CE142P-2

HYDRAULICS
1Q S.Y. 23-24

ENGR. RAIN AYONG

Open
Channels
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW is defined as fluid
flow with a free surface open to the
atmosphere.
Open channel flow assumes that the
pressure at the surface is constant and
the hydraulic grade line is at the surface of
the fluid.
Examples include streams, rivers and
culverts not flowing full.
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
STEADY AND UNSTEADY FLOW depend on
whether flow depth and velocity change with
time at a point.
In general if the quantity of water entering and
leaving the reach does not change, then the
flow is considered steady.
STEADY FLOW IN A CHANNEL CAN BE
EITHER UNIFORM OR NON-UNIFORM
(varied). When the average velocities in
successive cross sections of a channel are the
same, the flow is uniform.
This occurs only when the cross section is
constant.
Non-uniform flow results from gradual or
sudden changes in the cross sectional area.
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

UNIFORM FLOW AND VARIED FLOW describe the changes in depth and velocity
with respect to distance.
Varied flow or non-uniform flow occurs when depth or velocity change over a
distance, like in a constriction or over a riffle.
Gradually varied flow occurs when the change is small, and rapidly varied flow
occurs when the change is large, for example a wave, waterfall, or the rapid
transition from a stream channel into the inlet of a culvert.
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
UNIFORM FLOW
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
UNIFORM FLOW vs VARIED FLOW
EXAMPLE
A 1.8 m Ø sewer pipe conveys
water at a depth of 160 cm.
Calculate the velocity assuming
a discharge of 2.50 m3/s
A 1.8 m Ø sewer pipe conveys water at a depth of 160 cm. Calculate the velocity assuming a discharge of 2.50
m3/s

Q = AV

𝐴 = 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐 + 𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑖
0.2
0.7
cos 𝜃 = ; 𝜃 = 38.94 0.7 Ө
0.9
1.6 1.8
2 360−(2∗38.94) 1 2
𝐴 = 𝜋 0.9 + 0.9 sin(2 ∗ 38.94)
360 2

A = 2.39 m2
Q = AV
2.5 = 2.39V V = 51.5𝑚/𝑠
 VELOCITY OF FLOW
S = slope of the EGL of hydraulic slope energy gradient
Velocity by Chezy Fromula S = Hf/L

𝑽 = 𝑪 𝑹𝑺 𝐐 = 𝑨𝑪 𝑹𝑺 R = Hydraulic Radius
R = A/P
𝟏

Chezy Coefficient (C): 𝟖𝒈 C = Chezy’s Coefficient ( 𝒎 /𝒔)

𝟐

𝑪=
𝒇

C by Manning: C by Bazin: C by Cutter:

𝟏 𝟏 𝟖𝟕 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟓
𝑪 = 𝑹𝟔 𝑪= 𝒎 + 𝟐𝟑 +
𝒏 𝟏+ 𝑪= 𝒏 𝑺
𝑹 𝒏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟓
𝟏+ (𝟐𝟑 + )
𝑹 𝑺
m and n = coefficient of roughness

𝟏 𝟐/𝟑 𝟏/𝟐
Chezy – Manning Formula 𝐕= 𝑹 𝑺
𝒏
EXAMPLE

A rectangular channel 1.8 m wide conveys water at a depth

of 1.2m
a. What is the velocity of flow if it is laid on a slope of 0.002
and n = 0.012?
b. What is the discharge if the channel slopes 0.1° and n =
0.016? Use Kutter’s formula for C.
c. What is the velocity of flow if S = 0.000263 and f = 0.02?
A rectangular channel 1.8 m wide conveys water at a depth of 1.2m

a.
. What is the velocity of flow if it is laid on a slope of 0.002 and n = 0.012?
1
b. What is the discharge if the channel slopes 0.1° and n = 0.016? Use Kutter’s formula for C

c. What is the velocity of flow if S = 0.000263 and f = 0.02?

1 0.00155 1 0.00155
 23  +23+
1.2m n S 0.016 tan(0.1)
C
1
n  0.00155  = 0.016 0.00155 = 56.35
 23   1+ (23+tan 0.1 )
1.8 m R  S  0.514

1 2 1 Q =AC 𝑅𝑆
V = 𝑅3𝑆 2 Q = (1.8)(1.2)(56.35) (0.514)(tan 0.1) = 3.65 m3/s
𝑛
𝐴 (1.8)(1.2)
𝑅= = = 0.514 𝑚 8𝑔 8(9.81)
𝑃 1.8 + 1.2(2) 𝐶= = = 62.64
𝑓 0.02
1
V= (0.514)2/3 (0.002)1/2
0.012
V =C 𝑅𝑆 = 62.64 (0.514)(0.000263 = 0.73 m/s
= 2.39 m/s
 MOST EFFICIENT SECTION
RECTANGLE
 MOST EFFICIENT SECTION
TRIANGLE
 MOST EFFICIENT SECTION
TRAPEZOIDAL

𝑥 + 𝑏 + 𝑥 = 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
 MOST EFFICIENT SECTION
CIRCULAR

d = 0.94D

d = 0.81D for max V

EXAMPLE

An open channel is to be designed to carry 2.6 m3/s of

water at a slope of 0.0009. The channel material has n =
0.014.
a. Compute the depth for a semi-circular region
b. Compute the depth for a rectangular region
An open channel is to be designed to carry 2.6 m3/s of water at a slope of 0.0009. The channel material has n = 0.014.

a. Compute the depth for a semi-circular region

b. Compute the depth for a rectangular region

1 2 1 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉
V = 𝑅3𝑆 2 A= (2d)(d) = 2𝑑 2 R = d/2
𝑛
1
2.6 = 2𝑑 2 (𝑑/2)2/3 (0.0009)1/2
0.014

d = radius d = 0.99 m

b = 2d R = d/2
1 1
2.6 = 𝜋𝑑2 (𝑑/2)2/3 (0.0009)1/2
2 0.014

d = 1.08 m
BOUNDARY SHEAR STRESS
𝝉 = 𝜸𝑹𝑺
EXAMPLE 3

A trapezoidal canal has a bottom width of 5m and side

slopes of 1H to 2V. The flow is 30 m3/s when the depth of
flow is 1.2 m. Use n = 0.013.
a. Calculate specific energy
b. What is the slope of the channel bed
c. Calculate the boundary shearing stress.
A trapezoidal canal has a bottom width of 5m and side slopes of 1H to 2V. The flow is 30 m3/s when the depth
of flow is 1.2 m. Use n = 0.013.
a. Calculate specific energy b. What is the slope of the channel bed c. Calculate the boundary shearing stress.
0.6

1.2 1 2 1 1 6.72 2 1
𝑉= 𝑅3𝑆 2 4.46 = ( ) 𝑆
3 2
𝑛 0.013 5+2 1.34
5m hypotenuse = 1.34
1
S = 0.004
𝐴= 5 + 6.2 1.2 = 6.72
2

𝑣2
Q = AV 𝜏 = 𝛾𝑅𝑆 𝑁 6.72
E = +𝑑 = 9810 0.004
2𝑔
𝑚3 5 + 2 1.34
30 = 6.72V; V = 4.46 𝜏 = 34.55 𝑃𝑎
(4.46)2
E= + 1.2 E = 2.21
2(9.81)
 8𝑔
𝑽 = 𝑪 𝑹𝑺 𝐶=
𝑓

𝝉 = 𝜸𝑹𝑺
ALTERNATE STAGES OF FLOW
 Specific energy is a case of total energy that can be defined for any
location along an open channel. The total energy can be defined as the sum
of the pressure head, the elevation head, and the velocity head for any
cross section.
CRITICAL DEPTH

In its simplest form, the energy equation becomes

Open Channel-will not consider the

pressure
.

𝑃 𝑉2
𝐻 = +𝑧+
𝛾 2𝑔
Where
γ = ρg
Q = outflow in L3/t
dS/dt = change in storage per time in L3/t
 d d
Alternate stages of flow

subcritical
𝑑𝑐
subcritical supercritical
𝑑𝑐
supercritical

𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐸1 E 𝑄1 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 Q
critical depth

CONSTANT DISCHARGE Specific Energy CONSTANT SPECIFIC ENERGY Discharge

1. The specific energy is a minimum, 1. The discharge is a maximum at

𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 , at depth 𝑑𝑐 , this depth is known critical depth, 𝑑𝑐 .
as critical depth. 2. For all other discharges there are two
2. For all other values of E there are two possible depths of flow for a
possible depths. These are called particular E.
alternate depths.
 Subcritical vs. supercritical flow
Example: Flow past a sluice gate.

Supercritical: Rapid,
Subcritical: Subcritical flow “whitewater”
Calm, tranquil calm water

flow Stable Flow

tuma- Supercritical flow

tacs yung
velocity
su
super
critical
FROUDE NUMBER
For Rectangular Sections:
𝑉 𝑉
𝑁𝐹 = 𝑁𝐹 =
𝑔𝑑𝑚 𝑔𝑑
V
E
=
:

Q Ar
=

𝑄
𝑉 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 ● Critical Flow
𝐴
g = gravitational acceleration 𝑁𝐹 = 1
𝑑𝑚 = hydraulic depth (A/B) ● Subcritical Flow

E B = width of the liquid surface 𝑁𝐹 < 1

● Supercritical Flow
𝑁𝐹 > 1
B
I b

-
 do not
ripples
away
much
move
 1 .
6

> always
1.0
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠:
𝑸𝟐 𝑨 𝒄 𝟑
FOMRULAS FOR CRITICAL DEPTH

𝑞 𝑸 𝑑
=
𝒈 𝑩𝒄 𝑊
𝒒 = 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒍
𝐵𝑐

𝐴𝑐 𝑑𝑐

𝑽𝒄 𝟐
𝑬𝒄 = + 𝒅𝒄
𝟐𝒈
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠:
𝟐
𝟑 𝒒𝟐 𝒅𝒄 = 𝑬𝒄
𝟑
𝒅𝒄 =
𝒈
Water flows in a rectangular channel at a depth of 1.0 m and a velocity of
flow of 4 m/s a. What is the discharge? c. What is the Froude number?
b. What is the critical depth? d. Is the flow sub or super-critical?
1.0
𝟑 𝒒𝟐 𝟑 𝟒𝟐
𝒅𝒄 =
𝒈
=
𝟗.𝟖𝟏
𝑵𝑭 > 1 d < 𝒅𝒄
𝒒
1 17
.

𝒅𝒄 = 1.77
-m Supercritical!
𝒒 = 𝑨𝒗 = (1)(1)(4) = 4
𝑚3
𝑽 𝟒
q= 4 per m width 𝑵𝑭 = =
𝑠 𝒈𝒅 (𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)(𝟏)

𝑵𝑭 = 1.277
Water flows in a rectangular channel at a depth of 1.0 m and a velocity of
flow of 4 m/s
e. What is the alternate depth? 𝒒𝟏 = 𝒒𝟐 Im
width

~
1.0
mit𝟒 = 𝒅𝟐(𝟏)(𝒗𝟐 )
𝟒
𝒒 = 𝒅𝟏 𝒗𝟐 = 𝑒𝑞. 1
𝒅𝟐

𝑬𝟏 = 𝑬𝟐
𝑽𝟏 𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝟐 + 𝒅𝟏 = + 𝒅𝟐 𝑒𝑞. 2
𝟐𝒈 𝟐𝒈
𝟒 𝟐
𝟒 𝟐 ( )
𝒅𝟐
+𝟏= + 𝒅𝟐
𝟏𝟗. 𝟔𝟐 𝟏𝟗. 𝟔𝟐
𝒅𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝒎
Water is flowing in a 12-m wide rectangular channel at 10.5 m3/s and a
depth of 1.1m
𝑽 𝟐
a. What is the specific energy? 𝑬= + 𝒅𝟏
𝟐𝒈
b. What is the critical depth? AV V
E
=

G ;
=

𝟏𝟎. 𝟓 𝟐 -
(𝟏𝟐(𝟏. 𝟏)
𝑬= + 𝟏. 𝟏
𝟏𝟗. 𝟔𝟐
𝟏𝟐 𝟏. 𝟏
𝑬 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑𝟐 𝒎
discharge/meter
(12 meters (
discharge/meter
↑
critein ↑ 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓 𝟐
𝟑 𝒒𝟐
𝟑
𝟏𝟐
-
𝒅𝒄 = = = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟕 𝒎
𝒈 I
𝟏𝟗. 𝟖𝟏
 the channel as open channel
because
the area of
the
triangle is
big
consider

A riveted-steel triangular duct, n=0.015, flows partly full as shown. The

critical depth is 60 cm compute the critical flow rate, critical velocity, and
critical slope Triangles Similar

𝑩𝒄 𝟏
= 𝑩𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟕
𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟔
hypothenuse 𝑩𝒄
𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟔 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔
𝟏
-

g 𝟏 𝟏
𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔 𝑨𝒄 = (𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟕)(𝟎. 𝟔) 𝑨𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟐 𝒎𝟐
height water 𝟐
𝟎. 𝟔
e Ac du
𝟑 v
+ R43s/12
𝑸𝟐
=

𝟔𝟎 𝑨𝒄
=
𝒈 𝑩𝒄
-

𝟏
𝑸𝟐 (𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟐)𝟑
= 𝑸𝟐e = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟖𝟕 𝒎𝟑/𝒔
𝑸 = 𝑨𝒄 𝒗𝒄 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟕
𝟏. 𝟑𝟖𝟕 = (𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟐)𝒗𝒄
𝟏 𝟐/𝟑 𝟏/𝟐
𝒗𝒄 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟑𝟖 𝒗𝒄 = 𝑹 𝑺𝒄
M/s 𝒏 𝒄 Ac
𝟐/𝟑
𝟏 𝟎. 𝟑𝟗𝟐
𝟑. 𝟓𝟑𝟖 = 𝑺𝒄 𝟏/𝟐 𝑺𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟑
𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓 𝟏 + 𝟐(𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟑)
A rectangular planed timber flumed (n=0.012) 3m wide is laid on a slope of
0.0011. For a depth of flow of 0.9 m: Usphere ur2 =

a) What is the Manning’s C?

b) What is the uniform flow? 𝟎. 𝟗
c) What smallest amount of energy can
R E
=

--
Q =

A s
𝟑
1 1/6 P
𝑄 = 𝐴𝐶 𝑅𝑆
𝐶= 𝑅
𝑛 ↓
1/6
1 (3)(0.9) 3 0.9
𝐶= 𝑄 = (3)(0.9)(75.713) (0.0011)
0.012 3 + 2(0.9) 3 + 2 0.9
↳2
sides 𝑄 = 5.085 𝑚3/𝑠
𝐶 = 75.713
𝟓.𝟎𝟖𝟓 𝟐- 9 E:

𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑐 𝟑 𝒒𝟐
𝟑
𝟑
(𝟐. 𝟓𝟓𝟑)𝟐
𝒅𝒄 = = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟒𝒎 𝐸𝑐 = + 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟒
𝟐 𝒈 𝟗.𝟖𝟏 𝟏𝟗. 𝟔𝟐
𝑽
𝐸𝑐 = + 𝒅𝒄 𝐸𝑐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟔
𝟐𝒈