Duplex Stainless Steel LDX 2404 or 1.4662 PDF

North
American
Version
Imperial Units
LDX 2404
Duplex Stainless Steel
Steel grade
General properties
Outokumpu
EN
ASTM/UNS
LDX 2404
1.4662
S82441
Characteristic
properties
High resistance to uniform corrosion
High resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion
High resistance to stress corrosion cracking
and corrosion fatigue
Excellent mechanical strength
Good abrasion and erosion resistance
Good fatigue resistance
High energy absorption
Low thermal expansion
Good weldability
Applications
Storage tanks
Architectural applications
Structural components
Piping systems
Boilers and water heaters
Pulp & Paper
Oil & Gas
Energy
Water treatment and desalination
Process industry
LDX 2404 is a molybdenum-containing duplex stainless

steel with high contents of chromium and nitrogen. The
grade combines a higher mechanical strength than for
other common duplex grades with a generally high corrosion
resistance. These characteristics make LDX 2404 well
suited for optimal designs with respect to strength, reduced
maintenance, durability, and long-term cost efficiency. As with
all duplex grades, the normal service temperature is restricted
to a maximum of 600F.
Chemical composition
The typical chemical composition of LDX 2404 is shown
in Table 1.
Microstructure
The balanced chemical composition of LDX 2404
results in a microstructure containing approximately
equal amounts of ferrite and austenite after annealing.
Cold rolled material can be annealed as low as 1832F,
whereas hot rolled material should be annealed in the
temperature range 1976-2048F. Due to the lower
alloy content, mainly molybdenum, the precipitation of
undesirable intermetallic phases is more sluggish
than for conventional comparable duplex grades, like
2205. The high nitrogen content results in a rapid
reformation of austenite when welding, which improves
weld toughness.
Chemical Composition
Outokumpu
Steel Name

International
Steel No
EN
ASTM
Table 1
Chemical Composition, % by wt
Typical Values
C
N Cr Ni Mo Others
National steel designations,

suspended by EN
BS
DIN
NF
0.03 0.22 21.5 1.5 0.3 5Mn
1.4362 S32304
0.02 0.10 23 4.8 0.3
LDX 2404
1.4662 S82441
0.02 0.27 24 3.6 1.6 3Mn
2205
1.4462 S32205
0.02 0.17 22 5.7 3.1
318S13 1.4462 Z3 CND 22-05 Az 2377
4404
1.4404 316L
0.02 17.2 10.1 2.1
316S11 1.4404 Z3 CND 17-11-02 2348
4436
1.4436 316
0.04 16.9 10.7 2.6
316S33 1.4436 Z7 CND 18-12-03 2343
904L
1.4539 904L
0.01 20 25 4.3 1.5Cu
904S13 1.4539
2304

1
.4460

SS
1.4162 S32101
LDX 2101
Z3 CN 23-04 Az 2327

Z2 NCDU
25-20 2562
Mechanical properties
Corrosion resistance
LDX 2404 has high mechanical strength. In Table 2,

minimum and typical values for the grade are presented.
The mechanical properties at elevated temperatures are
shown in Table 3.
The corrosion resistance of LDX 2404 is better than for

Cr-Ni-Mo grades such as 4404 and duplex grades such
as 2304. The grade is suitable for use in a wide range of
applications and environments. A brief description of the
resistance to different types of corrosion is given below.
Mechanical properties at room temperature (68F), according to

Outokumpu internal standard AM641 (typical values are in the process of being established)
Minimum Values
Table 2
Uniform corrosion
Typical Values
P (0.59 in.)
H (0.157 in.)
Uniform corrosion is characterized by uniform attack

on the steel surface in contact with a corrosive medium.
Uniform corrosion data in various solutions based on
the widely accepted MTI-1 procedure are shown in Table 5
and Figure 1. The results are presented as the critical
temperature where the corrosion rate exceeds 0.127 mm/
year in the test solution.
C (0.039 in.)
The critical temperatures in the test solutions prescribed by MTI-1.

Concentration [% by wt}
Critical temperature [F]
Hydrochloric acid
HCI
0.2
>212 (bp)
Hydrochloric acid
HCI
1.0
203p
Hydrochloric acid + ferric chloride
HCI + FeCl3
1.0 + 0.3
122
Sulphuric acid
H2SO4
10
167
Sulphuric acid + chlorides
H2SO4 + Cl
10 + 2000 ppm
95
Sulphuric acid + chlorides + sulphur dioxide
H2SO4 + Cl + SO2Sulphuri
10 + 2000 ppm + sat.
77
Sulphuric acid
H2SO4
60
<57
Sulphuric acid
H2SO4
96
104
Phosphoric acid
H3SO4
85
212
Phosphoric acid + hydrofluoric acid
H3SO4 + HF
83 + 2
113

122 212 302 392 572 600
WPA 1
131
Rp0.2 ksi

64 55 50 47 43 43
WPA 2
131
Rm ksi

95 89 85 83 80 80
Nitric acid
HNO3
10
>212 (bp)
Nitric acid
HNO3
65
212
Nitric acid + hydrochloric acid
HNO3 + HCl
60 + 2
>140
Acetic acid
CH3COOH
80
>106 (bp)
Acetic acid + acetic anhydride
CH3COOH + (CH3CO)2O
50 + 50
194
Formic acid
HCOOH
50
185
Sodium hydroxide
NaOH
50
212
Proof strength
Rp0.2 ksi
61
79
79
Tensile strength
Rm
ksi
98
108
108
Elongation A5 %
25
25
Impact toughness*
44
59
290
290
290
KV
ft-lbs
Hardness HB

max
78
89
108
25/20**

116
32
-30
96
230
Tensile properties
Minimum values
123
33
P = Hot rolled plate, H = Hot rolled coil, C = Cold rolled plate and sheet.
*Refers to full size Charpy-V specimens performed on gauges >0.394 in.
**Refers to A80 for gauges less than 0.118.
Table 3
High temperature strength
98
Temperature F
Fatigue
The high tensile strength of LDX 2404 also implies

high fatigue strength. The fatigue strength at R=0.1
evaluated at 2 million cycles for 95% probability of survival
has been determined to be in excess of 72 ksi for cold
rolled material. Correction factors for surface roughness,
notches, welds, etc., are always required for utilization of
fatigue data.
Test solution
Table 5
bp = boiling point. p = pitting.

* The WPA 1 (high Cl-, low F -) and WPA 2 (low Cl-, high F -) solutions were designed to simulate wet process phosphoric acids.
Physical properties
The physical properties of LDX 2404 are shown in Table 4.
T (F)
Physical properties
Table 4

68F
200F 400F 600F
4432
284
904L
248
LDX 2101
212
2304
Density lb/in3
.28
Modulus of elasticity
X106 PSI
29
(28)
(27)
(26)
176
LDX 2404
Poissons ratio
(0.3)
140
2205
Thermal expansion at (RTgT)F X10 in/inF
(7.2)
(7.5)
(7.5)
Thermal conductivity
Btu/ft/hF
9.3
9.8
10.4
Thermal capacity
Btu/lbsF

(0.119)

Electric resistivity
nm
(0.80)
-6
8.7
104
68
32
10% H2SO4
96% H2SO4
85% H3PO4
65% HNO3
50% NaOH
Fig. 1. Critical temperatures in selected test solutions prescribed by MTI-1.
2 - LDX 2404 Duplex Stainless Steel
LDX 2404 Duplex Stainless Steel - 3
Pitting and Crevice Corrosion
Fabrication
The resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion is particularly

important in chloride-containing environments. The resistance
of LDX 2404 to these types of corrosion is good, due to the
high chromium and nitrogen content of this grade and further
improved by the addition of molybdenum. One common way
to describe the relative corrosion resistance is to use the
pitting resistance equivalent, PRE, (%Cr + 3.3 x %Mo + 16 x
%N) shown in Table 6.
158
Hot Forming
Hot forming is performed in the temperature range 16522048F and should be followed by a solution annealing to
restore the original properties. The mechanical strength of the
material is low at these high temperatures.
140
122
104
Cold Forming
86
PRE, Typical values for duplex grades.

LDX 2101 2304
Table 6
LDX 2404 2205
68
50

PRE
26 26 33 35
32
The pitting corrosion resistance has been evaluated according

to ASTM G 150 using the Avesta Cell, where the critical
pitting corrosion temperature, CPT, is determined. The values
for LDX 2404 are compared with other Outokumpu grades in
Figure 2.
The crevice corrosion resistance, expressed as the critical
crevice corrosion temperature (CCT), has been measured
using the ASTM G 48 F method. LDX 2404 is compared with
some other Outokumpu grades in Figure 3.
4404 4436
904L
LDX 2304 LDX 2205
2101
2404
Fig. 2. C
ritical Pitting Temperature (CPT) values according to ASTM G 150 for
ground surface (320 mesh) of Outokumpu stainless steel grades.
The resistance of a steel to atmospheric corrosion is

strongly linked to its resistance to localized corrosion such
as pitting and crevice corrosion. Since LDX 2404 shows
good resistance to these types of corrosion, the resistance
to atmospheric corrosion is good. Accordingly LDX 2404 is
sufficiently resistant in most environments, including seaside
locations. Early results from a marine atmospheric testing
station have shown LDX 2404 to be on a par with 2205.
77
Milling tests show similar or better results than for 2205, but
not as good as reported for LDX 2101.
68
Heat Treatment
Like all duplex stainless steels, LDX 2404 shows good

resistance to chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking
(SCC). Several test methods are used to rank different steel
grades with respect to their resistance to SCC. In Table 7,
results from immersion tests in NaCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2
(ASTM G 36), and the evaporative method, wick test (ASTM C
692) are summarized.
Products
Plate, sheet, and coil

Welded pipe and tube upon inquiry
Fittings upon inquiry
Bar upon inquiry
50
LDX 2404 is solution annealed at 1832-2048F. Rapid

cooling is recommended after annealing to restore the
original properties. Support during annealing may be used to
avoid shape distortion.
41
ksi
A5 (%)
(Hv1)
32
174
60
340
50
330
40
320
30
310
20
300
10
290
280
4404
4436 904L
LDX 2304 LDX

2205
2101
2404
Fig. 3. C
ritical Crevice Temperature (CCT) values according to ASTM G 48 F
for ground surface (120 mesh) of Outokumpu stainless steel grades.
Stress Corrosion Cracking
LDX 2404 is suitable for most forming operations used

in stainless steel fabrication. Due to the high proof strength
of LDX 2404, greater working forces than those required
for austenitic steel are usually needed for cold forming
operations such as deep drawing and spinning. However,
in many cases the yield strength can be utilized for downgauging which reduces the need for larger working forces.
The high strength also gives a relatively high springback
compared to austenitic grades. Figure 4 shows how
mechanical properties, elongation, and hardness varies with
prior cold working.
LDX 2404 has good weldability and can be welded using

the same processes used for other duplex steels. In general,
the recommendations given for welding of duplex steels also
apply for this grade. As the steel is alloyed with nitrogen, it is
beneficial to add nitrogen to the shielding gas with GTAW and
PAW to prevent nitrogen loss. Ar + 1-3% N2 as shielding and
90% N2 + 10% H2 as backing gas are consequently preferred
over pure argon. Normally, a filler of type 22 9 3 NL should be
used for optimum properties in the as welded condition.
Machining
59
Atmospheric Corrosion
Welding
Rm
145
Intergranular Corrosion
Due to its duplex microstructure, LDX 2404 offers very good

resistance to intergranular corrosion. LDX 2404 passes
intergranular corrosion tests according to EN/ISO 3651-2
method A (Strauss Test) and method B (Streicher Test). The
result from the intergranular corrosion test ISO 3651-1/ASTM
A 262 practice C (Huey Test) designed to evaluate materials
in contact with strongly oxidizing agents, e.g. nitric acid,
shows better or similar performance for LDX 2404
compared to 2304.
Results from Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) Testing
Table 7
Grade
25% NaCl
boiling, 107C
U-bend
40% CaCl2
212F
R2p0.2
(4-PB)
ASTM G 36
45% MgCl2
309F
U-bend
ASTM C 692
1500 ppm Cl212F
wick test
LDX 2404
No SCC
No SCC
SCC
No SCC
2205
No SCC
No SCC
SCC
No SCC
4404
SCC
SCC
SCC
SCC
116
Rp0.2
Hv1
87
58
A5
29
0
0
10
15
20
Degree of cold stretch (%)

Fig. 4. Mechanical properties of 1 mm LDX 2404 after cold working.
4 - LDX 2404 Duplex Stainless Steel
LDX 2404 Duplex Stainless Steel - 5
1242EN, Bannockburn, USA. October 2014.
Working towards forever.

We work with our customers and partners
to create long lasting solutions for the tools
of modern life and the worlds most critical problems:
clean energy, clean water and efficient infrastructure.
Because we believe in a world that lasts forever.
Information given in this brochure may be subject to alterations without notice. Care has been taken to ensure that the contents
of this publication are accurate but Outokumpu and its affiliated companies do not accept responsibility for errors or for
information which is found to be misleading. Suggestions for or descriptions of the end use or application of products or methods
of working are for information only and Outokumpu and its affiliated companies accept no liability in respect thereof. Before using
products supplied or manufactured by the company the customer should satisfy himself of their suitability.
LDX 2101 is a registered trademark of Outokumpu Stainless.
LDX is a registered trademark of Outokumpu.
LDX 2404 is a registered trademark of Outokumpu.
Outokumpu High Performance Stainless

2275 E. Half Day Road, Suite 300, Bannockburn, IL 60015 USA
Tel. 1-847-317-1400 Fax 1-847-317-1404
outokumpu.com

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North

LDX 2404 is a molybdenum-containing duplex stainless

National steel designations,

0.03 0.22 21.5 1.5 0.3 5Mn

0.02 0.10 23 4.8 0.3

0.02 0.27 24 3.6 1.6 3Mn

0.02 0.17 22 5.7 3.1

318S13 1.4462 Z3 CND 22-05 Az 2377

0.02 17.2 10.1 2.1

316S11 1.4404 Z3 CND 17-11-02 2348

0.04 16.9 10.7 2.6

316S33 1.4436 Z7 CND 18-12-03 2343

0.01 20 25 4.3 1.5Cu

LDX 2404 has high mechanical strength. In Table 2,

The corrosion resistance of LDX 2404 is better than for

Mechanical properties at room temperature (68F), according to

Uniform corrosion is characterized by uniform attack

The critical temperatures in the test solutions prescribed by MTI-1.

Critical temperature [F]

Hydrochloric acid + ferric chloride

Sulphuric acid + chlorides

Sulphuric acid + chlorides + sulphur dioxide

10 + 2000 ppm + sat.

Phosphoric acid + hydrofluoric acid

Nitric acid + hydrochloric acid

Acetic acid + acetic anhydride

High temperature strength

The high tensile strength of LDX 2404 also implies

bp = boiling point. p = pitting.

Thermal expansion at (RTgT)F X10 in/inF

Fig. 1. Critical temperatures in selected test solutions prescribed by MTI-1.

2 - LDX 2404 Duplex Stainless Steel

LDX 2404 Duplex Stainless Steel - 3

Pitting and Crevice Corrosion

The resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion is particularly

PRE, Typical values for duplex grades. 

LDX 2404 2205

The pitting corrosion resistance has been evaluated according

LDX 2304 LDX 2205

The resistance of a steel to atmospheric corrosion is

Like all duplex stainless steels, LDX 2404 shows good

Plate, sheet, and coil

LDX 2404 is solution annealed at 1832-2048F. Rapid

LDX 2304 LDX

Stress Corrosion Cracking

LDX 2404 is suitable for most forming operations used

LDX 2404 has good weldability and can be welded using

Due to its duplex microstructure, LDX 2404 offers very good

Results from Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) Testing

Degree of cold stretch (%)

4 - LDX 2404 Duplex Stainless Steel

LDX 2404 Duplex Stainless Steel - 5

1242EN, Bannockburn, USA. October 2014.

Working towards forever.

Outokumpu High Performance Stainless

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The critical temperatures in the test solutions prescribed by MTI-1.

PRE, Typical values for duplex grades.

Results from Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) Testing