato, although those are of the New World while

the eggplant is of the Old World. Like the tomato, its skin and seeds can be eaten, but, like the

potato, it is usually eaten cooked. Eggplant is nutritionally low in macronutrient and

micronutrient content, but the capability of the fruit to absorb oils and flavors into its flesh

through cooking expands its use in the culinary arts.

It was originally domesticated from the wild nightshade species thorn or bitter apple, S.

incanum, probably with two independent domestications: one in South Asia, and one in East Asia.

In 2018, China and India combined accounted for 87% of the world production of eggplants.

Tomato

The tomato is the edible berry of the plant Solanum lycopersicum, commonly known as a

tomato plant. The species originated in western South America and Central America. The Nahuatl

word tomatl gave rise to the Spanish word tomate, from which the English word tomato derived.

Its domestication and use as a cultivated food may have originated with the indigenous peoples

of Mexico. The Aztecs used tomatoes in their cooking at the time of the Spanish conquest of the

Aztec Empire, and after the Spanish encountered the tomato for the first time after their contact

with the Aztecs, they brought the plant to Europe. From there, the tomato was introduced to

other parts of the European-colonized world during the 16th century.

 Tomatoes are a significant source of umami flavor. The tomato is consumed in diverse

ways, raw or cooked, in many dishes, sauces, salads, and drinks. While tomatoes are fruits—

botanically classified as berries—they are commonly used as a vegetable ingredient or side dish.

Numerous varieties of the tomato plant are widely grown in temperate climates across the

world, with greenhouses allowing for the production of tomatoes throughout all seasons of the

year. Tomato plants typically grow to 1–3 meters (3–10 ft) in height. They are vines that have a

weak stem that sprawls and typically needs support.[2] Indeterminate tomato plants are

perennials in their native habitat, but are cultivated as annuals. (Determinate, or bush, plants are

annuals that stop growing at a certain height and produce a crop all at once.) The size of the

tomato varies according to the cultivar, with a range of 1–10 cm (1⁄2–4 in) in width.

Soil fertility

Soil fertility is a complex process that involves the constant cycling of nutrients between

organic and inorganic forms. As plant material and animal wastes are decomposed by micro-

organisms, they release inorganic nutrients to the soil solution, a process referred to as

mineralization. Those nutrients may then undergo further transformations which may be aided

or enabled by soil micro-organisms. Like plants, many micro-organisms require or preferentially

use inorganic forms of nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium and will compete with plants for these

nutrients, tying up the nutrients in microbial biomass, a process often called immobilization. The

balance between immobilization and mineralization processes depends on the balance and

availability of major nutrients and organic carbon to soil microorganisms.[4][5] Natural processes

such as lightning strikes may fix atmospheric nitrogen by converting it to (NO2). Denitrification
may occur under anaerobic conditions (flooding) in the presence of denitrifying bacteria. Nutrient

cations, including potassium and many micronutrients, are held in relatively strong bonds with

the negatively charged portions of the soil in a process known as cation exchange.

In 2008 the cost of phosphorus as fertilizer more than doubled, while the price of rock

phosphate as base commodity rose eight-fold. Recently the term peak phosphorus has been

coined, due to the limited occurrence of rock phosphate in the world.

Sun

The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. It is a nearly perfect sphere of hot

plasma, heated to incandescence by nuclear fusion reactions in its core, radiating the energy

mainly as visible light, ultraviolet light, and infrared radiation. It is by far the most important

source of energy for life on Earth. Its diameter is about 1.39 million kilometres (864,000 miles),

or 109 times that of Earth. Its mass is about 330,000 times that of Earth; it accounts for about

99.86% of the total mass of the Solar System. Roughly three quarters of the Sun's mass consists

of hydrogen (~73%); the rest is mostly helium (~25%), with much smaller quantities of heavier

elements, including oxygen, carbon, neon and iron.

The Sun is a G-type main-sequence star (G2V) based on its spectral class. As such, it is

informally and not completely accurately referred to as a yellow dwarf (its light is closer to white

than yellow). It formed approximately 4.6 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of

matter within a region of a large molecular cloud. Most of this matter gathered in the center,

whereas the rest flattened into an orbiting disk that became the Solar System. The central mass
became so hot and dense that it eventually initiated nuclear fusion in its core. It is thought that

almost all stars form by this process.

The Sun's core fuses about 600 million tons of hydrogen into helium every second,

converting 4 million tons of matter into energy every second as a result. This energy, which can

take between 10,000 and 170,000 years to escape the core, is the source of the Sun's light and

heat. When hydrogen fusion in its core has diminished to the point at which the Sun is no longer

in hydrostatic equilibrium, its core will undergo a marked increase in density and temperature

while its outer layers expand, eventually transforming the Sun into a red giant. It is calculated

that the Sun will become sufficiently large to engulf the current orbits of Mercury and Venus, and

render Earth uninhabitable – but not for about five billion years. After this, it will shed its outer

layers and become a dense type of cooling star known as a white dwarf, and no longer produce

energy by fusion, but still glow and give off heat from its previous fusion.

The enormous effect of the Sun on Earth has been recognized since prehistoric times.

The Sun was thought of by some cultures as a deity. The synodic rotation of Earth and its orbit

around the Sun are the basis of solar calendars, one of which is the Gregorian calendar, the

predominant calendar in use today.

Nutrient

Nutrients can be incorporated into cells for metabolic purposes or excreted by cells to

create non-cellular structures, such as hair, scales, feathers, or exoskeletons. Some nutrients can

be metabolically converted to smaller molecules in the process of releasing energy, such as for

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and fermentation products (ethanol or vinegar), leading to end-
products of water and carbon dioxide. All organisms require water. Essential nutrients for animals

are the energy sources, some of the amino acids that are combined to create proteins, a subset

of fatty acids, vitamins and certain minerals. Plants require more diverse minerals absorbed

through roots, plus carbon dioxide and oxygen absorbed through leaves. Fungi live on dead or

living organic matter and meet nutrient needs from their host.

Different types of organisms have different essential nutrients. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is

essential, meaning it must be consumed in sufficient amounts, to humans and some other animal

species, but some animals and plants are able to synthesize it. Nutrients may be organic or

inorganic: organic compounds include most compounds containing carbon, while all other

chemicals are inorganic. Inorganic nutrients include nutrients such as iron, selenium, and zinc,

while organic nutrients include, among many others, energy-providing compounds and vitamins.

A classification used primarily to describe nutrient needs of animals divides nutrients into

macronutrients and micronutrients. Consumed in relatively large amounts (grams or ounces),

macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats, proteins, water) are primarily used to generate energy or

to incorporate into tissues for growth and repair. Micronutrients are needed in smaller amounts

(milligrams or micrograms); they have subtle biochemical and physiological roles in cellular

processes, like vascular functions or nerve conduction. Inadequate amounts of essential

nutrients, or diseases that interfere with absorption, result in a deficiency state that

compromises growth, survival and reproduction. Consumer advisories for dietary nutrient

intakes, such as the United States Dietary Reference Intake, are based on deficiency

outcomes[clarification needed] and provide macronutrient and micronutrient guides for both
lower and upper limits of intake. In many countries, macronutrients and micronutrients in

significant content[clarification needed] are required by regulations to be displayed on food

product labels. Nutrients in larger quantities than the body needs may have harmful effects.[1]

Edible plants also contain thousands of compounds generally called phytochemicals which have

unknown effects on disease or health, including a diverse class with non-nutrient status called

polyphenols, which remain poorly understood as of 2017.

Tap water

Tap water (also known as faucet water, running water, or municipal water) is water

supplied through a tap, a water dispenser valve. Tap water is commonly used for drinking,

cooking, washing, and toilet flushing. Indoor tap water is distributed through "indoor plumbing",

which has existed since antiquity but was available to very few people until the second half of

the 19th century when it began to spread in popularity in what are now developed countries. Tap

water became common in many regions during the 20th century, and is now lacking mainly

among people in poverty, especially in developing countries.

In many countries, tap water is often associated with drinking water. Governmental

agencies commonly regulate tap water quality. Household water purification methods such as

water filters, boiling, or distillation can be used to treat tap water's microbial contamination to

improve its potability. The application of technologies (such as water treatment plants) involved

in providing clean water to homes, businesses, and public buildings is a major subfield of sanitary

engineering. Calling a water supply "tap water" distinguishes it from the other main types of fresh

water which may be available; these include water from rainwater-collecting cisterns, water from
village pumps or town pumps, water from wells, or water carried from streams, rivers, or lakes

(whose potability may vary).

Fertilizer

A fertilizer (American English) or fertiliser (British English; see spelling differences) is any

material of natural or synthetic origin that is applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply plant

nutrients. Fertilizers may be distinct from liming materials or other non-nutrient soil

amendments. Many sources of fertilizer exist, both natural and industrially produced.[1] For most

modern agricultural practices, fertilization focuses on three main macro nutrients: Nitrogen (N),

Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K) with occasional addition of supplements like rock dust for

micronutrients. Farmers apply these fertilizers in a variety of ways: through dry or pelletized or

liquid application processes, using large agricultural equipment or hand-tool methods.

Historically fertilization came from natural or organic sources: compost, animal manure,

human manure, harvested minerals, crop rotations and byproducts of human-nature industries

(i.e. fish processing waste, or bloodmeal from animal slaughter). However, starting in the 19th

century, after innovations in plant nutrition, an agricultural industry developed around

synthetically created fertilizers. This transition was important in transforming the global food

system, allowing for larger-scale industrial agriculture with large crop yields. In particular

nitrogen-fixing chemical processes such as the Haber process at the beginning of the 20th

century, amplified by production capacity created during World War II led to a boom in using

nitrogen fertilizers. In the later half of the 20th century, increased use of nitrogen fertilizers

(800% increase between 1961 and 2019) have been a crucial component of the increased
productivity of conventional food systems (more than 30% per capita) as part of the so-called

"Green Revolution".

Review of Related Literature

Using Chicken Manure Fertilizer in Your Garden (by: Heather Rhoades)

When it involves manures, there's none extra favored for the vegetable garden than fowl

manure. Chicken manure for vegetable garden fertilizing is excellent. Chicken manure fertilizer

could be very excessive in nitrogen and additionally consists of an excellent quantity of potassium

and phosphorus. The excessive nitrogen and balanced vitamins are the purpose that fowl manure

compost is the great form of manure to use. But the excessive nitrogen with inside the fowl

manure is risky to flora if the manure has now no longer been nicely composted. Raw fowl

manure fertilizer can burn, or even kill flora. Composting fowl manure mellows the nitrogen and

makes the manure appropriate for the garden.

Effects of Composted and Powdered Bones Meal on the Growth and Yield of Amaranthus

cruentus (by: Dilruba Yasmin, Md. Zulfikar Khan and Shaikh Motasim Billah)

A pot take a look at changed into finished to research the effect of composted and powdered

bones meal at the increase and yield of Amaranthus cruentus on Pirojpur soil series withinside

the direction of the length of 25th of March to 15th of May, 2017. The take a look at changed

into laid to fit a totally randomized layout with seven treatments [control (T0), 2 g chicken bone
powder/pot (T1), 2 g mutton bone powder/pot (T2), 2 g beef bone powder/pot (T3), 2 g chicken

bone compost/pot (T4), 2 g mutton bone compost/pot (T5), and 2 g beef bone compost/pot (T6)]

each having three replications for this take a look at. After plants were harvested, the laboratory

studies changed into carried out. Yield contributing characters like variety of leaves, root length,

shoot length, glowing weight, dry weight and moisture content material fabric were significantly

(P T5>T4>T2>T3>T1 and significantly (P <0.05) difference in plant increase from the control (T0).

Banana peels are good for gardens (by: Paul Barbano)

Banana peels are suitable for gardens due to the fact they incorporate 42 percentage

potassium (abbreviated to its clinical call K), one of the 3 important additives of fertilizer along

side nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and proven on fertilizer labels as NPK. In fact, banana peels

have the best natural reassets of potassium. Potassium aids flowers in shifting vitamins and water

among cells. Potassium strengthens flowers' stems and additionally fights off disease. It is

specially crucial to developing flowers, or even makes fruits (and berries!) flavor better.

Potassium may even make your flowers extra immune to drought. Without sufficient potassium,

flowers develop poorly in general. It even will increase the protein content material of your

flowers. In short, potassium enables flowers grown for his or her fruiting and flowering, such as

rose trees and fruit trees, in place of flowers grown for his or her foliage, along with spinach,

lettuce and Swiss chard. Banana peels are suitable fertilizer due to what they do now no longer

incorporate. They incorporate without a doubt no nitrogen. While flowers want nitrogen (don't

forget the NPK on fertilizers), an excessive amount of nitrogen will create masses of
inexperienced leaves however few berries or fruits. This approach potassium-wealthy banana

peels are super for flowers like tomatoes, peppers or flowers. Banana peels additionally

incorporate calcium, which prevents blossom quit rot in tomatoes. The manganese in banana

peels aids photosynthesis, even as the sodium in banana peels enables water glide among cells.

They actually have lines of magnesium and sulfur, factors that assist make chlorophyll.

Ecology and Economic Study of Leaf Litter as Organic Fertilizer in Reclamation Land Used on

Lime (by: Supiana Dian Nurtjahyani, et al.)

The fulfillment of reclamation is essentially decided through many stuff along with the

fertility of the planting media. The fertility of the planting media is associated with fertilizer, from

the muddle determined in post-mining land that may be applied for making organic fertilizer. The

reason of this examine is to look at the ecological and monetary factors of leaf litter as organic

fertilizer withinside the reclaimed land of limestone mining. Method: Laboratory experimental

studies with approach Bokhasi Results from this examine proved that there are variations

withinside the nutrient content material of P, C and N withinside the reclamation land in 2010,

2014 and 2016. Processing leaf litter into organic fertilizer can offer ecological and monetary

blessings for the organization and for the encircling community.

Comparative study of different organic manures and NPK fertilizer for improvement of soil

chemical properties and dry matter yield of maize in two different soils (by: Adeniyan O. N., et

al.)

A pot experiment was performed to evaluate one of a kind natural manures with NPK

fertilizer for development of chemical properties of acid soil from farmer’s discipline in coastal

vicinity of Epe and nutrient depleted soil from studies discipline of Institute of Agricultural

Research and Training, Moor Plantation, Ibadan. Maize changed into planted for 12 weeks and

dry be counted yield changed into determined. Results confirmed that utility of five ton/ha of

every of the evaluated natural manures and a hundred kg/ha NPK 15-15-15 fertilizerstepped

forward chemical houses of each acid and nutrient depleted soils as compared with unfertilized

soil. Application of various forms of natural manures decreased the acidic stages of each the soils.

Cow dungutility resulted withinside the maximum pH stages of 6.37 and 6.50 in acid soil and

nutrient depleted soil respectively even as NPK fertilizer gave lowest pH stages of five.28 and

five. seventy four for each soils. Also, utility of various forms of natural manures superior soil

natural C, general N, to be had P, exchangeable K andCEC higher than NPK fertilizer in each soils.

The observe indicated that most of the natural manures evaluated, cane rat droppings stepped

forward soil chemical houses best. Plant dry be counted yield increased with utility of NPK

fertilizer as compared with compost, rooster manure and cane rat droppings ineach soils. In acid

soil, utility of NPK fertilizer gave the best dry be counted yield of 4.seventy seven g/planteven as
in nutrient depleted soil; utility of NPK fertilizer gave the best dry be counted yield of five.58

g/plant.

Comparative Study of Various Organic Fertilizers Effect on Growth and Yield of Two

Economically Important Crops, Potato and Pea (by: Aisha Wazir, Zishan Gul, Manzoor Hussain)

In the present experiment, the result of varied house hold wastes i.e. T1 (egg shell powder),

T2 (wood ash), T3 (banana peel), T4 (used tea waste), T5 (egg shell tea) and T6 (control) used as

organic fertilizers on growth and yield of 2 necessary vegetables i.e. potato and pea was

investigated. Among all the treatments, the minimum average number of days to germination

was observed in T3 in each potato and pea. the growth and development of potato and pea plants

raised and also the average plant height after 30, 60 and 90 days was larger in plants of treatment

T1 (egg shell powder). just in case of potato, the very best mean plant height (14.75 cm) was

discovered in treatment T1, followed by T3 and T4 (10.62 cm and 9.87 cm) severally after ninety

days of the emergence. T1 treatment will increase the no. of leaves, no. of nodes, no. of branches

and leaf area. relating to tuber yield, the tubers were classified as large (>30 grams), medium (15

- 30 grams) and little (0.4 - 15 grams). T1 treatment created larger average number of huge size

tubers (2.25) per plant, followed by T3 (1.25); however, the medium and small tubers followed

comparable trends with differences among treatments. the typical tuber yield (per potato plant)

in treatment T1 was higher (113.78 g). just in case of pea, T4 treatment (used tea waste) showed

the very best mean plant height (82.25 cm). The treatment T1 (eggshell powder), T3 (banana

peel) and T4 (used tea waste) showed positive result on the average pod yield (64.82 g, 66.67 g
and 114.35 g) respectively. number of grains per pod and pod size has been found higher in case

of treatment T4. it's been concluded that among the various organic treatments, eggshell

powder, banana peel and used tea waste were found best as organic fertilizer source for the 2

vegetables i.e. potato and pea.

Effect of methods and time of poultry manure application on soil and leaf nutrient

concentrations, growth and fruit yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) (by: A. O.

Adekiya, T. M. Agbede)

In order to attain most monetary value of plant nutrients in chicken manure and growth

in tomato yield, field experiments have been performed at Owo, southwest Nigeria, during 2012

and 2013 early cropping seasons to observe the impact of methods (broadcasting at the soil

surface and the incorporated) and four times (three weeks earlier than transplanting (three

WBTP), zero week at transplanting (zero WATP), three weeks after transplanting (three WATP),

and six weeks after transplanting (6 WATP) of chicken manure (PM)) applications on soil chemical

properties, leaf nutrient concentrations, growth and yield of tomato. The 8 treatments have been

factorially organized in a randomized block layout with three replications. Results confirmed that

PM incorporated into the soil produced better soil organic matter and soil and leaf N, P, K, Ca,

Mg, growth and yield (zero.nine t ha−1) of tomato in comparison with broadcast approach. Also

PM applied at three WBTP had better leaf nutrient concentrations and higher growth and yield

of tomato in comparison with zero WATP, three WATP and six WATP. The better yield of three

WBTP was adduced to higher synchrony among crop call for and nutrient supply. Using the imply
of the 2 years, three WBTP multiplied tomato fruit yield with the aid of using 4.0, 2.8 and 1.5 t

ha−1 in comparison with six WATP, three WATP and zero WATP, respectively. This yield

difference may be economical on massive scale tomato production. Therefore application of PM

at three WBTP with incorporated method is recommended for tomato cultivation withinside the

forest-savanna transition zone of southwest Nigeria.

How to Plant Tomatoes With Banana Peels (by: Danielle Smyth)

Just as bananas are a nutritious a part of your diet, additionally they offer essential

vitamins to numerous styles of flowers. The potassium and phosphorus in banana peels is in

particular beneficial for developing tomato flowers. Furthermore, due to the fact banana peels

decompose quickly, they make first-rate natural composting fabric to place round your flowers.

You can take numerous procedures to the usage of banana peels withinside the garden. One is

to create a banana peel spray and mist the leaves of your tomato flowers and the dust round

them with it. Growing Home explains that you may make an smooth banana peel fertilizer via

way of means of combining 4 to 6 banana peels in a tumbler jar with three liters of water. Cover

the jar with fabric or any other breathable lid and permit it to take a seat down for as a minimum

forty eight hours, or so long as a week. Once the peels have steeped, eliminate the lid and peels.

Transfer the liquid to a sprig bottle and spritz it to your tomato flowers. You can split the peels

which you used to make the fertilizer and bury them withinside the soil across the flowers for

added fertilizer. They will decompose very quickly, so that you can experience unfastened to

feature extra banana peels frequently to inspire extra tomato growth. Alternatively, you may pick
to apply banana peels withinside the soil from the get-go. To do this, dig a trench this is three

inches deep subsequent in your tomato plant. Be positive that it's miles lengthy sufficient to deal

with the peels, after which insert the peels and cowl the ditch with dust. You’ll want to maintain

the ditch well-watered, and it need to be wet whilst you first plant the banana peels.

Comparative Study of the Effects of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer on Nutritional Composition

of Amaranthus spinosus L. (by: A.A.J. Mofunanya, J.K. Ebigwai, O.S. Bello and A.O. Egbe)

The application of organic and inorganic fertilizer to the soil is taken into consideration as

good agricultural exercise as it improves the fertility of the soil and plant quality. The goal of this

study is to examine the impact of organic and inorganic fertilizer at the mineral composition of

Amaranthus spinosus on a plot of land in Akparabong, Ikom Local government Area of Cross River

State. Mean values for Cu and Zn have been the equal in all of the plant components studied for

organic and inorganic fertilizer. Results acquired for anti-nutrients and vitamins followed

comparable trends. The experimental results of this study have confirmed that organic fertilizer

produced better nutritional values on A. spinosus entire plant (leaf, stem, inflorescence and root)

when in comparison with inorganic fertilizer.

Organic Fertilizer (by: https://www.sciencedirect.com/)

Organic fertilizers are naturally available mineral supplys that contain moderate quantity

of plant essential nutrients. they're capable of mitigating issues related to artificial fertilizers.

They scale back the requirement of continual application of synthetic fertilizers to keep up soil

fertility. They bit by bit unleash nutrients into the soil resolution and maintain nutrient balance

for healthy growth of crop plants. They conjointly act as an efficient energy source of soil

microbes that successively improve soil structure and crop growth. Organic fertilizers are typically

thought to be slow cathartic fertilizers and that they contain several trace elements. they're safer

alternatives to chemical fertilizers. However, the improper use of organic fertilizers ends up in

overfertilization or nutrient deficiency within the soil. Hence, controlled unleash of organic

fertilizers is an efficient and advanced thanks to overcome these impacts and maintain property

agriculture yield.