Definition of Short Run Production Function

The short run production function is one in which at least is one factor of production is
thought to be fixed in supply, i.e. it cannot be increased or decreased, and the rest of the
factors are variable in nature.
In general, the firm’s capital inputs are assumed as fixed, and the production level can be
changed by changing the quantity of other inputs such as labour, raw material, capital and so
on. Therefore, it is quite difficult for the firm to change the capital equipment, to increase the
output produced, among all factors of production.
In such circumstances, the law of variable proportion or laws of returns to variable input
operates, which states the consequences when extra units of a variable input are combined
with a fixed input. In short run, increasing returns are due to the indivisibility of factors and
specialisation, whereas diminishing returns is due to the perfect elasticity of substitution of
factors.
Definition of Long Run Production Function
Long run production function refers to that time period in which all the inputs of the firm are
variable. It can operate at various activity levels because the firm can change and adjust all
the factors of production and level of output produced according to the business
environment. So, the firm has the flexibility of switching between two scales.
In such a condition, the law of returns to scale operates which discusses, in what way, the
output varies with the change in production level, i.e. the relationship between the activity
level and the quantities of output. The increasing returns to scale is due to the economies of
scale and decreasing returns to scale is due to the diseconomies of scale.
Key Differences Between Short Run and Long Run Production Function
The difference between short run and long run production function can be drawn clearly as
follows:
1. The short run production function can be understood as the time period over which
the firm is not able to change the quantities of all inputs. Conversely, long run
production function indicates the time period, over which the firm can change the
quantities of all the inputs.
2. While in short run production function, the law of variable proportion operates, in the
long-run production function, the law of returns to scale operates.
3. The activity level does not change in the short run production function, whereas the
firm can expand or reduce the activity levels in the long run production function.
4. In short run production function the factor ratio changes because one input varies
while the remaining are fixed in nature. As opposed, the factor proportion remains
same in the long run production function, as all factor inputs vary in the same
proportion.
5. In short run, there are barriers to the entry of firms, as well as the firms can shut down
but cannot exit. On the contrary, firms are free to enter and exit in the long run.
Conclusion
To sum up, the production function is nothing but a mathematical presentation of
technological input-output relationship.
For any production function, short run simply means a shorter time period than the long
run. So, for different processes, the definition of the long run and short run varies, and so
one cannot indicate the two time periods in days, months or years. These can only be
understood by looking whether all the inputs are variable or not.
Law of Variable Proportions (With Diagrams)
Law of Variable Proportions: Assumptions, Explanation , Stages , Causes of Applicability and
Applicability of the Law of Variable Proportions!
Law of Variable Proportions occupies an important place in economic theory. This law is also known as Law of
Proportionality.
Keeping other factors fixed, the law explains the production function with one factor variable. In the short run
when output of a commodity is sought to be increased, the law of variable proportions comes into operation.
Therefore, when the number of one factor is increased or decreased, while other factors are constant, the
proportion between the factors is altered. For instance, there are two factors of production viz., land and
labour.
Land is a fixed factor whereas labour is a variable factor. Now, suppose we have a land measuring 5 hectares.
We grow wheat on it with the help of variable factor i.e., labour. Accordingly, the proportion between land and
labour will be 1: 5. If the number of laborers is increased to 2, the new proportion between labour and land
will be 2: 5. Due to change in the proportion of factors there will also emerge a change in total output at
different rates. This tendency in the theory of production called the Law of Variable Proportion.
Definitions:
“As the proportion of the factor in a combination of factors is increased after a point, first the marginal and
then the average product of that factor will diminish.” Benham
“An increase in some inputs relative to other fixed inputs will in a given state of technology cause output to
increase, but after a point the extra output resulting from the same additions of extra inputs will become less
and less.” Samuelson
“The law of variable proportion states that if the inputs of one resource is increased by equal increment per
unit of time while the inputs of other resources are held constant, total output will increase, but beyond some
point the resulting output increases will become smaller and smaller.” Leftwitch
Assumptions:
Law of variable proportions is based on following assumptions:
(i) Constant Technology:
The state of technology is assumed to be given and constant. If there is an improvement in technology the
production function will move upward.
(ii) Factor Proportions are Variable:
The law assumes that factor proportions are variable. If factors of production are to be combined in a fixed
proportion, the law has no validity.
(iii) Homogeneous Factor Units:
The units of variable factor are homogeneous. Each unit is identical in quality and amount with every other
unit.
(iv) Short-Run:
The law operates in the short-run when it is not possible to vary all factor inputs.
Explanation of the Law:
In order to understand the law of variable proportions we take the example of agriculture. Suppose land and
labour are the only two factors of production.
By keeping land as a fixed factor, the production of variable factor i.e., labour can be shown
with the help of the following table:

From the table 1 it is clear that there are three stages of the law of variable proportion. In the first stage
average production increases as there are more and more doses of labour and capital employed with fixed
factors (land). We see that total product, average product, and marginal product increases but average
product and marginal product increases up to 40 units. Later on, both start decreasing because proportion of
workers to land was sufficient and land is not properly used. This is the end of the first stage.
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The second stage starts from where the first stage ends or where AP=MP. In this stage, average product and
marginal product start falling. We should note that marginal product falls at a faster rate than the average
product. Here, total product increases at a diminishing rate. It is also maximum at 70 units of labour where
marginal product becomes zero while average product is never zero or negative.
The third stage begins where second stage ends. This starts from 8th unit. Here, marginal product is negative
and total product falls but average product is still positive. At this stage, any additional dose leads to positive
nuisance because additional dose leads to negative marginal product.
Graphic Presentation:
In fig. 1, on OX axis, we have measured number of labourers while quantity of product is shown on OY axis.
TP is total product curve. Up to point ‘E’, total product is increasing at increasing
rate. Between points E and G it is increasing at the decreasing rate. Here marginal
product has started falling. At point ‘G’ i.e., when 7 units of labourers are employed,
total product is maximum while, marginal product is zero. Thereafter, it begins to
diminish corresponding to negative marginal product. In the lower part of the
figure MP is marginal product curve.

Up to point ‘H’ marginal product increases. At point ‘H’, i.e., when 3 units of
labourers are employed, it is maximum. After that, marginal product begins to
decrease. Before point ‘I’ marginal product becomes zero at point C and it turns
negative. AP curve represents average product. Before point ‘I’, average product is
less than marginal product. At point ‘I’ average product is maximum. Up to point T,
average product increases but after that it starts to diminish.
Monopoly and Perfect Competition | Difference
he distinction between monopoly and perfect competition is only a difference of degree and not of
kind.
Difference:
Following points make clear difference between both the competitions:
1. Output and Price:
Under perfect competition price is equal to marginal cost at the equilibrium output. While under
monopoly, the price is greater than average cost.
2. Equilibrium:

Under perfect competition equilibrium is possible only when MR = MC and MC cuts the MR curve
from below. But under simple monopoly, equilibrium can be realized whether marginal cost is rising,
constant or falling.
3. Entry:
Under perfect competition, there exist no restrictions on the entry or exit of firms into the industry.
Under simple monopoly, there are strong barriers on the entry and exit of firms.
4. Discrimination:
Under simple monopoly, a monopolist can charge different prices from the different groups of
buyers. But, in the perfectly competitive market, it is absent by definition.
5. Profits:
The difference between price and marginal cost under monopoly results in super-normal profits to
the monopolist. Under perfect competition, a firm in the long run enjoys only normal profits.
6. Supply Curve of Firm:
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Under perfect competition, supply curve can be known. It is so because all firms can sell desired
quantity at the prevailing price. Moreover, there is no price discrimination. Under monopoly, supply
curve cannot be known. MC curve is not the supply curve of the monopolist.
7. Slope of Demand Curve:
Under perfect competition, demand curve is perfectly elastic. It is due to the existence of large
number of firms. Price of the product is determined by the industry and each firm has to accept that
price. On the other hand, under monopoly, average revenue curve slopes downward. AR and MR
curves are separate from each other. Price is determined by the monopolist. It has been shown in
Figure 10.

8. Goals of Firms:
Under perfect competition and monopoly the firm aims at to maximize its profits. The firm which
aims at to maximize its profits is known as rational firm.
9. Comparison of Price:
Monopoly price is higher than perfect competition price. In long period, under perfect competition,
price is equal to average cost. In monopoly, price is higher as is shown in Fig. 11. The perfect
competition price is OP1, whereas monopoly price is OP. In equilibrium, monopoly sells ON output
at OP price but a perfectly competitive firm sells higher output ON1 at lower price OP1.
10. Comparison of Output:
Perfect competition output is higher than monopoly price. Under perfect competition the firm is in
equilibrium at point M1 (As shown in Fig. 11 (a)), AR = MR = AC = MC are equal. The equilibrium
output is ON1. On the other hand monopoly firm is in equilibrium at point M where MC=MR. The
equilibrium output is ON. The monopoly output is lower than perfectly competitive firm output.
Summary of Comparison:

A general comparison between monopoly and perfect competition for easy