Sociology Chapter 7

Chapter 7:
ASSIMILATION- a social progress to which two or more persons or

groups accept and perform one another’s pattern of behavior.
 A specific process best observed in populations made

up of divergent ethnic backgrounds
Park and Burges (1921)- defined assimilation as a process of

interpenetration and fusion in which persons and groups acquire the
memories, sentiments, and attitudes of other persons or groups.
Major obstacles to the process of assimilation:
 Differences in language
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 Differences in religion
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 Differences in education
 Differences in wealth
Successful Assimilation – communicatin is essential
Amalgamation- is the process that refers to the intermarriage of

persons coming from different ethnic groups resulting in biological
fusion. It hastens assimilation when groups are similar or when the
groups are friendly with each other.
CONFLICT-
Mark and Pease ( 1973)- defined conflict as a form of emotionalized

and violent opposition in which the major concern is to overcome
the opponent as a means of securing a given goal or reward.
According to Ficher (1977)- confict is a form of mutual interaction
through which two or more persons atteemptf to remove each
other, either by annihilating or by rendering the other party
ineffectual.
Conflict results in :
 Hurting others physically

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 Hurting others mentally
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 Depriving others of liberty
 Depriving others of property
Conflict may take the following:
 On a person-to-person basis as may be seen in spontaneous

fights, duels, or hand-to-hand combat in war
 Between groups as may be witnessed in riots, violent strikes,
lynchings, or massacre
 National and international as shown in rebellion, revolution, or
war.
Instances of Non- Violent Conflict:
 Psychological warfare with it’s propaganda battles

 Espionage
 Economic struggle between industrial giants
 Intergroup relations marked by hostility and ethnocentrism
Preliminaries to conflict include various forms of disagreeents
such as:
 Insult
 Abhorrence
 Rivalry
 Contempt
 Personal and physical contravention
BASIC FUNCTIONS OF CONFLICT:
 Conflict may help establish unity and cohesion within a group

which has been threatened by antagonistic feelings among the
members
 Internal conflict becomes a stabilizing and integrating mechanism
in certain instances.
 Conflict provides an outlet for the expression of suppressed
emotions and frustrations
CONTRAVENTION- is an act where opposing persons or groups try to

prevent each other from attaining an objective with or without
interest in that objective.
Various forms of contravention:
 Denouncing
 Thwarting
 Frustrating others
 Spreading rumors
 Conducting whispering campaigns
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Competition-
is a social process in which two or more persons or groups are striving

to attain the same objective.
Is a form of opposition or struggle for securing a reward or goal like a

prize, a material object, a position, leadership, prestige, or power.
Mark and Pease ( 1973)- defined it as a less vioent form of opposition in

which two or more persons or groups struggle for an end or goal but in
the course of which attention is focused chiefly on the reward rather
than on the competitor.
-May be personal or impersonal
Personal Competition involves:
Direct, face to face contact as may be seen in the competition for a

spouse, grade, a beauty title, trophy, prize, a job, and business gain,
among others.
FUNCTIONS OF COMPETITION:
 Personal competition assign to each individual or group

his/her place in the social system. Acccordind to Park and
Burges( 1921), in a competitive situation, an individual may
be stimulated to exert effort in order to secure a job, a
promotion, or power.
 To a certain extent, competition plays a wide role in the
selection of the members of the different functional groups
which provide what Durkheim described as the social
division of labor.
 Competition encourages achievement and leads to efficiency
in the various functional units of social system.
 It contributes to social change. It motivates persons into
adapting new forms of behaviour to attain desired goals that
may lead to innovation and inventions.
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ACCULTURATION- implies acquisition of a culture by an adult

comig from another culture.
- Does not imply the loss of original or native

culture but merely the acquisition of some
new elements from another culture. The
process of acculturation is facilitated by
encounter and very often unconsciously.
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Chapter 7:

ASSIMILATION- a social progress to which two or more persons or

 A specific process best observed in populations made

Park and Burges (1921)- defined assimilation as a process of

Major obstacles to the process of assimilation:

Successful Assimilation – communicatin is essential

Amalgamation- is the process that refers to the intermarriage of

Mark and Pease ( 1973)- defined conflict as a form of emotionalized

 Hurting others physically

Conflict may take the following:

 On a person-to-person basis as may be seen in spontaneous

Instances of Non- Violent Conflict:

 Psychological warfare with it’s propaganda battles

BASIC FUNCTIONS OF CONFLICT:

 Conflict may help establish unity and cohesion within a group

CONTRAVENTION- is an act where opposing persons or groups try to

Various forms of contravention:

is a social process in which two or more persons or groups are striving

Is a form of opposition or struggle for securing a reward or goal like a

Mark and Pease ( 1973)- defined it as a less vioent form of opposition in

-May be personal or impersonal

Personal Competition involves:

Direct, face to face contact as may be seen in the competition for a

 Personal competition assign to each individual or group

ACCULTURATION- implies acquisition of a culture by an adult

- Does not imply the loss of original or native

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