COMPARISION OF SHARDA CANAL AND NARMDA

CANAL SYSTEM
A project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the degree
Of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Civil Engineering
By

1. ANURAG LAMBA 1573640021

2. ANAND PRIYADARSHI 1573600007
3. ESHA VERMA 1573600022
4. SHWETA 1573600049

Under the supervision of

Dr. Anoop Narain Singh
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department

Department of Civil Engineering,

Rajkiya Engineering college Azamgarh,
Deogaon, Azamgarh 276201

(2017-18)

i
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this Project entitled “COMPARISION OF SHARDA CANAL AND
NARMADA CANAL SYSTEM” has been successfully carried out by Anurag Lamba,
Anand Priyadrshi, Esha Verma, Shweta under my supervision and guidance, in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor of technology in Civil Engineering
from Rajkiya Engineering College, Azamgarh for the Year 2017-18.

Supervisor-
Dr. Anoop Narain Singh
Assistant Professor
(DEPARTMENT OF Civil ENGINEERING)

ii
 CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the Project Report entitled
“COMPARISION OF SHARDA CANAL AND NARMADA CANAL SYSTEM” in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology
and submitted in the Department of Civil Engineering, REC, Azamgarh., is an authentic
record of my own work under the supervisions of Dr. Anoop Narain Singh Assistant
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, REC, Azamgarh.

1. ANURAG LAMBA 1573600012

2. ANAND PRIYADRSHI 1573600007
3. ESHA VERMA 1573600022
4. SHWETA 1573600049

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my
knowledge and Viva-Voce Examination of all the candidates, has been held on ................................

Date: Mr….

Signature of Supervisor Signature of External Examiner

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I thank the almighty for providing me with the strength and courage to present the
work-report. I avail this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude towards Dr. Anoop
Narain Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering for permitting me to
work on the project. Once again, I thank and express my profound gratitude to Head of Civil
Engineering Department for his inspiring assistance, encouragement and useful guidance.
I sincerely thanks to Prof. S.P Pandey, Director, Rajkiya Engineering College,
engineering for their cooperation and suggestions, which is the spirit behind this report. Last
but not the least, I wish to express my sincere thanks to all my friends for their goodwill and
constructive ideas.
Azamgarh for his special help. I am also indebted to all the teaching and non-
teaching staff of the department of mechanical

iv
ABSTRACT

v
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION:

Narmada Main Canal is a contour canal. It is the Largest lined irrigation canal in the world. It
is about 458 km. long up to Gujarat -Rajasthan border. It has a capacity to flow 1133 cumecs
(40000 cusecs) at its head-at kevadia to irrigate 17 district 79 talukas and 3125 villages of
Gujarat and reducing to 71 cumecs (2500 cusecs) at the Gujarat -Rajasthan border. The canal
extends further in the state of Rajasthan to irrigate areas in Barmer and Jhalore districts of
Rajasthan. The cross section of the canal, at its head is 73.1m x 7.6m (Bed width x Full
supply depth), with 2:1 inner side slope. It has a velocity of water in the initial reach is 1.69
m/sec. The Main Canal is lined with plain cement concrete to minimize seepage losses to
attain higher velocity and to control the water logging in future. The lining work is carried
out with the mechanized pavers. Such a large scale paving of concrete lining is done for the
first time in India.

Sardar Sarover project one of the biggest projects of Indian government. which consist of
more than 3000 dams including 30 dams constructed in on the river Narmada, a 1312 km
river which flows towards west from Amarkant in Madhya Pradesh touching Maharashtra
anending its course in Gujarat. The SSP is a multipurpose dam and canal system; its primary
objectives are power generation, irrigation and drinking water. It is situated in Gujarat. It is
the second biggest of all the dams proposed on the Narmada River and its canal system is
projected to be the largest in the world. Gujarat gets most of the benefits from this dam
because the dam is situated in Gujarat only. The total land which is submerged due to this
project is 375333 hectares which is primarily affecting the state of Madhya Pradesh (around
55%) and also state of Maharashtra. Sardar Sarovar will comprise a 455 feet-high dam (but it
now stands at 340 feet), a 214kilometer-long reservoir , a riverbed powerhouse, power
transmission lines, main canal, canal head powerhouse, and an extensive irrigation network.
The irrigation envisaged shall be carried out through an 80000kilometer long network of
canals. All this shall require approximately 85000 hectares of land, complex engineering and
immense resource. As initially planned the key features of SSP was to be a 138 meter high
dam across the Narmada river in eastern Gujarat that is to provide irrigation water for 1.8
million hectares and have hydropower installed capacity of 1450 megawatts. How what the
Indian refer to as resettlement and rehabilitation 1 was to be carried out was stipulated by the

1
1979 report of the Narmada water disputes Tribunal (the tribunal). Because the project
authorities have ignored the tribunal’s provisions from the start, opposition began to build up
in the early and mid-1980s. Several NGOs were involved. Initially their main concern was to
improve there settlement process according to the tribunal and the guidelines of the World
Bank.

2
 CHAPTER 2
1. HISTORY

The plan for harnessing the river for irrigation and power generation in the Narmada basin
was initiated in 1946. Seven projects including the Bharuch project were identified during the
initial Survey and 4 projects Bharuch (Gujarat), Bargi, Tawa and Punasa in Madhya Pradesh
were given top priority for investigation. After the completion of investigation, the proposed
dam at Gora in Gujarat with the full reservoir level (FRL) 161 ft (49.08m) was selected and
the foundation stone was laid by late Prime Minister, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru on 5th April,
1961. However as more detailed, modernised contour sheets from the Survey of India were
available thereafter, possibility of raising the height of the dam for optimum utilisation of
water was considered.

In 1964, to resolve the dispute about sharing of the Narmada Waters between the
Governments of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh, the Government of India appointed an expert
committee under the Chairmanship of late Dr. Khosla which recommended a higher dam
with FRL 500 ft (152.44m) in 1965. However, Govt. of M.P. was not agreeable to
development of Narmada water as per Khosla Committee report and hence the Narmada
Water Dispute Tribunal (NWDT) was constituted by the Government of India in October
1969, under the Inter State River Water Disputes Act, 1956. NWDT gave its final award in
December 1979.

3
 CHAPTER 3

 CANAL NETWORK

Narmada Main Canal is a contour canal. It is the Largest lined irrigation canal in the world. It
is about 458 km. long up to Gujarat -Rajasthan border. It has a capacity to flow 1133 cumecs
(40000 cusecs) at its head-at kevadia to irrigate 17 district 79 talukas and 3125 villages of
gujarat and reducing to 71 cumecs (2500 cusecs) at the Gujarat -Rajasthan border. The canal
extends further in the state of Rajasthan to irrigate areas in Barmer and Jhalore districts of
Rajasthan. The cross section of the canal, at its head is 73.1m x 7.6m (Bed width x Full
supply depth), with 2:1 inner side slope. It has a velocity of water in the initial reach is 1.69
m/sec. The Main Canal is lined with plain cement concrete to minimise seepage losses to
attain higher velocity and to control the water logging in future. The lining work is carried
out with the mechanized pavers. Such a large scale paving of concrete lining is done for the
first time in India.

The Main Canal in its journey has to negotiate several water streams, rivers, roads, railways
etc. This is possible by constructing appropriate structure on the canal. In all, there are 598
Structures on the Narmada Main canal. Out of this 236 structures are cross drainage
structures, comprising of 5 Aqueducts, 15 canal syphons, 182 drainage syphons, 33 canal
crossing and one super passage. There are 89 Regulating structures comprising of 1 Main
HR, 44 Branch HR, 32 Cross Regulators and 12 Escapes. There are total 274 nos. of Road
Bridge including national Highway, State Highway, MDRB, ODRB, VRB, and UVRB etc.
(A statement showing the structures in different reach is kept at Annex-I).

Narmada Main Canal as on today is almost completed up to 458 km. and water has flown
through it and has reached the state of Rajasthan.

4
STATEMENT SHOWING TOTAL NUMBER OF STRUCTURES ON NARMADA MAIN
CANAL ARE AS UNDER

Reach Total no aqueduct Canal Drainage Railway Head Cross Escape Bridges
in km of syphon syphon crossing regulator regulator
structure + + canal
syphon crossing
aqueduct + super
passage
0 to 199 5 1 66 23 18 13 5 69
144.5
144.5 165 7 34 15 18 9 7 75
to
263.265
263.265 150 5 47 6 16 9 4 68
to
356.422
356.422 41 2 12 1 3 3 2 18
to
388.164
388.164 85 7 26 1 7 4 1 45
to
458.318
Grand 640 5 15 185 146 62 38 19 270
Total

 BRANCH CANALS:

There are thirty eight (38) branch canals which are off taking from Narmada Main Canal. The
details of the same is tabulated as below.

Sr. No. Name Chainage Sr. No. Name Chainage Sr. No. Name Chainage
of canal of NMC of canal of NMC of canal of NMC

5
Km Km Km

6
 CHAPTER 4

COMPONENT OF PROJECT:

 SARDAR SAROVAR RESERVOIR:

The Full Reservoir Level (FRL) of the Sardar Sarovar Dam is fixed at RL 138.68 meters (455
feet). The Maximum Water Level is 140.21 meters (460 feet.) while minimum draw down
level is 110.64metres (363 feet.). The normal tail water level is 25.91 meters (85 feet.).
The gross storage capacity of the reservoir is 0.95 M. ha.m. (7.7 MAF) while live storage
capacity is 0.5Mha.m.(4.75 MAF). The dead storage capacity below minimum draw down
level is 0.37 M. ha.m.(2.97 MAF). The reservoir would occupy an area of 37,000 ha. and
would have a linear stretch of 214 kilometer of water and an average width of 1.77 kilometer.
The submergence at Full Reservoir Level (FRL) is 37,533 ha. (86,088 acres),which
comprises 11,279 ha. Agricultural land, 13385 ha. Forest land and112869 ha.river bed and
waste land. In all 230 villages of the three states viz. 178 Villages of Madhya Pradesh, 33
villages of Maharashtra and 19 villages of Gujarat are affected. Only 3 villages of Gujarat are
fully affected, while the remaining 16 villages are partly affected. As on 31.03.2018, 4763
PAFs from Gujarat, 5549 PAFs from Madhya Pradesh and 750 PAFs from Maharashtra has
been resettled in 236 R&R colonies in Gujarat.

 SARDAR SAROVAR DAM:

A concrete gravity dam, 1210 meters (3970 feet) in length and with a maximum height of 163
meters above the deepest foundation level, is completed and it has been dedicated to Nation
at the worthy hands of Hon’be Prime Minister on 17.09.2017.
The dam is the third highest concrete dam (163 meters) in India, the first two being Bhakra
(226 metres) in Himachal Pradesh and Lakhwar (192 meters) in Uttar Pradesh. In terms of
the volume of concrete involved for gravity dams, this dam is ranking as the second largest in
the world with an aggregate volume of 6.82 million cu.m. The first is Grand Coule Dam in
USA with a total volume of 8.0 million cu.m. This dam with its spillway discharging capacity

7
of 85,000 cumecs (30.00 lac cusecs), is the third in the world, Gazenba (1.13 lac cumecs) in
China and Tucurri (1.0 lac cumecs) in Brazil being the first two.
For chute spillway Radial gates, 7 in number and size 60' x 60' and for service spillway, 23
Radial gates of size 60' x 55' are provided to negotiate the design flood. 10 number of
temporary construction sluices, each of size 2.15 m x 2.75 m. are provided in the boby of the
spillway at RL 18 m. Another set of 4 permanent river sluices are provided at RL 53.0 m. The
lower sluices were closed in February, 1994.
The design of the dam allows for a horizontal seismic coefficient of 0.125g and it also covers
an additional risk due to reservoir induced seism city. Most sophisticated seismological
instruments for monitoring and evaluation of the stresses in the body of the dam as well as
the effect on the periphery of the reservoir are under installation.

 POWER:

There are two power houses for the Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP). Power benefits are shared
among Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat in the ratio of 57:27:16 respectively.

(i) River Bed Power House:

The RBPH is an Under Ground power house stationed on the right bank of the river located
about 165 meters downstream of the dam. It has six number of Francis type reversible turbine
generators each of 200 MW installed capacity. The T.G. Sets are supplied by M/S Sumitomo
Corporation, Japan and M/S BHEL. These units can operate at minimum reservoir water
level of 110.64 meters. These six units have been commissioned in a phase manner during
Feb-05 to June-06. The generation of energy depends upon inflow of water from upstream
projects and need of water for irrigation in Gujarat.

(ii) Canal Head Power House

The CHPH is a surface power station in a saddle dam on right bank of the reservoir having
Total installed capacity of 250 MW (5 x 50 MW). These five units have been commissioned
in a phased manner during Aug-04 to Dec-04. These units can be operated with minimum
reservoir water level of 110.18 meters.

8
The CHPH is being operated in consultation and as per advice of NCA/WREB based on
irrigation requirement of Gujarat/Rajasthan and availability of water in reservoir and release
from upstream project of Madhya Pradesh.
The energy generated from both the power houses is to be evacuated through 400 KV level
through interconnecting transformers at GIS, situated in RBPH switch yard. The 400 KV
Switchyard is indoor type having Gas Insulated Switch Gear and Bus bars. The energy is
transmitted to party states i.e. Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh in the proportion of
16:27:57 respectively through 400 KV double circuit transmission lines, namely SSP-Kasor,
SSP-Asoj, SSP-Dhule and SSP-Nagda respectively. All the transmission lines are
commissioned and charged.
The operation and maintenance of SSP power complex is being done by Gujarat State
Electricity Company Limited (GSECL), for which O&M agreement between SSNNL and
GSECL has been signed.

(iii) Small Hydro Power Projects on Narmada Branch Canals

Development of Small Hydro Power Projects at Canal falls at various Branch Canals is in
progress under EPC mode of implementation for the captive use of power at pumping
stations of SSNNL. Brief detail of these Small Hydro Power Projects is as link provided
below:

(iv) Solar Power Projects on Narmada Branch Canals

SSNNL has successfully commissioned 10 MW Canal Top Solar Photovoltaic Grid

Connected Power Plant on Vadodara Branch Canal in November-2014. It was dedicated to
the Nation by H.E. Mr Ban Ki-moon, United Nations Secretary-General on 11th January,
2015.
Also, 10MW Solar Power Projects on Canal Top & 15MW Canal Bank Power Projects at
Vadodara Branch Canal have been successfully commissioned in September-2017 for the
captive use of power at pumping stations of SSNNL. Brief detail of these Solar Power
Projects is as link provided below:

(v) Pumping Station Projects on Narmada Branch Canals:

9
In order to provide water in the regions of Saurashtra & Kachchh of Gujarat, SSNNL has
constructed the Pumping Stations on Saurashtra Branch Canal & Kachchh Branch Canal for
lifting of Narmada Canal water.

The details of Pumping Station Projects on Kachchh Branch Canal (KBC) & Saurashtra
Branch Canal (SBC) of SSNNL is described as below link:

 MAIN CANAL

Narmada Main Canal is a contour canal. It is the biggest lined irrigation canal in the world. It
is about 458.318 km. long up to Gujarat -Rajasthan border. The canal extends further in the
state of Rajasthan to irrigate areas in Barmer and Jhalore districts of Rajasthan. The Main
Canal is lined with plain cement concrete to minimise seepage losses to attain higher velocity
and to control the water logging in future. The lining work is carried out with the mechanized
pavers. Such a large scale paving of concrete lining is done for the first time in India.

The Main Canal in its journey has to negotiate several water streams, rivers, roads, railways
etc. This is possible by constructing appropriate structure on the canal. In all, there are 638
structures on the Narmada Main Canal. Narmada Main Canal as on today is completed up to
458 Km. and water has been flowing through it right up to the state of Rajasthan.

10
 CHAPTER 5

FEATURES OF PROJECT:

 DAM:

1 Length of main concrete gravity dam 1210.00 m

2 Maximum height above deepest foundation level 163.00 m

3 Top R.L. of dam. 146.50 m

4 Catchments area of river above dam site 88,000 Sq. km

5 Live storage capacity 0.5860M.Ha.m (4.75 MAF)

6 Length of reservoir 214.00 km

Maximum width 16.10 km
Average Width 1.77 km

7 Spillway gates 7 Nos. 60' x 60'

Chute Spillway 23 Nos. 60' x 55'
Service Spillway

8 Spillway Capacity 87000 cumecs

(30.70 lakh cusecs)

 POWER HOUSE:

1. River Bed Power House 1200MW

2. Canal Head Power House 250MW

3. Small Hydro Power Projects on Narmada Branch Canals

11
4. Solar Power Projects on Narmada Branch Canals

5. Pumping Station Projects on Narmada Branch Canals

 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:

1. Numbers of Branches 38

2. Length of distribution system network 74626.00 km

3. Culturable Command Area 18.45 akh hectares

 CANAL SYSTEM:

MAIN CANAL

1. Full supply level (F.S.L.) at H.R. 91.44 m (300 ft)

2. Length upto Gujarat - Rajasthan border 458.318 km

3. Base width in head reach 73.01 m

4. Full supply depth (F.S.D.) in head reach 7.60 m
5. DESIGH DISCHARGE CAPACITY

(1) In head reach 1133 cumecs

(40,000 cusecs)
(2) At Gujarat Rajasthan border 74.55 cumecs
(2,600 cusecs)

12
 CHAPTER 6
PROBLEM IN NARMADA CANAL:

1. DESIGN CHANGE:

The Gujarat government has been mulling a change in the design and structure of
Narmada canals in the state. The government has taken the decision after repeated
incidents of breakage in canals were reported in many areas across the state.

There were such 24 incidents reported at different places, in which the canal
structure broke due to land erosion and other reasons. The government has
therefore formed a committee led by retired secretary AP Bhavsar and retired chief
engineers in Narmada department JB Patel and OP Gulati, to prepare the new
design for the canals.

The chairman of Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Limited, SS Rathore, said, "The
incidents of breakage in canal had increased in many areas where the land has
sandy soil. That soil has less binding quality than clay soil and therefore, the
structure cannot last long. The committee is working to find a suitable design that
has long life on sandy soil too."

"This happens when the use of water is less than the water released from main
canals. Moreover, the issues have been reported in sub-branch canals and
distributary canals. So, the entire canal network will not be changed but only a
portion of it will require structural redesigning," Rathore added.

The incidents of breakage in canals cause wastage of water and great damage to
farmers too, as the water leaking out of canals spread across farms, ruining
standing crops and quality of soil.

"The quality of construction is not poor. This happens when the water is blocked
by farmers in canals so that they can use it for a prolonged period. But this could

13
be harmful for them too. However, the committee will also assess the quality of the
construction of canals by collecting samples," Rathore further added.

14
 CHAPTER 7

BENEFITS OF THE NARMADA CANAL:

• The Sardar Sarovar (narmada) Project will provide irrigation facilities to 18.45 lac
ha. of land, covering 3112 villages of 73talukas in 15 districts of Gujarat.
• It will also irrigate 2,46,00ha.of land in the strategic desert districts of Barmer and
Jallore in Rajasthan and 37,500 ha.in the tribal hilly tract of Maharashtra through lift.
About 75% of the command area in Gujarat is drought prone while entire command in
Rajasthan is drought prone.
• The Project has the potential to feed 20 million people, supply domestic and industrial
water to 30 million, and provide employment to more than 1 million.
• Gujarat has received Rs4,88 crores and Rajasthan has received Rs 625crores under the
Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme from 1996 to 2008 from the Central
Government for the Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP).
• There are two power houses viz. River Bed Power House and Canal Head Power
House with an installed capacity of 1200 MW and 250 MW respectively. The power
would be shared by three states - Madhya Pradesh - 57%, Maharashtra - 27% and
Gujarat 16%.
• Also provide a useful peaking power to western grid of the country which has very
limited hydel power production at present.
• A series of micro hydel power stations are also planned on the branch canals where
convenient falls are available.
• The government of Gujarat also planned to generate solar power by placing solar
panels over the canal, and making it beneficial for the surrounding villages to get
power and to reduce the evaporation of water.
• The Narmada Basin hydro-meteorological (hydromet) network for forecasting flood
and reservoir operation is another important project component.
• It will also provide flood protection to riverine reaches measuring 30,000 ha. covering
210 villages and Bharuch city and a population of 4.0 lac in Gujarat.

15
INTRODUCTION

SHARDA CANAL SYSTEM

Sharda Canal system is one of the biggest and oldest canal systems of Uttar Pradesh. It was
constructed during the period 1924 to 1928. Intially, the ystem was envisaged for providing
protective irrigation to a large command of 2.55 million hectare in Ganga - Ghaghra Doab
spread central and eastern district of Uttar Pradesh. With the increase pressure on land on
account of intoduction of high yielding crops, requirement of irrigation substantially
increased and the project could not meet the irrigation target. Hence Sharda Sagar Project
Stage - I (1954-55), Sharda Sagar Stage - II (1960-61) and Nanaksagar Project were added to
the system. However, because of the increased irrigation requirements and higher losses in
the conveyance system, acute scarcity of water was felt especially in the lower reaches of the
canal system. Subsequently, Sharda Sahayak Pariyaojan (197-75) was developed to augment
the canal supplies in the lower reaches.

The Sharda Canal system is an intergrated system. The Sharda Main canal takes off from the
right flank of Banbasa barrage constructed on river Sharda at border of India and Nepal. The
supplies of the canal system get water from Sharda Main canal, Sharda Sagar Reservoir and
Nanaksagar. These are linked to each other through Sharda Sagar feeder, Sharda Deoha
feeder and Deoha Baigul feeder. The Sharda Sagar is a balancing reservoir being fed from
surplus supplies through Sharda Main canal. Nanka Sagar is built across river Deoha and
during period of peak demand, the releases from this reservoir are supplemented through
Sharda Deoha feeder near Duni Barrage on river Deoha from where it is picked up into
Deoha Baigul feeder.

The Sharda main canal is 45 km long and has discharge capacity of 325.3 cumec. The
distribution system offtaking from main canal comprises of Khatima channel, Bisalpur
Branch, Negohi branch, Kheri branch and Hardoi branch. The Hardoi branch is also fed at
km 1.6 from Sharda Sagar Reservoir through an outlet channel. The Sharda Sagar is fed
through new Sharda Sagar feeder and old S.S. feeder. the old Sharda Deoha Feeder and new
Sharda Deoha feeder off taking from Sharda Main canal and drop in Parwin nadi, a tributary
of Deoha river upstream of Duni barrage. The Deoha Baigul feeder takes off from right bank
of Duni Barrage to cater to the irrigation demand of Deoha Baigul Doab.The district
benefitted in Uttar Pradesh and Uttrakhand are Hardoi, Pilibhit, Lakhimpur, Shahjahanpur,

16
Udham Singh Nagar. The other canal which takes off from this system are Aliganj Branch,
Madho Tanda and Khatima.

Table 1 : Regions of the sarda canal Command

Sl. No. District CCA (ha.)

1. Ambedkar Nagar 635
2. Sitapur 5143
3. Mau 7457
4. Ballia 18116
5. Lucknow 20919
6. Ghazipur 25381
7. Varanasi 32076
8. Allahabad 100771
9. Faizabad 151631
10. Sultanpur 195840
11. Jaunpur 202330
12. Barabanki 215090
13. Azamgarh 215394
14. Rae Bareli 225490
15. Pratapgarh 257849
Total 1674122

17
18
HISTORY

Sarda canal was constructed about 60 years ago to protect the area lying in ganga-ghagra
doab in the districts of Pilibhit, Lakhimpur-kheri, Sitapur, Shahjahanpur, Hardoi, Unnao,
Lucknow, Barabanki, Pratapgarh, Sultanpur, Faizabad, Jaunpur, Azamgarh, Ghazipur,
Allahabad and Varanasi from recurring famines.
The original sarda sahayak pariyojana was framed in 1967 and it envisaged increase in
annual irrigation to 70% of a C.C.A of 6.7 lac hectares, at a cost of rupees99.61 crores. The
planning commission cleared stage- 1 of the project for Rs 64.84 Crores. The construction
work was commenced in October 1968.due to rise in the cost of labour and construction
materials and some changes in the extent and the scope, project estimate was revised in
October 192 and was cleared by CWC for Rs 199.87crores in January 1976. This project
estimate envisaged enhancement of annual irrigation intensity from 70% to 85%. During the
course of execution, the scope of the project was further enlarged by extending the C.C.A t
20 lac hectares an the increasing the annual irrigation intensity to 96%. Remodelling of old
ghagra and tanda Pump canals, construction of a permanent pump house at Dalmau-A and
linking of Dohrighat pump canal were also incorporated in this project. The estimated cost f
the project was updated to Rs 314.85 crores in October, 1976 considering the above factors.
The project was examined by C.W.C and returned to state government with the observation
that project be updated on the basis of actual cost of works executed up to 1990 and the cost
of balance work be estimated on the price schedule prevalent in 1990. On the instruction of
C.W.C the project estimate was revised in 1990 costing Rs. 1013.84 but it was not sent to
C.W.C.
The project was further revised in 1995 on the basis of actual cost of works done upto march
1995 and the cost of balance works on the basis of prices of 1995. The project costing to Rs
1584.48 was submitted to C.W.C I n march 995, but it was called back.
Finally it was decided that the project be closed in June 2000 and the revised project estimate
be submitted to C.W.C on the basis of actual cost of works done up to march 1998 and the
cost of the balance work to be done upto 2000 on price schedule prevalent in 1998.
According the project estimate was framed in august 1999 and submitted to C.W.C in
January 2000.
The revised cost of the project estimated to Rs 1276.17 crores. Which comprises of inter
basin transfer of Ghagra water by constructing a barrage at Girrijapur(Baharaich District) on
the river Ghagra and the diverting Ghagra water through a link channel 28.7 km long into

19
River Sarda and thereafter utilizing both waters of sarda and Ghagara river by constructing a
barrage at Sarda nagar (Lakhimpr District ) and diverting water through feeder channel
258.8km.

20
CANAL NETWORKS
The canal takes of from river Sarda at Banbasa. Its capacity is 350 cumecs, but the
supplies go down to about 130 cumecs during winter and early summer before snow
melting starts. The annual irrigation was limited to 33% of the culturable commanded
area of 25.5 lacs hectares. Even this irrigation was of a protective nature and in the
districts lower down in the system with C.C.A of 10.08 lac hectares, it was only 19%.
This region was, therefore, almost entirely dependent on rains and suffered from
succession of droughts.

Sarda Sahayak Pariyojna has been implemented to augment and extend irrigation in
the above referred lower reaches of Sarda Canal System. The project envisages
diversion of supplies of rivers Ghagra and Sarda by constructing barrages across and
linking the two. A 258.8 km. long Feeder channel with a capacity of 650 cumecs
(23000 cusecs) has been constructed to supply irrigation water to a culturable
command area of 16.74 lac hectares. The proposed annual irrigation intensity is 115%
of C.C.A.

Against the provision of 16.74 lacs hectares C.C.A & 19.251 lacs hectares proposed
irrigation with intensity of 115%, the actual potential created is 19.033 lacs hectares
upto March 2001.
Construction of 258.80 km. long feeder channel with capacity of 650 cumecs (23000
cusecs) crossing river Gomti and Sai through aqueducts has been done. The lining in
feeder channel in filling reaches in a total length of 131.15 km. and protective lining on
slopes only in user reaches in 60.52 km. length has been done.
Under this project 1378.00 km. long main canal & branches and 14684.00 km. long
distributaries & minors has been constructed.

For improving the drainage system of the area by remodeling the departmental drains
and to a larger capacity channelising the small natural drainages an extensive program
has been launched under this project. The total length of drains executed were 17752
km. including their pucca works.

Table 2: Distribution system of canal

SI NO. Names of important C.C.A in Lac Discharge in

channels hectares (lac acres) cumecs (cusecs)
(rounded off)
1. Dariyabad branch 6.87(17.00) 242(8533)
2. Barabanki branch 1.03(02.55) 36(1250)
3. Haidergarh branch 4.57(11.31) 165(5850)
4. Allahabad branch 3.83(09.45) 149.0(5264)
5. Pratapgarh branch 0.92(02.28) 32.76(1150)

21
A)length of canal

Sl. No. Length of channel New Remodeling Total

1. Branches - 1378.0 km
2. Distributaries and Minors 8552 km 6132 km

B)Capital cost of the revised project : 1276.17

crores Actual expenditure occurred : 1299.12
crores
C)Culturable Command Area : 16.74 lac hectares
D)Proposed Irrigation (lac hectares)

Sl. Crops Proposed irrigation Potential created Lac Hectares

No. Lac Hectares
1. Rabi 48% of C.C.A 7.944
2. Rice 33% of C.C.A 5.462
3. Sugarcane 7% of C.C.A 1.158
4. Other 27% of C.C.A 4.469
Kharif
Total 115% of C.C.A 19.033

22
Main components of sarda canal system project-

1- Restoration of water through 480 cumec discharge capacity link canal by constructing 716
meter long dam, 9 KM beneath Katarnia Ghat.
2- To receive restored water of Ghagra River by constructing 408 meter long barrage 180
Km beneath Banbasa dam at Sharda River. To take this water through 650 cumec capacity
Sharda branch poshak canal.
3- Construction on distributary and alpika under branches and distribution system to supply
irrigation facility to 16.55 lac hectare cultivable land to districts between UP central and UP
East (Lakhimpur Kheeri, Sitapur, Lucknow, Raibareli, Barabanki, Faizabad, Ambedkanagar,
Sultanpur, Allahabad, Pratapgarh, Jaunpur, Azamgarh, Mau, Balia, Gazipur, Varanasi and
Amethi).
4- Construction of drainage at above districts to avoid the problem of water logging
5- Lining work of Sharda branch poshak canal.
6- Construction of 19.03 lac hectare irrigation capacity respective to 16.55 lac hectare
cultivable project and 115 percent proposed irrigation area (19.25 lac hectare).

23
Figure- schematic diagram of sarda shayak main and branch canal

24
5 AGRICULTURAL COVERAGE (planned and actual)

5.1 Soil survey detail

Soil in the Sharda Sahayak Canal Command Area are formed by alluvial deposits by the
Sharda River, Ghaghra River the Ganges River and their tributaries, which are composed
of weathering materials originating sand stone, shale, lime stone in the Himalaya Range
and gravel or stone , shale, lime stone in the Himalaya Range and gravel or stone are not
seen in the soils. Topography is generally flat and land system is divided into three
portions;
a) Lowland which is located in lower portion adjacent to inland ponds and marshy area
such as ox-bow lakes;
b) Upland which is located on the natural level formed along river course
c) vast midland which forms back plains of upland and surround the lowlands.
Agriculturally the alluvial soils of Uttar Pradesh are highly productive and constitute one
of the most fertile formations of the country. The soils respond very well to fertilizer
applications .They have immense potential for increased production levels. It have lately
been increased through adopting high yielding varieties and improved practices for
cultivation.
5.2 Rainfall
There are three main seasons such as winter, summer and Rainy season. The winter
period starts from middle of March, the summer season is from middle of June to
October. The normal yearly rainfall in command area is of the order of 980 mm.
Normally 85% of the rainfall occurs during the months of June to September. However
this timing is uncertain and the frequent breaks in the rains may be prolonged. Pre-
monsoon storms occur in May and early June but minimum rainfall comes with pre -
monsoon. Post-monsoon rainfall comes from late October to December and sometimes
between January to april.
5.3 Humidity
The humidity of the area is high during the rainy season from July to September and is
minimum during the summer season from april to may and the recession is gradual.
5.4 Temperature
The rise in temperature is observed with beginning of March, May becomes the hottest
when mean day temperature rises upto 45°C creating unbearable hot weather in the area.
Nights are still hot specially in the months of May and June. The day temperature begins
to drop in the later half of the month of July with the arrival of south-west monsoon. In
the month of October the day temperature continues to be more and less Both day and
night temperature continues to fall till January when the minimum temperature is about
2.7°C.

5.5 Wind

The period from October to January is characterized by calm winds. During April to
June strong and scorching winds locally called ‘Loo’ continue to blow till replaced by
the rain bearing winds after June, Fog occur occasionally during the winter on few
occasion.

25
5.6 cropping pattern

 Crops and cropping pattern

Pre project cropping pattern under rain fed conditions: The Sharda canal System,
constructed in the year 1928 was to cater irrigation for 25.492 lac. Hectares With
intensity of irrigation as 32.7% (rabi 17.4% and kharif 15.3%).

Sl. No. Crops Area in lac % of C.C.A

hectares
1. Kharif 3.90 15.3
2. Rabi 4.43 17.4
Total 8.33 32.7

The above figures shows that the existing irrigation faccilites cater for only a very small
percentage of the cultivable area. This may be the basic reason for very low yield of the crops
and most of the crops given under rain fed condition.
Cropping pattern projected in irrigation scheme: A detailed study of crops which are
sown in Ghaghra-Gomti doab, Gomti-Sai doab and Sai-Ganga doab covering the tail
reaches of Sharda Canal greater has been conducted in the bulletin of Agricultural
Statistics for Uttar Pradesh (1963-64).

The Geographical area, culturable area, crop pattern etc. District wise and doab wise in
the Ganga-Ghaghra doab lying to the east of the proposed feeder channel are given as
below:

Sl. Name of doab Cultura %age of %age of %age of

No. ble area Rabi kharif Total area to
in lac area to area to C.A.
hectare C.A. C.A.

26
 s

1. Ghaghra-Gomti 19.259 49.4 60.8 110.2

doab
2. Gomti-Sai doab 7.465 46.6 59.1 105.7
3. Sai-Ganga doab 8.731 49.4 60.6 110.0
Total 35.455 48.8 60.4 109.2

The percentage of various crops shown to the culturable area are as under:-

Season Crops Revised Area in lac

Cropping hectares
Pattern (%)
Kharif Rice 33.5 5.61
Sugarcane 4.5 0.75
Other Kharif 22.4 3.75
T
otal 60.4 10.11
Rabi Wheat 11 1.84
Barley 14.3 2.39
Other Rabi 23.50 3.93
T
otal 48.8 8.16
Grand Total 109.2 18.27

The percentage of non food crops to culturable area is very low. The average percentage
of sugarcane area to the culturable area is only 4.58. This poor development is partly due
to shortage of water and partly due to absence of the required structure. It is expected
that due to the recent advancement in agricultural techniques and ushering of the “Green
revolution”, there should be a marked change in the cropping pattern and quality of crops
of this backward region. The main improvement will be the changes over of early rice to
late rice increase in sugarcane
area and cultivation of high yielding varieties of wheat rice and crops.
The cropping pattern has been adopted as suggested by Ministry of Agriculture, Delhi.
The area of paddy is kept 6.ha out of 20.000 lac hectares.C.C.A. But instead of late
variety, high yielding early to medium varieties of rice shall be introduced that matures
in not more than 135 days. Transplantation of rice has to be delayed to the 2nd weak of
July when the monsoon is active. The area under sugarcane has been proposed as 0.753
lac hectares and the planting planting to start in the month of March, water availability in
summer is low and so maize showing is proposed to be taken up in the middle of June
and the crops will largely be allowed to mature from rain water. The area proposed under

27
maize is 3.64 lac hectares. Area under fodder has been proposed only 0.405 lac hectares.
as the water requirement of the crop in summer is very high in winte r water availability
in the month of February is critical for Rabi crops and only 4.77 lac hectares, high
yielding variety of wheat which is son later can be rown as the best choice.
With the above cropping pattern it is seen that plenty of water is available between the
months of October to January when potato and ‘oil seeds can be introduced as a cash
crop. Accordingly 1.41 lachectares of ol seeds have been proposed for irrigation.
Present cropping pattern :
Cropping pattern of different crops for the years viz. 1992-93, 1997-98, 2006-07 and for
projected year (2015-16) in Sharda Sahayak Canal System is given as Statistics of crop
coverage (2006 -07) in all the 16 districts as a whole apportioned to the no. of blocks
falling in the project area. It is seen that major crops in Sharda Sahayak Canal Command
are rice, maize, wheat, arhar, masoor, pea, rapeseed - mustard and sugarcane. Out of
gross area sown under kharif and rabi, the area covered under Rice is 32.52%, Maize
1.99%, Wheat 41.06%, Arhar 1.86%, Masoor 1.60% and Sugarcane 4.48%.

The statistics of coverage of major crops apportioned to the number of blocks

falling in the project area for the year 2006-07 as under:-

Season Sl. Crop Area (ha) Productivity

No. (Qts/ha)
Kharif
1. Paddy 1338.375 19.40
2. Maize 81.750 12.03
3. Other kharif 100125 9.23
4. Sugarcane 184.223 474.28
Rabi
5. Wheat 1690.045 22.56

28
 6. Barley 27.615 15.57
7. Arhar 76.74 11.47
8. Masoor 65.789 9.29
9. Pea 56.083 9.55
10. Rapeseed mustard 39.650 7.70
11. Potato 74.211 177.26
12. Gram 55.086 9.26

% OF GROSS CROPPED AREA TOTAL AREA (Hectare)

Projecte Projecte
CROPS 1992- 1997- 2006- d in the 1992- 1997- 2006- d in the
93 98 07 year 93 98 07 year
2015-16 2015-16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
RICE 34.08 34.11 32.52 37.96 147821 143943 133837 1539031
8 0 5
MAIZE 2.30 1.51 1.99 2.61 99855 63795 81750 105627
BAZARA 1.19 1.19 1.15 1.29 51596 50158 47512 52232
JOWAR 1.60 2.45 1.15 1.28 69455 103270 47248 51863
URD 0.84 0.89 0.93 1.04 36392 37500 38412 42102
MOONG 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.08 2191 1846 1450 3350
MOTH 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 83 11 0 25

29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41