1.

A venturi meter is 50 mm bore diameter at inlet and 10 mm bore diameter at the

throat. Oil of density 900 kg/m3 flows through it and a differential pressure head
of 80 mm is produced. Given Cd = 0.92, determine the flow rate in kg/s.

r = A1/A2 = 25 ∆p = ρg∆h = 900 x 9.81 x 0.08 =706.3 x 10 Pa

0.92 x π x 0.05^2 2 x 706300

Q= √ = 909.59 x 10−6 m3/s
4 900(252 − 1)
m = pQ = 0.0815 kg/s

2. A venturi meter is 60 mm bore diameter at inlet and 20 mm bore diameter at the

throat. Water of density 1000 kg/m3 flows through it and a differential pressure
head of 150 mm is produced. Given Cd = 0.95, determine the flow rate in dm3/s.

r=9

0.92 x π x 0.06^2 2 x 1000 x 9.81 x 0.15

Q= √ 2
= 515 x 10−6 m3/s or 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟓 𝐝𝐦𝟑/𝐬
4 1000(9 − 1)

3. Calculate the differential pressure expected from a venturi meter when the flow
rate is 2 dm3/s of water. The area ratio is 4 and Cd is 0.94. The inlet c.s.a. is 900
mm2.

2 x Δp
Q = 0.002 = 0.94 x 900x10^ − 6√1000(42 −1)
Δp = 41916 Pa
4. Calculate the mass flow rate of water through a venturi meter when the
differential pressure is 980 Pa given Cd = 0.93, the area ratio is 5 and the inlet
c.s.a. is 1000 mm2.

r=5

2 x 980
m = 1000 x 0.93 x 1000 x 10^ − 6√ = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟖 𝐤𝐠/𝐬
1000 (52 − 1)

5. Calculate the flow rate of water through an orifice meter with an area ratio of 4
given Cd is 0.62, the pipe area is 900 mm2 and the d.p. is 586 Pa.

r=4

2 x 586
Q = 900 x 10-6 x 0.62 √ = 155.9 x 10-6 m3/s
1000(42 −1)

6. Water flows at a mass flow rate 0f 0.8 kg/s through a pipe of diameter 30 mm
fitted with a 15 mm diameter sharp edged orifice.

There are pressure tappings (a) 60 mm upstream of the orifice, (b) 15 mm

downstream of the orifice and (c) 150 mm downstream of the orifice, recording
pressure pa, pb and pc respectively. Assuming a contraction coefficient 0f 0.68,
evaluate

(i) the pressure difference (pa - pb) and hence the

discharge coefficient.
(ii) the pressure difference (pb - pc) and hence the
diffuser efficiency.
(iii) the net force on the orifice plate.

do = 15 mm dj = jet diameter Cc = 0.68 = (Ab/Ao) = (db /15)2 db = 12.37 mm

No Friction between (a) and (b)

So, Cv = 1.0 Cd = Cc Cv = Cc

β = 15/30 = 0.5
 π x 0.015^2 2 Δp
0.8 = 997 x x 0.68 √997(1−0.682 x0.54 )
4

Δp
6.677 = √484
Δp = pa – pb = 21581 Pa

Note the same answer may be obtained by applying Bernoulli’s equation between (a) and
(b) Now apply Bernoulli’s equation between (b) and (c)

pb + ρ ub2/2= pc + ρ uc2/2 + loss

loss = ρ (ub - uc) 2 /2

m 0.8
ub = pAb = = 6.677 m/s
997 x π x 0.012372 /4

m 0.8
uc = pAc = = 1.135 m/s
997 x π x 0.032 /4

loss = 997 (6.677 – 1.135)2 /2 = 15311 Pa

pc - pb = (997/2) (6.6772 – 1.1352) – 15311 = 6271 Pa

η = 15.31/21.581 = 71%
Energy recovered =
6.27/21.58 = 29% Force = π
x 0.032/4 x 15310 = 10.8 N
(on the control section)

7. Water flows with a mean velocity of 0.6 m/s in a 50 mm diameter pipe fitted with
a sharp edged orifice of diameter 30 mm. Assuming the contraction coefficient is
0.64, find the pressure difference between tappings at the vena contracta and a
few diameters upstream of the orifice, and hence evaluate the discharge
coefficient.
Estimate also the overall pressure loss caused by the orifice plate.
It may be assumed that there is no loss of energy upstream of the vena contracta.

do = 30 mm dj = jet diameter = db Cc = 0.64 = (Ab/Ao) = (db /30)2 db = 24 mm

Q = 0.6 x π x 0.052/4 = 0.001178 m3/s

No Friction between (a) and (b) so,

Cv = 1.0 Cd = Cc Cv = Cc

β = 30/50 = 0.6
 π x 0.03^2 2 Δp
0.001178 = x 0.64 √997 (1−0.642 x 0.64)
4

Δp
2.06 = √ 472

Δp = pa – pb = 3200 Pa

Note the same answer may be obtained by applying Bernoulli’s equation between (a) and
(b) Now apply Bernoulli’s equation between (b) and (c)

pb + ρ ub2/2= pc + ρ uc2/2 + loss loss = ρ (ub - uc) 2 /2

Q 0.001178
ub = Ab = = 2.6 m/s
π x 0.024^2/ 4

q 0.001178
uc = Ac = = 0.6 m/s
π x 0.0352 /4

loss = 997 (2.6 – 0.6)2 /2 = 2000 Pa

8. A smooth thin plate 5 m long and 1 m wide is placed in an air stream moving at 3
m/s with its length parallel with the flow. Calculate the drag force on each side of
the plate. The density of the air is 1.2 kg/m3 and the kinematic viscosity is 1.6 x
10-5 m2/s.

Rex = u L/ν = 3 x 5/1.6 x 10-5 = 937.5 x 103

CDF = 0.074 Rex -1/5 = 4.729 x 10-3

Dynamic Pressure = ρuo2/2 = 1.2 x 32/2 = 5.4 Pa
τw = CDF x dyn press = 0.0255 Pa
R = τw x A = 0.0255 x 5 = 0.128 N

9. Calculate the drag force for a cylindrical chimney 0.9 m diameter and 50 m tall in
a wind blowing at 30 m/s given that the drag coefficient is 0.8. The density of the
air is 1.2 kg/m3.

CD = 0.8 = 2R/(ρu2A)
R = 0.8 (ρu2/2)A = 0.8 (1.2 x 302/2)(50 x 0.9) = 19440 N

10. Determine the drag force per metre length acting on an overhead power line 30
mm diameter when the wind blows at 8 m/s. The density of air may be taken as
1.25 kg/m3 and the kinematic viscosity as 1.5 x 10-5 m2/s. (1.8 N).
Re = u d/ν = 8 x 0.03/1.5 x 10-5 = 16 x 103
CD = 1.5
R = CD (ρuo /2)A = 1.5 (1.25 x 82/2)(0.03 x 1) = 1.8 N
2
11. Determine the drag on a totally immersed sphere 0.2 m diameter moving at 0.3
m/s in sea water. The density of the water is 1025 kg/m3 and the dynamic
viscosity is 1.05 x 10-3 Ns/m2.

Re = (ρud/µ) =(1025 x 0.3 x 0.2/1.05 x 10-3 ) = 58.57 x 103

CD = 0.45
R = CD (ρu /2)A = 0.45(1025 x 0.32/2)(π x 0.22/4) = 0.65 N
2

12. A pipe bends through an angle of 90˚ in the vertical plane. At the inlet it has a
cross sectional area of 0.003 m2 and a gauge pressure of 500 kPa. At exit it has an
area of 0.001 m2 and a gauge pressure of 200 kPa.

Calculate the vertical and horizontal forces due to the pressure only.

Fh = 500 000 x 0.003 = 1500 N→

Fv = 200 000 x 0.001 = 200 N↓

13. A circular disc 3m in diameter is held normal to a 26.4 m/s wind of density
0.0012 gm/cc. What force is required to hold it as rest? Assume coefficient of
drag of disc = 1.1.

Diameter of disc = 3m
π
Area = 4 x 3^2 = 7.0685 m2
Velocity of wind = p = 1.2 kg/m3
CD = 1.1

The force required to hold the disc at rest is equal to the drag exerted by wind on
the disc.
pU^2
FD = CD x A x 2
1.1 x 7.0685 x 1.2 x 26.4^2
= 2

FD = 3251.4 N

14. A packed bed of solid particles of density 2500 kg/m3, occupies a depth of 1 m in
a vessel of cross-sectional area 0.04 m2. The mass of solids in the bed is 50 kg
and the surface-volume mean diameter of the particles is 1 mm. A liquid of
density 800 kg/m3 and viscosity 0.002 Pas flows upwards through the bed.

(a) Calculate the voidage (volume fraction occupied by voids) of the bed.
(b) Calculate the pressure drop across the bed when the volume flow rate of liquid
is 1.44 m3/h.
(c) Calculate the pressure drop across the bed when it becomes fluidized.

a.

50
ε=1− = 𝟎. 𝟓
2500 x 0.04 x 1
 b. Assume first that the bed is not fluidized at this flow rate. Estimate the pressure
drop from the Ergun Equation.

0.72
Superficial liquid velocity, U = 0.04 x3600 = 0.005 m/s

μ = 0.002 Pa.s; ε = 0.41; ρf = 800 kg/m3; H = 1.0 m; xsv = 10-3 m

-Δp = 7876 Pa

c. Check if the bed is fluidized: When fluidized, the apparent weight of the bed
will be supported by the pressure difference.

Δp = H(1− ε)(ρp − ρf)g

(-Δp) = 1.0 x (1-0.41) x (2500 – 800) x 9.81 = 9839 Pa

So the assumption in part (b) is correct and the answer to part (c) is 9839 Pa.

15. A packed bed of solids of density 2000 kg/m3 occupies a depth of 0.5m in a
cylindrical vessel of inside diameter 0.1m. The mass of solids in the bed is 4kg
and the surface-volume mean diameter of the particles is 400 μm. Water (density
1000 kg/m3 and viscosity 0.001 Pas) flows upwards through the bed.

a) What is the voidage of the packed bed?

b) Use a force balance over the bed to determine the bed pressure drop when
fluidized.

π x 0.1^2
a. Cross-sectional area of bed, A = = 7.85 x 10-3 m2
4

4
ε = 1 − 2000 x 7.85 x 10^−3 x 0.5 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟎𝟕

b. Force balance on bed

Δp = H(1− ε)(ρp − ρf)g

(-Δp) = 0.5 x (1-0.4907) x (2000 – 1000) x 9.81 = 2498 Pa

16. A pitot static tube is used to measure the velocity of air flowing through a duct.
The manometer shows a difference in head of 5 cm of water. If the density of air
 and water are 1.13 kg/m3 and 1000 kg/m3, determine the velocity of air. Assume
the coefficient of the pitot tube as 0.98.

pwater
V = Cv√2gh( )
pair

5 1000
= 0.98√2 x (9.81 x (100 x − 1)
1.13
= 28.86 m/s

17. A venturi meter is used to measure liquid flow rate of 7500 litres per minute. The
difference in pressure across the venturi meter is equivalent to 8 m of the flowing
liquid. The pipe diameter is 19 cm. Calculate the throat diameter of the venturi
meter. Assume the coefficient of discharge for the venturi meter as 0.96.

A1 = π/4 x 0.192 = 0.0284 m2

7500 x 10^ − 3 0.96 x 0.0284 A2

= x √2 x 9.81 x 8
60 √0.02842 − A2^2

A2 = 0.0098 m2

4 x 0.0098
d=√ = 9.9 cm
π

18. The actual velocity of a liquid issuing through a 7 cm diameter orifice fitted in an
open tank is 6 m/s under a head of 3 m. If the discharge measured in a collecting
tank is 0.020 m3/s, calculate the coefficient of velocity, coefficient of contraction
and the theoretical discharge through the orifice.

V = Cv√2gh
6 = Cv√2 x 9.81 x 3
Coefficient of velocity, Cv = 0.9124

Q = Cd√2gh
π 7 2
0.020 = Cd 4 x (100) x √2 x 9.81 x 3
Coefficient of discharge, Cd = 0.6774

Cd 0.6774
Coefficient of contraction = Cc = Cv = 0.9124 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟐𝟒

19. A venturi meter of 150 mm × 75 mm size is used to measure the flow rate of oil
having specific gravity of 0.9. The reading shown by the U tube manometer
 connected to the venturi meter is 150 mm of mercury column. Calculate the
coefficient of discharge for the venturi meter if the flow rate is 1.7 m3/min. (Note:
The size of venturi meter generally specified in terms of inlet and throat
diameters)

Velocity

and Q = V2 x A2

Flow rate

π
Inlet Area A1 = x 0.152 = 0.0177 m2
4
π
Throat Area A2 = 4 x 0.0752 = 0.00442 m2
Flow rate = (1.7/60) = 0.0283 m3/s, Substituting

Cd x 0.0177 x 0.00442 13.6

0.0283 = √2 x 9.81 x 0.15 ( − 1)
√0.01772 − 0.004422 0.9

Cd = 0.963

20. Calculate the least diameter of impeller of a centrifugal pump to just start
delivering water to a height of 30 m, if the inside diameter of impeller is half of
the outside diameter and the manometric efficiency is 0.8. The pump runs at 1000
rpm.

Least diameter of impeller for a pump to just start would correspond to a situation
when centrifugal head developed
static lift
= manometric efficieny

Therefore,

30
= = 0.8 = 37.5 m (subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the inlet and outlet of the impeller)

Again,
 Hence,

or U1 = √2 x 9.81 x 3.75/3 = 15.66 m/s, U2 = 2 x 15.66 = 31.32 m/s

Hence, the least diameter of impeller

60 x 31.32
D= = 𝟎. 𝟔 𝐦
π x 1000

21. An irrigator is pumping 300 gpm with a total lift of 60 ft. The pump is driven by
an electric motor with an efficiency of 90 percent, and the pump is 70 percent
efficient. How many kilowatts are required if 1 hp = 0.746 kw. If electrical energy
costs $0.10 per kw-h, how much will the energy cost for a 24-h period?

Given:
Q = 300 gpm
H = 60 ft
Em = 0.90
Ep = 0.70

Q(gpm) x H 300 gpm x 60 ft

WHP = = = 4.55 hp
3960 3960

WHP 4.55 hp
BHP = = = 6.5 hp
Ep 0.70

BHP 6.5 hp
Input Power to motor = = = 7.2 hp or 5.4 kW
Em 0.90

$0.10
Cost = 5.4 kW x x 24h = $12.92
kWh

22. Determine the WHP and BHP for a pump if the flow rate is 500 gpm, the total lift
is 100 ft, and the pump efficiency is 75 percent.

Given:
Q = 500 gpm
H = 100 ft
Ep = 0.75

Q(gpm)x H(ft) 500 gpm x 100 ft

WHP = = = 12.6 hp
3960 3960

WHP 12.6 hp
BHP = = = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟖 𝐡𝐩
Ep 0.75

23. What type of pump should be used to pump water at a rate of 12 cfs and under a
head of 25 ft? Assume N = 1500 rpm.

1500 rpm
n= = 25 rps
60 s/min
 n √Q 25/s √12 cfs
ns = (gh)3 = 3 = 0.57
/4 ft
(32.2 2 X 25ft) /4
s

ns < 0.60, use mixed flow pump

24.