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    Lecture 1 - Introduction To HCI

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    Lecture 1 - Introduction To HCI

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    HCI Lecture 01

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    Lecture 1 - Introduction To HCI

    Uploaded by

    Waqas Tanoli
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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Lecture 1 - Introduction to HCI

    HCI Definition

    Human-Computer Interaction is a discipline


    concerned with the design, evaluation and
    implementation of interactive computer systems
    for human use and with the study of the major
    phenomena surrounding them.
    An Interaction Definition

    “Human-Computer Interaction is a set of


    processes, dialogues, and actions through
    which a human user employs and interacts
    with a computer.”
    A Working Definition

    • Understanding and supporting more efficient, effective


    and enjoyable interaction with computer systems
    by
    employing a Human-Centered perspective to design
    systems to fit human needs and capabilities, rather
    than expecting users to adapt themselves to the
    capabilities of a computer system
    •
    A Historical Perspective
    • Pre 1980s

    • Computers cost $$$$$$$

    • Operators are trained to use IMSAI 8080: one of the first home
    microcomputers computers ~1975
    them

    • Useful tasks

    • Interfaces suit engineering


    Pre 1980’s “HCI”
    • Some examples of what we would now refer to as HCI

    • Ivan Sutherland (1963) invents sketchpad

    • Douglas Engelbart (~1968) invents the mouse

    • hypertext, on-line collaboration… etc.


    • Xerox Alto (1973) First WIMP GUI

    The Mother of All Demos (1968) https://youtu.be/yJDv-zdhzMY


    The 1980’s
    • The IBM PC is launched

    • Cheap ($1565)

    • Computers start to be adopted in offices for


    everyday work

    • Typing, databases, financials

    • Starts to show the deficiency in the User Interface

    • Leads to foundation of Human-Computer


    Interaction to study how to make computers fit
    people better
    Wordstar Most popular word processing application
    in early 1980s
    1980s HCI
    • First Wave HCI

    • Multidisciplinary Collaboration

    • Computer Scientists

    • Cognitive Scientists

    • Psychologist

    • Engineers

    • Focused on Users and User Dimensions

    • Strictly focuses on interaction between computer and user

    • Usability testing

    • E.g. can the user change the font of the text. ACM CHI 1982: The first
    conference on HCI
    1990s

    • Computers get cheaper

    • All offices have them

    • Most employees have one on their desk

    • Go Mobile

    • The Internet Happens!


    1990s
    • Second Wave HCI

    • Still Multidisciplinary

    • Social Scientists

    • Sociologists

    • More focus on context


    Phantom Haptic Device - Sensable 1997
    • How do computers fit into the wider work context?

    • Birth of CSCW

    • Begin to consider users as participants in the design of technology

    • Incorporates needs, wants desires rather than just objective capabilities

    • More Future thinking

    • What human-capabilites are computers not exploiting (Audio, Touch)?

    • What about accessibility, inclusiveness?


    2000’s+

    • Super Cheap Computers, Super Powerful

    • Expansion well outside of work

    • Fitness, Games, etc.

    • True Mobility

    • Invades all parts of our lives


    2000+
    • Third Wave HCI

    • Greater focus on computer use in “rest of life” - outside work

    • How people appropriate and use computers

    • Greater emphasis on playful, pleasurable interaction

    • Brings in designers, artists

    • Questions “usability as a final goal” leads to User Experience (UX)

    • Increasing Importance as technology moves into more parts of our lives


    What is HCI?
    • The Goals of HCI

    • Understands how people use computers in all of life

    • Identifies where computers can meet needs, both individual and


    societal

    • Works to make interaction with computers easier, more efficient,


    pleasurable and inclusive

    • Carries these out in a multi-disciplinary way, employing diverse


    techniques as appropriate, putting the needs of people first.
    CHI+Med
    • Computer Human Interaction for Medical Devices

    • Studied Infusion pumps (and other medical devices) in multiple ways

    • Differences between assumed and actual use

    • Can’t get easily at required information

    • Need workarounds

    • Key errors and slips not guarded against

    • Impact of context (distractions)

    • Lack of reporting on “user errors” in reports

    • Many instances where users had been harmed by “user error”


    based on design
    Taken from Norman D (1998) The Design of Everyday Things. MIT Press

    • Poor HCI requires people to adapt. Lots of situations where that is


    really undesirable
    Society/Legal
    • We don’t always have a choice in using a computer or not

    • Can all the people that need to use it do so correctly?


    Apps
    iPod vs Creative Nomad

    $399 $299

    Same thing, one worked (for people) much better


    The World Changes
    • Don’t consider HCI as restrictive.

    • Technologies mature, make new things possible

    • Smartphones

    • Those things make other things possible

    • Uber, IoT?

    • Makes understanding how these are used, and what they might offer even more important.

    • Pizza et al (2016) Smartwatch in Vivo, Proceedings CHI 2016, ACM Press

    • What do new technologies offer people?

    • Lopes, P., Ion, A., Baudisch, P. Impacto: Simulating Physical Impact by Combining
    Tactile Stimulation with Electrical Muscle Stimulation. In Proc. UIST'15. pp. 11-19.

    • There is a distinction between practitioner and research.


    Some Definitions

    • Human-Computer Interaction

    • Usability

    • User Experience (UX)

    • Interaction Design
    Usability

    • ISO defines usability as

    • "The extent to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with
    effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction in a specified context of use."

    • Usability is a qualitative attribute that assesses how easy user interfaces are to use (later).

    • Leads to Usability Methods - Ways to improve ease of use through the Design Process
    Interaction Design

    • The process of getting to a user experience, designing what


    functions should be supported and how those should be effectively
    designed.

    • E.g. What should the User Interface to a smartwatch do, and how
    should it work

    • Leads to Interaction Designer


    User Experience (UX)
    • Coined by Don Norman (1980’s)

    • Wide ranging, covers the whole experience around the product.

    • Buying, receiving, unboxing etc.

    • Is it fun, enjoyable, engaging, frustrating, helpful, fun, supportive, motivating

    • But often focused on how the product makes you feel

    • Think Sodexo vs High-End Restaurant

    • Usability vs Experience
    A Model of Human Computer
    Interaction
    Context

    Input

    Output

    A “User” A “Computer”
    Norman’s 7 Stage Model
    Gulf of
    Goals Execution
    Sequence of Execution of the
    A “Computer”
    Intention to Act
    Actions Action Sequence

    Evaluation of Interpreting the Perceiving the


    Interpretation Perception State of the World

    A “User”
    Gulf of
    Evaluation
    Norman’s 7-Stage Model
    • A HIP Model of interaction

    • Human-Information Processing

    • But there are some drawbacks

    • Humans are not Databases

    • Arose from Laboratory Studies

    • Assumes we are alone in the world


    What should we be thinking about in
    Interaction?
    • PACT (Benyon, 2005)

    • People

    • Actions

    • Context

    • Technologies
    People
    • Who will use the service/system?

    • In what ways are they the same as each other?

    • Cultural

    • Age

    • Ability/Disability

    • both physical and mental

    • In what ways are they different?

    • usually called “the user”


    Activities
    • Simple, atomic or longer term

    • buying a ticket vs writing a report

    • Temporal Aspects

    • frequency, time pressure, interuptions

    • How defined is the objective

    • Buy a ticket vs Book a Holiday

    • What about cooperation

    • What different activities can you think of that do this?


    Context
    • Activities always happen in a context

    • Physical Context

    • Social Context

    • Alone, with others, expertise?

    • Organisational Context

    • Rules and Relationships matter


    Technologies

    • Software + Hardware

    • Important to consider the People,


    Activities and Context

    • Some technologies may be


    inappropriate, unsuitable
    Julie Rico and Stephen Brewster. 2010. Usable gestures for mobile
    • E.g. gestures interfaces: evaluating social acceptability. In Proceedings of the
    SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI
    '10). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 887-896. DOI=http://dx.doi.org/
    10.1145/1753326.1753458
    PACT
    • PACT provides a good way to both scope a problem, and to identify where
    knowledge is lacking

    • Each stage can use a range of techniques:

    • Brainstorming

    • Interviews

    • Observations

    • But a good way to understand what questions you should be asking when
    designing a Human-Computer Interface.

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