Hewlett Packard HP-35s Training Aids
Hewlett Packard HP-35s Training Aids
Hewlett Packard HP-35s Training Aids
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Figure 1
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The length can be calculated using Pythagoras formula. From a + b = c the third side is:
c = !(a + b)
To calculate this, it is first necessary to square the numbers 1.2 and 0.5. On a calculator, the square of a
number is a function of a single number. It does not involve adding or multiplying two numbers.
To square 1.2 and 0.5, it is enough to type:
!'#%&'(%&)
Figure 1
Answer:
The second result, 0.25, is on the lower line of the calculator screen, called the X register. The previous
result, 1.2 squared, is on the upper line, called the Y register. Registers are places where numbers are held
in the calculator; X and Y are the first two registers in the RPN stack. The stack is the most important tool
in RPN calculations. Its use is shown later in this example.
Other functions of one number, for example sine, log or square root, work the same way. The number is
typed and shows up in the lower line, in the X register. Then the function key, for example * or + is
pressed to give the answer. The square and square root keys are labeled with an x as a reminder that
they work on the number in the X register.
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Figure 2
Figure 3
In RPN mode addition takes the number from the X register, uses it, and puts the result in the X register, so the result is
seen on the lower line. This is like a function of one number, but because addition uses two numbers, it takes the
second number from the Y register. The number in the Y register is removed. There is a third stack register above Y,
called the Z register, and the number in the Z register moves down to the Y register.
Subtraction, multiplication and division work the same way. The number in X is subtracted from, multiplied by, or divided
into the number in Y. If the two numbers are in the wrong order, , can be used to exchange them.
To get the final answer, since this is a function of a single number, it is enough to press the + function key.
+
Answer:
")
)
)
)
This puts the 6 in the calculator, ENTER separates it from the next number
The number 6 is in X and in Y after ENTER is pressed
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Figure 4
0)
This puts 8 in X, a new number replaces the previous one after ENTER is pressed
Figure 5
$)
Figure 6
()
This puts 5 in X. After a calculation, a new number pushes the old one into Y.
Figure 7
1)
Figure 8
There is a clear pattern here. A number is typed, then something is done with that number. Then another number is
typed, and something is done again. In this example, a new number is added to a number that was typed before, or
multiplied by it, but RPN works the same way for other actions too.
The RPN stack: At each step, RPN takes one or more numbers it needs from the stack of numbers, for example 6 and 8
above to add them. Then it puts the answer on the stack, ready for use at the next step. The stack holds 4 numbers, in
registers called X, Y, Z and T. X is the number most recently typed or calculated and is shown on the lower line of the
screen. Y is the number typed or calculated before X, and is shown on the upper line. Numbers in Z and T are not shown
but are ready to be used if necessary. When a calculation uses the numbers in both the X and the Y registers, and puts
the result in X, then the number in Z is copied into Y. The number in T is copied to Z, but also stays in T. The
%2 key fetches a copy of the last number that was in X before the most recent calculation, so it can be used
again or to correct mistakes. Two other keys are used with the RPN stack. 3 is called roll down and moves the
number in Y down into X, Z to Y, T to Z and X to T. %4 is called roll up and moves the stack in the opposite
direction, X up to Y and so on.
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#"!:9)
Answer:
9 works exactly like the arithmetical operators and is often considered to be one of them. Most other two-number
functions work this way too. These are the root (or involution) function -;, quotient -<# (=) and
remainder -<> (?), combinations -@ and permutations %A.
Working with complex numbers, with pairs of numbers representing rectangular or polar coordinates and with pairs of
numbers in statistical operations are described in training aids on these subjects.
Example which stepladder?
Some people will wonder why RPN is worth using if algebraic mode and Equation mode work the way expressions are
printed. Here is an example to show how RPN mode is useful and fast in solving step-by-step problems where there is
no formula, and where the next calculation depends on the result of the previous one.
Example 7: You need to fix a tile that has fallen off your roof. The roof is 28 feet up, and you have a stepladder that is
29 feet long. You could also borrow your neighbors 38 foot ladder. Is either ladder good for the job? You
could try leaning each one in turn against the roof and seeing which is better, but its raining, so why not
work it out first on your HP 35s by seeing what angle each ladder will make with the vertical when you lean
it against the roof?
Solution:
First try it for your own ladder. Switch to RPN mode if it is not set. Enter the ladder length:
#B"
Then enter the height and divide so you can get the angle, #07. You get 1.04. That can not be right;
sines and cosines should be smaller than 1. Use%21%2 to get the numbers back, then
, to swap them. Now press 7 to divide them again, in the right order, and see 0.97.
Actually, pressing C would get the same result, making the correction more quickly. Anyway, this is the
sine of the angle between the ladder and the vertical. Or is it the cosine? Press %D and see the
answer, 74.91 degrees. No, that is not right, it must be the arc cosine that you need. You could press
5%2 again to undo the arc sine, but it is as quick to press *, then %E.
Figure 9
Your ladder would be only 15 degrees away from the vertical. That is uncomfortably steep. So try the same
calculation for your neighbors 38 foot ladder.
Type #0">07 then %E. This time the answer is 42.54 degrees. The ladder
would be at a rather shallow angle and might slip away as you stand on it.
Answer:
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Neither ladder is really suitable. Maybe you should ask some other neighbors if they would lend you a
ladder with a better length. What would be a good length? 30 degrees would probably still be too much,
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Figure 1
In Equation mode, the user types a formula or an expression the way it looks in a textbook and saves it in a list of
equations. Then the equation can be use once or repeatedly, for different values of variables. Equations can also be
used with the integration command and the solver command.
For complicated tasks that need to be repeated, writing a program is the best solution. Programs can be written in RPN
mode or in algebraic mode, and can include equations.
Equation mode, RPN mode, and programs are described in other training aids.
Note: When doing the examples press 9% to set algebraic mode. The selected mode is shown at the top of the
calculator screen, as in Figure 1.
Functions of a single number in algebraic
As an example, in algebraic mode, to square a number, the &' key is pressed, the number is typed, and " is
pressed. This is the way all functions except factorial (&( ) work. Factorial is pressed after the number.
A simple example in algebraic
Example 1: A gardener wants to plant a triangular piece of ground and to put protective edges around the plot. The plot
will have a right angle and the two shorter edges will be 1.2m long and 0.5m long. How long will the third
edge be?
Solution:
The length can be calculated using Pythagoras formula. From a + b = c the third side is:
c = !(a + b)
To try this, first set algebraic mode, pressing 9%. Now to square 1.2 and 0.5, type:
&'!)#"
&')*"+
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Figure 2
Answer:
The second result, 0.25, is on the lower line of the calculator screen. In algebraic mode, the formula or
expression used to calculate this result is shown on the upper line. The previous result, 1.2 squared, has
vanished, though it can still be used, as will be shown.
Note: When functions are printed, some come before the number, for example !2 or sin(30). Others are printed with the
function after the number, examples are 6! or 5. Calculators rarely work like this; on many algebraic calculators, all
functions of one number are calculated by typing the function first, followed by the number, usually in parentheses
(brackets). This is how algebraic mode on the HP 35s works, with the exception of factorial as noted above.
Arithmetic calculations with two numbers
To add two numbers in algebraic mode, it is necessary to type or calculate the first number, press $, to type or
calculate the second number and press " to finish the calculation.
Note: On some Algebraic calculators, a key marked , finishes a calculation, but on the HP 35s, " is used. The
, key is used only when an equation is being typed in Equation mode.
In this example, the two numbers have been calculated already (assuming you have just completed the previous
example). One is shown on the lower line, so it is enough to press $ begin the addition. The HP 35s will the show the
display in Figure 3.
Figure 3
LASTx is the terminology the HP 35s uses to refer to the last number calculated, which in this case will be the 1.44. The
HP 35s is ready for the second number for the addition. It can be found in the second level of the HP 35s operational
stack, referred to as register Y. (The other two levels above register Y are called register Z and T). To use the number in
the second level of the stack at this point, press -. The HP 35s will then show the display in Figure 4.
Figure 4
Pressing the - (roll down) key in algebraic mode allows for the selection of previous results from the four level stack.
The . and / keys are used to move the cursor under the stack register desired and " is used to select that
value. When the - key is pressed, the cursor is always initially positioned under the Y register.
In this instance, the value in the Y register is exactly what we want. Press " and the HP 35s will show the display
as in Figure 5.
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Figure 5
" must be pressed to finish the addition. The result is shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6
Figure 7
Alternatively, if you know at the beginning the values to be used and what you wish to do with them, you could key in this
calculation in one step by pressing:
0&'!)#/$&')*"
Figure 8
Answer:
The length of the third edge of the garden plot is 1.3m. One purpose of this example is to illustrate the way
algebraic mode can be used interactively rather than merely keying in a problem that is already written
out. However you need to solve your problem, the HP 35s can handle it.
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+
$+
+
*+
+
+
3+
+
+
+
This enters the open and close the parentheses to put around (6+8)
This gives the 6+8
This places the cursor outside the parentheses to continue
This multiplies by 5
This tells the calculator that the formula is finished so it can now get
the answer
Figure 9
Answer:
To continue a calculation after pressing the " it is enough to press another calculation key. For example if the
carpet costs $17.32 per square yard, it is easy to continue the calculation and get the total price of the carpet. First press
4. Then finish the calculation by pressing !5)6#", as below.
Figure 10
Figure 11
Why Algebraic? You can see that the formula to calculate was typed and is displayed in the way it looks when it is
written down on paper in algebraic notation. That is why this calculation mode is called Algebraic Mode. Algebraic
notation was developed over centuries as a shorthand way of writing things such as add the number eight to the
number six and multiply the result by the number five.
Making corrections
In algebraic mode, digits in a number that is being typed can be deleted with the 7 key. If a number has been
completed or calculated, this key deletes it completely.
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#;!9"+
Figure 12
Answer:
; works exactly like the arithmetical operators and is often considered to be one of them. Other two-number functions
work as shown in the next example.
Example 4: What is the permutation of 69 items taken 2 at a time?
Solution:
Figure 13
The permutation function is presented in the display with the required open and close parentheses as well
as a comma inside them to separate the two required arguments. The cursor is blinking to indicate the
insertion point where the next key pressed will be entered. This insertion point is exactly where it should
be to enter the first argument.
Now type 2=. This is the first argument. To move past the comma, press /. Now press #".
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Figure 14
The permutation of 69 items taken 2 at a time is 4,692. Note that it was not necessary to move beyond the
closing parenthesis before pressing ".
Answer:
Percentage functions are used in algebraic mode and are explained in the business training guide on Percentages.
Working with complex numbers, with pairs of numbers representing rectangular or polar coordinates and with pairs of
numbers in statistical operations are described in training aids on these subjects.
Algebraic operator precedence
In algebraic mode the HP 35s calculates using operator precedence. This means that a combination of several $ and
8 operations (or several 4 and : operations) is calculated from left to right, but 4 and : have a higher
precedence and are carried out before $ and 8.
Example 5: What is the result of calculating 1 " 2 " 3 in algebraic mode?
Type the keys !:#:6".
Solution:
Figure 15
The result is equal to 1 " 6, in other words the calculation goes from left to right, 1 " 2, and the result
divided by 3. If the calculation went the other way, it would be 1 " (2 " 3), or 3 " 2, giving 1.5 as the result.
Answer:
The rules of precedence are that algebraic calculations are carried out in the following order.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Expressions in parentheses.
All single number functions, also complex number functions, percentages, and co-ordinate transformations.
The two-number functions > and ;.
The other two-number functions, <, ? and @.
Multiplication, division and integer quotient and remainder, 4, :, A and B.
Addition and subtraction.
Operations with the same level of precedence are carried out from left to right, as this example showed.
Example 6: In what order is the calculation 1 + (0.5 + 1.5) ! 34! carried out?
Solution:
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Figure 16
Answer:
The calculation in brackets is carried out first, giving the result 2. The rest of the calculation proceeds from
right to left, as the factorial function has highest precedence, followed by the power function, followed by
multiplication, with addition coming last. The answer 564,859,072,963 can be confirmed if 1 is subtracted
first, then the result is divided by 2. That result is equal to 324, which is 3 to the power 4 factorial.
Figure 17
Something tells you there is something wrong. Then you notice that you accidentally used the speed of
light, c, rather than the gravitational constant, g. Rather than starting over, you can edit the previous
expression and correct your mistake as follows. Press:
...
The first press of the left cursor key begins the edit of the previously entered expression. Pressing the left
cursor key two additional times places the cursor just to the right of c in the expression. At this point, we
wish to delete c and replace it with g. Press:
7CD/""
Figure 18
Answer:
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This example shows how to edit an expression in algebraic mode. While somewhat trivial, it would certainly
be easier to edit a much larger expression to correct a mistake than retyping the entire expression all over
again.
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In RPN mode, type the number 10 and then press the right-shifted $"key.
12'-"
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Figure 1
Answer:
25.4 centimeters.
In RPN mode, type the number 25 and then press the left-shifted !"key.
!$)0"
In algebraic mode, do the same. Again, pressing 3 completes the calculation, but is not necessary
unless the conversion is part of a longer calculation.
)0!$3
Figure 2
Answer:
6.6043 gallons.
A square inch is an inch times an inch. After one '- conversion, the units become centimeters
times inches. After a second '- conversion, the units become centimeters times centimeters, or
square centimeters. So, in this case, conversion to centimeters is carried out twice, to give square
centimeters.
In RPN mode, type the number 16 and then press the right-shifted %"key twice.
1%'-'-"
In algebraic mode, do the same. Again, pressing 3 completes the calculation, but is not necessary
unless the conversion is part of a longer calculation.
'-'-1%3
Figure 3
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Figure 4
Answer:
The conversion keys use inches and centimeters, so it is necessary to go from yards to inches, then
convert inches to centimeters, and finally go from centimeters to meters.
In RPN mode, type the number 5, multiply by 3 to go to feet, and multiply by 12 to go to inches. Now press
the right-shifted %"key to convert inches to centimeters. Finally divide by 100 to convert centimeters to
meters.
$3671!7'-1228"
In algebraic mode, the order is different, and 3 must be used at the end to complete the whole
calculation
'-$7671!981223"
Figure 5
Answer:
4.572 meters.
This conversion is not built into the calculator. As in examples 3 and 4, it is therefore necessary to separate
the calculation into the basic units, and then convert each unit. In this example, the steps required are:
!
!
!
!
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Figure 6
Answer:
In RPN mode, type the number 20 and then press the left-shifted &"key.
!2),"
In algebraic mode, do the same. As usual, pressing 3 completes the calculation, but is not necessary
unless the conversion is part of a longer calculation.
),!23
Figure 7
Answer:
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68 degrees Fahrenheit.
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In RPN mode, type the number 20 and then press the left-shifted &"key.
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Figure 1
Answer:
In RPN mode, type the number 40, change the sign, and then press the right-shifted &"key.
#13'+"
In Algebraic mode, do the same. Again, pressing 2 completes the calculation, but is not necessary
unless the conversion is part of a longer calculation.
'+#132
Figure 2
Answer:
The result is 40. That is not an error this example shows that at 40 degrees the Celsius and Fahrenheit
scales coincide.
Figure 3
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A temperature difference of 20 Celsius degrees is not the same as a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius. A
temperature of 20 degrees Celsius is 68 degrees Fahrenheit, as Example 1 showed. The temperature
difference can be calculated as 20 times 9 divided by 5, giving 36 Fahrenheit degrees. Adding this to 50 will
give 86 degrees Fahrenheit. Figure 4 shows this calculation in Algebraic mode.
Figure 4
Figure 5
Answer:
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Assume that the temperature in Fahrenheit will be in the variable F. To enter the equation, equation mode
is first entered by pressing 6, and the expression is typed as follows:
7894#$:;%&5<$=:"
Figure 6
Answer:
Example 5: Use the equation from example 4 to convert 90 degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Kelvin.
Solution:
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If equation mode is not already set following Example 4 then set equation mode by pressing 6. If other
equations are stored in the calculator, it might be necessary to use the up or down cursor keys to select the
equation that was typed above. Then press 2 to use the equation. A prompt for F will be displayed.
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Figure 7
"
:1> should be typed, and the equation will run for a moment, then the answer will be displayed.
Figure 8
Answer:
The equation can now be used again to convert a different temperature from degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Kelvin.
Press 6, to enter equation mode again, press 2 to start the equation again, type the temperature in degrees
Fahrenheit, and press > to carry out the calculation.
Programs can be used instead of equations if the user prefers to use programs or if the additional power of program
commands such as test and loops is needed. How to write programs is described in a separate training aid.
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Angular measurements
Time measurements
Practice solving problems involving angles and times
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Figure 1
Answer:
Figure 2
Answer:
Example 3: Add an angle of 30.5 degrees to an angle of !/4 radians and express the answer in radians.
Solution:
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Figure 3
Answer:
Figure 4
Answer:
The equivalent measurement in DMS is 20 degrees, 40 minutes and 12 seconds. Figure 4 shows the
display assuming RPN mode.
Each measurement of time will need to be converted from the Hours Minutes Seconds format into
an equivalent "decimal hours" format and then added together.
In RPN mode: *)++!5+)*5!5/#%
In algebraic mode: #%!5*)++0/!5+)*5(
Figure 5
Answer:
Example 6: What is the size of the angle formed by joining an angle of !/5 radians and an angle of 40.62 degrees.
Express the answer in DMS format.
Solution:
Figure 6
Answer:
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The resulting angle is 76 degrees, 37 minutes and 12 seconds. Figure 6 shows the
display assuming algebraic mode.
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Type the density, then press !! and a variable name to store the density in that variables memory
register. To store a density of 149.8 in variable D, press these keys.
"#$%&!!'(
When !! is pressed, the symbol A..Z appears at the top of the screen. This tells the user that the
next key pressed should be one of the keys with letters A to Z at their lower right, and that the
corresponding letter will be used. For the letter D, press the 9 key.
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Figure 1
Answer:
The beam has a mass of 8,988 pounds. This value of the variable D can be used for further calculations. If
a different type of concrete is selected, the density of this new type can be stored in D and the calculations
can be repeated. The value in D is not lost when the calculator is turned off.
Note: The recall and the multiplication can be combined into one command RCL!D. A separate training aid describes
using arithmetic with the memory registers.
Practice Example: Storing a Temporary Result
The memory registers are available separately from the memory in which ordinary calculations are carried out. In
algebraic mode, up to thirteen levels of brackets can be used, together with numbers saved with the brackets. RPN
mode has four stack registers, X, Y, Z and T, and also the LastX register, often called L. The memory registers are
separate from these. Note that the variables named L, T, X, Y and Z are not the same as the stack registers with these
names, and that the Exponent key . and the Cancel key / do not access the variables with these names.
If a calculation is more complicated than the algebraic or RPN rules allow, temporary results can be stored in memory
registers, and can then be used later.
Temporary results can also be stored in memory registers just to make a calculation easier, as in this example.
Example 2: The formula below uses the expression (0.2 + sin(35)) three times. In algebraic mode, it would be difficult
to re-use this expression without typing it in each time. In RPN mode the expression could be calculated
once, then kept on the stack and re-used as needed, but this would require keeping track of which number
is where on the stack.
Figure 2
Solution:
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The expression uses degrees, so set Degrees mode if it is not already set. (To do this press 9".)
First calculate the expression that is used several times and store its value in a memory register. In this
example, use register V for the value of the expression. Then calculate the whole formula, recalling the
value each time it is needed.
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Figure 3
Figure 3
Now the main formula can be calculated. First calculate the top line at the left-hand of the formula. The
value of the expression is still available, so there is no need to recall it, but to see how it all works, recall V,
calculate its arc sine and multiply by 5:
!4-3"+*
Next, divide by the arc cosine of the expression, recalling it again from V:
5!6-3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Answer:
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To four decimal places the complete formula evaluates to 9.8159. Calculation was considerably easier, and
the expression displayed on the upper line is simpler, because the temporary value was stored in a
memory register.
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Figure 7
Answer:
In RPN mode the answer is the same, and carrying out the calculation in a suitable order reduces the
number of keystrokes needed.
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The engineer first exchanges D with the current value. The current value gets stored in D and the density is
in the current value. Then the density, now in the current value, is exchanged with the depth, in register C.
This puts the density of concrete into register C and the depth into the current value. Finally, exchanging
the depth in the current value with the original value now in D completes the exchange. The keys pressed
are:
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The three exchanges swap values in two data registers without affecting an ongoing calculation. Note that
this works in algebraic and in RPN mode.
Pressing #: displays the A..Z symbol, and any letter from A through Z can be pressed. The value in the chosen
register is displayed in a message without changing the value on the lower line of the calculator screen. For example,
pressing #:9 after Examples 1 and 3 should now display the density of concrete stored in register C.
Figure 8
Pressing the cancel key / on the lower left of the keyboard, or the back-arrow ; at the middle right, clears the
message and brings back the display in the calculator screen.
Other Operations with Memory Registers
There is no special command to clear a register, it is enough to store a zero in it, but see also the description below of
CLVARS and of the register catalog.
Variables are used in equations and in programs. When the Solver is used, it asks which variable is the unknown one
and prompts for values for the other variables. The Integrate command must be told which is the variable to integrate for.
The INPUT command allows a program to request a value for a variable.
Variables can also be used with the program loop control commands ISG (Increment and Skip if Greater) and DSE
(Decrement and Skip if Equal).
The CLVARS command is activated by pressing !<) and clears all the variables A through Z to zero.
Registers 28 through 33 are the statistics registers, normally used for statistical calculations. Numbers can not be stored
directly into them through statistical operations, but can be placed in them through the index register. This will lead to
errors if incorrect values are stored into these registers. The statistics registers are cleared when !<# is
pressed.
Pressing => selects the Memory menu and then pressing " displays a catalog of the registers. The ? and
@ cursor keys step through the registers. To see all the digits of a register, press AB when the register is
displayed. To copy a register to a calculation, press (. To clear the variable to zero, press =<. To cancel
the catalog, press the cancel key /, or to go back to the Memory menu, press ;.
Arithmetic calculations using the registers directly are described in a separate training aid, as has been mentioned
already.
As the above shows, the memory registers provide many ways to help in calculations on the HP 35s.
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Figure 1
Each allocated indirect register uses 37 bytes of program memory. This is to allow room for storing a real number, a
complex number, or a 2-D or 3-D vector containing 2 or 3 real numbers. It is possible to use a short program to place 3
real numbers into each indirect register, reducing the memory required by nearly 2/3. See the Indirect Registers Data
Packing module for more information.
It is also possible to address the direct variables and the statistics variables indirectly using addresses of -1 through -32.
Address -1 would refer to the direct variable #, address -26 would refer to the direct variable &, and -27 trough -32
would refer to the statistical summation registers. This is shown in a table on page 14-22 of the HP 35s users guide.
The way indirect addressing works is to store the number corresponding to the register you wish to use in either $ or
%. Then you perform a !"7 or !"A (or any other allowed operation). For example, if you wish to
recall a value stored in direct register #, you can either press '# or store -1 into $ by !"7 and then
perform a '7. Both will recall the value stored in A.
As an example, suppose register I contains the number 5. If you have a number in the display you wish to store and you
press !"7, then the number displayed would be stored into indirect register 5, since that is the number that
was in the I register. The J register works the same way. The address to be used is stored into either I or J, and then the
special 7 or A part of an instruction tell the HP 35s to perform the operation on the register pointed to by the value
in I or J. If you attempt to recall or use a value in an indirect storage location that is not allocated, you will get an error
message in the HP 35s display.
This becomes very useful is when you need to work with a lot of numbers, often within a program, or when you may not
be able to know in advance where the number you wish to use is stored.
Differences from the HP 33s
On the HP 33s, a special register was used as the index for indirect operations, the register i. On the HP 35s, two
registers can be used as two different indices, the variables I and J.
On the HP 33s, the variables A through Z were referenced indirectly by values placed in register i of 1 to 26 in order. On
the HP 35s, the variables A through Z are referenced by values in either I or J of -1 down to -26, with -1 referencing A
and -26 referencing Z. Similarly, the statistics registers were referenced indirectly on the HP 33s using values of 28
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Figure 1
The CLVARx function prompts for a 3-digit value. The function will clear all indirect registers larger than this value they
will be set to zero. Because the HP 35s allocates indirect registers based on the highest numbered register containing a
non-zero value, this will change the number of allocated indirect registers.
For example, if there are 100 indirect registers allocated, CLVARx 050 will clear and deallocate the indirect registers 50
and higher, leaving 0 through 49 available for use. CLVARx 000 would clear indirect registers 1 and higher. To clear
indirect register 0, store 0 into it.
The HP 35s indirect registers provides the user with many capabilities beyond what was available with the HP 33s.
Examples using the indirect registers
Example 1: Write a short program to load indirect registers 1 through 10 with random numbers.
Solution:
Press +,, and then enter the program below. Press !- and then these keystrokes:
!.#/,0/!"$!1!"723$+#004
25
The program will look like the one below and will have the length as shown in Figure 2. The program
checksum is C289.
Figure 2
A001
A002
A003
A004
A005
A006
A007
A008
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LBL A
1.01
STO I
RANDOM
STO (I)
ISG I
GTO A004
RTN
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Run the program by pressing 6#7. When the program completes, in RPN mode the last two
random numbers generated will be shown while in algebraic mode, only the most recent random number
will be shown in the display.
Example 2: Assuming that indirect registers 1 through 10 contain the random numbers generated in example 1, write a
short program to sort indirect registers 1 through 10 with the smallest number found in register 1.
Solution:
The program presented below will sort indirect registers 1 through 10 using the Bubble Sort. The program
will run in either RPN mode only. Press +,, and then enter the program below. Press !and then these keystrokes:
!.8/,0/!"$/9!"%2:;0'7'A2
<=+80/>23$23%+800>2:=0+
800;252:/0!"7 ?!"A?
+80/;25
The program will look like the one below and will have the length and checksum as shown in Figure 3. The
program checksum is 5C10.
Figure 3
B001
B002
B003
B004
B005
B006
B007
B008
B009
B010
B011
B012
Answer:
B013 ISG J
B014 GTO B008
B015 FS? 0
B016 GTO B002
B017 RTN
B018 SF 0
B019 STO (I)
B020 X <> Y
B021 STO (J)
B022 X <> Y
B023 GTO B012
LBL B
1.01
STO I
1
+
STO J
CF 0
RCL (I)
RCL (J)
X < Y?
GTO B018
ISG I
Run the program by pressing 6)8 7. As the program executes, the flag 0 annunciator will
flash on and off as the program loops through the indirect registers making exchanges of adjacent registers
when needed. When the program completes the smallest value will be in indirect register 1 and the largest
value will be in indirect register 10.
Example 3: Jake wants a program that will loop through the numbered indirect registers to display the values stored
within. Input is to be a number of the form bbb.eee, where bbb is the first indirect register to be viewed and
eee is the highest to be viewed. If bbb.eee is positive, the program should PAUSE to display the contents.
If bbb.eee is entered as a negative number, the program should STOP to display the value. Jake only
wants a program that works in RPN mode. He also wants a program that displays the indirect register
being displayed in Y and its contents shown in X.
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Jake wrote the program presented below which will display the indirect registers. The program will run in
RPN mode only. Press +,, and then enter the program below. Press !- and then these
keystrokes:
!.@!A=2://!B!"$'$2CD'7
2:=/E2:=/+@0/4!F23$+@00
D2:;/25)
The program will look like the one below and will have the length and checksum as shown in Figures 4 and
5 below.
Figure 4
Figure 5
C001
C002
C003
C004
C005
C006
C007
C008
C009
Answer:
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C010
C011
C012
C013
C014
C015
C016
C017
LBL C
X < 0?
SF 1
ABS
STO I
RCL I
IP
RCL(I)
FS? 1
STOP
FS? 1
GTO C014
PSE
ISG I
GTO C006
CF 1
RTN
Run the program by pressing /,0/6@7. Since the input was positive, the HP 35s
will pause and display each value stored in indirect registers 1 through 10. To have the HP 35s stop and
display the value, key in the input as a negative number. Jake now has the program he wanted. NOTE: If
you specify a range of bbb.eee which goes beyond the presently allocated indirect registers, this program
will produce an error message.
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First type the Moons mass, then press !" and the variable name to store the mass in that variables
memory register. Press the keys as shown below. The key labeled # is above the $ on the keyboard.
Typing #%% means times 10 to the power 22.
&'()$#%%!"*
(Note: In algebraic mode, press + after the * above)
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Figure 1
Store the Moons mass in register T as well, so that the Earths mass can be added to it. The mass has
already been stored in M but it is still available to be stored in T as well. Figure 2 shows the screen in
algebraic mode.
!"-
Figure 2
Now type the mass of the Earth and store it in register E. To use register E, press . when the A..Z
symbol is at the top of the screen. This is not the same as the key labeled # used for entering powers of
10.
/'$&(0#%)!"1
The mass of the Earth is now in register E and is still on the lower line of the screen. To add it to the mass
of the Moon already in register T, use the STO+ command in RPN mode only.
!"2In RPN mode, this takes the number in the lower line of the display and adds it to register T. The number is
still available for further use. It is still the current number, i.e., the number is still in stack register X. Figure
3 assumes RPN mode.
Figure 3
In algebraic mode, it is necessary to key the following to perform a STO+ equivalent. NOTE: The resulting
value displayed is different in algebraic mode when compared to RPN mode. Figure 4 assumes algebraic
mode.
23-!"-
Figure 4
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The mass of the Moon is now in register M, the mass of the Earth is in register E, and the mass of the
Earth-Moon twin system is in register T. The mass of the Earth is also still in the current register, as shown
in Figure 2. To confirm that the number in register T is the sum of the two masses, view register T by
pressing:
45-
Figure 5
In RPN mode, the STO+ command adds the current number to the register selected by its name, STO- subtracts the
current number from the named register, STO! multiplies the named register by the current number and STO" divides
the named register by the current number. In all these cases in RPN mode, the number itself is unchanged and
continues to be the current number. As it has not changed, the value in the LastX register also remains unchanged.
Practice Example: Calculating Using RCL Arithmetic in RPN mode
Example 2: If the Earth-Moon system is called a twin system, the mass of the Moon should be fairly similar to the mass
of the Earth. How do they compare?
Solution:
The mass of the Earth is still in the current register. Recall the mass of the Moon from register M and divide
it into the current register. Press these keys.
36*
The result of the division is now in the current register.
Figure 6
Answer:
The ratio of the masses of the Earth and the Moon is about 1:81. The Moons mass is only about 1.2% that
of the Earths, not really a twin. Nevertheless, the two are much closer in mass than any other major planetsatellite system. For example the mass of Ganymede is 0.0078% of the mass of Jupiter, and the mass of
Deimos is 0.0000017% of the mass of Mars. Only Charon and Pluto are closer, with Charon having about
15% of the mass of Pluto and not all planetary scientists are willing to consider Pluto to be a planet.
In RPN mode, when 3 is pressed, followed by an arithmetic operation and a letter, then the number in the chosen
register is recalled and added to, subtracted from, multiplied by, or divided into, the current register. As opposed to STO
arithmetic, RCL arithmetic changes the current number and leaves the stored number unchanged. Because the current
number is changed, its previous value is stored in the LastX register for re-use in RPN mode.
Storage Arithmetic in a Program
As these examples show, STO and RCL arithmetic make some calculations easier to carry out. It is generally quicker to
use a STO or RCL arithmetic operation rather than to RCL a number, calculate with it, and then STO the result. Quite
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Each STO or RCL instruction takes one less step in a program than STO or RCL followed by a separate
arithmetic command. Saving a step in a program makes it shorter, faster and easier to read.
(2)
STO arithmetic does not use the RPN stack and does not change the LastX register. This means that
programs can be written to work in the same way as built-in HP 35s functions, to replace the original
number with a calculated result, keep a copy of the original number in LastX, and leave the rest of the stack
unchanged. Such programs can then be used like built-in functions, and can be called from other
programs.
This training aid has shown how STO and RCL arithmetic can be useful in keyboard calculations and in programming.
With experience, users can find many occasions where storage arithmetic on the HP 35s is a real help in their work.
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HP 35S Using the built-in constants
The built-in constants
The HP 35s includes 41 physics constants built into the !" menu. These constants remove the need to keep a
table of frequently used constants handy or to look them up in a reference manual. These constants can be used when
doing calculations in run mode, within a program, or within an equation. The 41 constants included are:
Bohr magneton
Nuclear magneton
Proton magnetic moment
Electron magnetic moment
Neutron magnetic moment
Muon magnetic moment
Classical electron radius
Characteristic impendence of vacuum
Compton wavelength
Neutron Compton wavelength
Proton Compton wavelength
Fine structure constant
StefanBoltzmann constant
Celsius temperature
Standard atmosphere
Proton gyromagnetic ratio
First radiation constant
Second radiation constant
Conductance quantum
The base number e of natural logarithm
In algebraic mode, the constants are shown as the corresponding symbol. In RPN mode, when doing calculations
manually, the constants are shown as their numeric values. In either mode, the constants are shown as their
corresponding symbol when in equation mode or within a program.
The HP 35s displays between 4 to 6 constants on the screen, depending on which page of the constant menu is being
viewed. The first two pages are shown in example 1 below. To move from one page to the next, you can press # to
move down a page or $ to move up a page. To move across a page, press % to move right and & to move left.
Once you are on the page, you can select a constant by pressing the numeric key indicating its position on the page,
with 1 selecting the first constant shown, 2 the second, etc.
Practice using the built-in constants
Example 1: What is the ratio of a protons mass to an electrons mass?
Solution:
These constants are on the second displayed page of constants. The first page looks like this:
Figure 1
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HP 35S Using the built-in constants
The second page looks like this. To move from one page to the next, you can press # to move down a
page or $ to move up a page.
Figure 2
Figure 3
The display is now showing the two mass values. Press ( to compute the ratio.
Figure 4
Figure 5
Answer:
Example 2: A space probe is traveling at 50,000 miles per hour. How many times faster would it have to travel to reach
10% of the speed of light?
Solution:
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HP 35S Using the built-in constants
Now convert the space probes speed to miles per second.
4,****(-*(-*
Now compute the number of times faster the probe would have to travel to reach 10% of the speed of light
by pressing:
'
Figure 6
Answer:
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The space probe would have to travel over two million times faster than its present speed to reach 10% of
the speed of light. Figure 6 shows the result in algebraic mode.
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Be sure to clear the statistics / summation memories before starting the problem.
%)*+
+
The keystrokes are the same whether in RPN or algebraic mode:
+
+
+
,-.///!,.0///!1/01//!+
1102//!1/34//!1/,.0/!+
1/////!,.-///!,-1,//!+
1//*//!
To find the average, press: #$. Figure 1 displays the menu shown.
Figure 1
To find the sample standard deviation, press: %&. Figure 2 displays the menu shown. +
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Figure 2
To find the value two standard deviations above and below the average, press the following:
In RPN mode:
%&"15""#$"67%879
In algebraic mode:
%&"516#$"" (computes the above value)
#$"915%&"" (computes the below value)
Figure 3
Answer:
The average sales price is $200,355 and the sample standard deviation is $11,189. Within two
standard deviations on either side of this average, in this case between $177,977 and $222,733, 95%
of all home sales prices should fall. If a home were to sell for $240,000 in this area, it would be an
unusual event. Figure 3 indicates the display in RPN mode.
Example 2: The table below indicates the high and low temperatures for a winter week in Fairbanks, Alaska.
What are the average high and low temperatures for this week?
High
Low
Solution:
Sun
6
-22
Mon
11
-17
Tues
14
-15
Wed
12
-9
Thurs Fri
5
-2
-24 -29
Sat
-9
-35
Be sure to clear the statistics / summation memories before starting the problem.
%)*+
In either RPN or algebraic mode:
11:"3!,4:",,!,0:",*!
-:",1!1*:"0!1-:"1:!+
20:"-:!+
To find the average high temperature, press: #$. Figure 4 displays the menu shown.
Figure 4
To find the average low temperature, press: (. Figure 5 displays the menu shown.
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Figure 5
Answer:
The average high temperature that week was 5.29 degrees and the average low temperature was
21.57 degrees.
Example 3: John has bought gas on his driving trip at four gasoline stations as follows: 15 gallons at $1.56 per gallon,
7 gallons at $1.64 per gallon, 10 gallons at $1.70 per gallon and 17 gallons at $1.58 per gallon. What is the
average price of the gasoline purchased?
Solution:
The HP 35s has a weighted average mean calculation built-in that will solve this problem easily. Be sure
to clear the statistics / summation memories before starting the problem.
%)*+
In RPN or algebraic mode:
,0",;03!4",;3*!,/",;4!
,4",;0.!+
+
+
To find the weighted average price of gasoline purchased, press: #$((. Figure 6 displays
the menu shown.
Figure 6
Answer:
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The average price per gallon John has paid on his trip is slightly less than $1.61.
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Rearranging items
Practice solving problems involving factorials,
permutations, and combinations
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Figure 1
Answer:
Example 2: How many different hands of 5 cards could be dealt from a standard deck of 52 cards? Assume the
order of the cards in the hand does not matter.
Solution:
Since the order of the cards in the hand does not matter, the problem is solved as a Combination.
In RPN mode: *+(*&'
In algebraic mode: &'*+,*(
Figure 2
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2,598,960 different hands. Figure 2 shows the display assuming algebraic mode.
Example 3: John has had a difficult week at work and is standing in front of the doughnut display at the local
grocery store. He is trying to determine the number of ways he can fill his bag with his 5 doughnuts
from the 20 varieties in the display case. He considers the order in which the doughnuts are placed into
the bag to be unimportant. How many different ways can he put them in his bag?
Solution:
Since the order in which the doughnuts are placed in the bag does not matter, the problem is solved
as a combination.
In RPN mode: +-(*&'
In algebraic mode: &'+-,*(
Figure 3
Answer:
15,504 different ways. Figure 3 shows the display assuming RPN mode.
Example 4: John has had a difficult week at work and is standing in front of the doughnut display at the local
grocery store. He is trying to determine the number of ways he can fill his bag with his 5 doughnuts
from the 20 varieties in the display case. He considers the order in which the doughnuts are placed into
the bag to be quite important. How many different ways can he put them in his bag?
Solution:
Since the order in which the doughnuts are placed in the bag matters, the problem is solved
as a permutation.
In RPN mode: +-(*!$
In algebraic mode: !$+-,*(
Figure 4
Answer:
1,860,480 different ways. John may be in front of the display case for some time. Figure 4 shows the
display assuming algebraic mode.
Example 5: If you flip a coin 10 times, what is the probability that it comes up tails exactly 4 times?
Solution:
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This is an example of the binomial probability distribution. The formula to find the answer is given by:
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Figure 5
where P(X) is the probability of having X successes observed, nCx is the combination of n items
taken x at a time, and p is the probability of a success on each trial.
1
In RPN mode:
1
.-()&'-/*()0%1
.(-/*2.-()20%
Figure 6
Answer:
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If you flip a coin 10 times, there is a 20.51% chance of seeing heads 4 times. Figure 6 indicates the
display if solved in algebraic mode.
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Z$
X #"
Figure 1
where X is the observation, " is the mean and ! is the standard deviation. Z is often called a Z-score.
Entering the normal distribution program
Solving problems involving the normal distribution requires the entry of the program below into the HP 35s calculator.
This program can be found in chapter 16 of the HP 35s RPN/ALG Scientific Calculator Owners Manual.
Given a value x, this program calculates the probability that a random selection from the sample data will have a higher
value. This is known as the upper tail area, Q(x). This program also provides the inverse: given a value Q(x), the
program calculates the corresponding value x. This program uses the builtin integration feature of the HP 35s to
integrate the equation of the normal frequency curve. The inverse is obtained using Newton's method to iteratively
search for a value of x which yields the given probability Q(x). The program as listed will work in RPN mode only and that
mode is assumed throughout this training aid.
After each label's section in the program listing below, the checksum and length are displayed in parentheses to the right
of the page. These should match what you see on your HP 35s if you have entered the program correctly. To see each
checksum once you have completely entered the program below, while still in program mode, press !"#$
%!&. Pressing ' will scroll down through each label in the program showing its length. To see each
checksum, press!& when each label is displayed. For example, in the listing below, the (70BF 26) indicates a
checksum of 70BF and a length of 26 bytes.
In RPN mode, press the following keys to prepare for entry of the program (WARNING: Doing this will erase all of
program memory):
()(*+,%$
Once this is done, key in the following program:
(-./(01!213(0.!2.!4
(70BF 26)
(-5!2678%(08!98:5%
(042A 18)
(-;!28<1(06
(A970 12)
(-=78%<>8<6(05?7@%<A=$
A(0B6(C/D///3!E+:=%<6$
!96:;%$
$
(EDF4 57)$
(-8<1<6!F@!G5H!IJK<J.(0=$
AL/DMB!4
(8387 52)
(-@<5<>1<A.(NHAL(O!4$
(B3EB 31)
Press () to exit program mode. You are now ready to work the following examples.
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With the input value given as a Z-score, we're dealing with the standardized normal distribution having a
mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. Press 9! to enter RPN mode.
In RPN mode: 7."$
Figure 2
Since we are dealing with a standardized normal distribution, the mean should stay equal to 0.
$
In RPN mode: P$
Figure 3
Since we are dealing with a standardized normal distribution, the standard deviation is equal to 1.
$
In RPN mode: P$
Now, calculate Q(x) for an x value of 1 by pressing:
In RPN mode: 75"$
Figure 4
Figure 5
Answer:
The upper tail probability for the standardized normal distribution with a value of x equal to +1 is 0.1587.
This means that only 15.87% of all values would be larger than a Z-score of +1.
Example 2: Find Q(x) for a Z value of -1. Make sure the HP 35s is in RPN mode.
Solution:
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With the input value given as a Z-score, we're dealing with the standardized normal distribution having a
mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. Press 9! to enter RPN mode.
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7."$
Figure 6
Since we are dealing with a standardized normal distribution, the mean should stay equal to 0.
$
In RPN mode: P$
Figure 7
Since we are dealing with a standardized normal distribution, the standard deviation is 1.
$
In RPN mode: P$
Now, calculate Q(x) for an x value of 1 by pressing:
In RPN mode: 75" (Note: If example 2 is done right after example 1, then figure 4 will show
a prompt of 1 rather than the zero shown)$
Figure 8
Figure 9
Answer:
The upper tail probability for the standardized normal distribution with a value of x equal to -1 is 0.8413.
This means that 84.13% of all values would be larger than a Z-score of 1. Conversely, 15.87% of all
values would be smaller than a Z-score of 1.
Example 3: The average number of claims processed per hour by an insurance adjuster is 15 with a standard deviation
of 4 and follows the normal distribution. If an adjuster processes 20 claims per hour, what percentage of
adjusters is this person performing faster than?
Solution:
This is a normal distribution problem where the input is not standardized. Press 9! to enter RPN
mode. Then execute label S and enter the mean and standard deviation.
In RPN mode: 7."3MPQP$
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Figure 10
Answer:
The upper tail probability with a value of x equal to 20 is 0.1056. This means that 10.56% of all insurance
adjusters would be performing faster than the individual under consideration. The person being considered
is nearly in the top 10%.
Example 4: Find x given a Q(x) of 0.65. Assume a standardized normal distribution. Make sure the HP 35s is in RPN
mode.
Solution:
With the input value given as a Q(x) probability, we'll need to execute label I which will determine the
appropriate value for x. Since this is a standardized normal distribution, execute label S first and enter
values of 0 for the mean and 1 for the standard deviation. Press 9! to enter RPN mode.
In RPN mode: 7."/P3P$
Now execute label I and enter the value for Q(x). Note that the previous value computed for Q(x) is
displayed at the prompt.
$
In RPN mode: 7;"/DRMP$
Figure 11
Answer:
The value of x for which the upper tail probability is equal to 0.65 is 0.3853. Since the normal distribution
is symmetrical around the mean, 50% of the area / probability will be above the mean and 50% will be
below the mean. In this example, since we were looking for a value of x for which upper tail probability
would be 65%, the value of x would be have to be less than 0.
Example 5: The average number of claims processed per hour by an insurance adjuster is 15 with a standard deviation
of 4 and follows the normal distribution. Within what range, evenly distributed on either side of the average,
would you expect to find 50% of the adjusters performing?
Solution:
With the input value given as a Q(x) probability, we'll need to execute label I which will determine the
appropriate value for x. Since this is a not a standardized normal distribution, execute label S first and enter
values of 15 for the mean and 4 for the standard deviation. Press 9! to enter RPN mode.
In RPN mode: 7."3MPQP$
Now execute label I and enter the value for Q(x). Note that the previous value computed for Q(x) is
displayed at the prompt.
$
In RPN mode: 7;"$
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Figure 14
Figure 15
Answer:
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The middle 50% of the adjusters would average processing between 12.3020 and 17.6980 claims per hour.
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Linear Regression
Practice solving linear regression problems
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Be sure to clear the statistics / summation memories before starting the problem.
'()*
In RPN or algebraic mode:
)"+!,"-!."/!*
To view the linear regression results, press #$. Figure 1 displays the menu shown.*
Figure 1
Figure 2
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Figure 3
Answer:
The slope of the line is 1 and the y-intercept is 3. The linear regression equation is Y = 1 X + 3.
Example 2: What is the slope and y-intercept of the line that best fits the points (2,5), (4,10), (6,20), and (9,25)?
What is the correlation? Is the linear regression line a good fit to the data points?
Solution:
Be sure to clear the statistics / summation memories before starting the problem.
'()*
In RPN or algebraic mode:
,"-!+0")!-0".!-,"1!*
*
To view the linear regression results, press #$. Figure 4 displays the menu shown.
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Answer:
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The slope of the line is 2.991 and the y-intercept is 0.701. The linear regression equation is
Y = 2.991 X 0.701. The correlation value of 0.9783 indicates a very good fit of the linear regression line
to the data points. It is a "good fit".
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HP 33S Working with Fractions
Simple Examples Using Fractions
The HP 35s allows the user to enter numbers as fractions of the form a b/c, to view results as fractions, and to control
the way fractions are displayed. The symbol a b/c is written below the decimal point on the keyboard as a reminder that
this key is used for most operations with fractions. Four simple examples will show the basics.
Example 1: Add 1 to 2 !
Solution:
Figure 1
Now press then press the ! key, then type the number 2 ! in the same way. Finally add the two.
The keystrokes for the whole calculation are as below.
"#$#%!&#'#()*
Figure 2
In algebraic mode, enter the numbers in the same way, but press the plus key between the two numbers.
"#$#%)&#'#(!*
Figure 3
Answer:
The result is 4 " and is displayed as a decimal number; the HP 35s recognizes numbers that are entered
as fractions, but displays numbers as decimals unless told to display them as fractions.
Both in RPN mode and in algebraic mode, press +, for fractional display of numbers.
+,*
Figure 4
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HP 33S Working with Fractions
Answer:
The result, 4 " is now displayed as a fraction; the display of Figure 3 will change to that in Figure 4. ,
is on the front of the decimal point key, which is also used for entering fractions.
The - key allows the user to select the largest value allowable for the /c part of a fraction a b/c. If the
number 4 is stored in - then only fractions with 2, 3 or 4 on the lower part (the denominator) will be
displayed.
In RPN mode, type 4 and then press .- to see the previous result displayed as a fraction using only
halves, thirds, or quarters.
%.-*
Figure 5
If the fraction " must be approximated as the nearest fraction with 2, 3 or 4 in the denominator, then the
closest value is 1/3. A small up-arrow symbol is shown at the right of the display, informing the user that the
real answer is slightly larger than the answer displayed. The number 4 1/3 is 4.33333333333 to the
accuracy of the HP 35s, but the true number is 4 3/8, or 4.375 exactly. To show the exact value,
./ must be pressed. Like ,, - is above the decimal point key, which is also used for
entering fractions.
As the example above showed, the value is not altered when the fraction display is changed. , is a
display mode, much like FIX or ENG, which also change the way a number is displayed, but not its true
value. To change the true value to be as close as possible to that displayed, the RND (number round)
command must be used.
Type +0 to round the result to the decimal representation of the fraction being displayed. Do not
confuse 0 with the 1 (random number) command.
+0*
Figure 6
Answer:
Pressing ./ shows that the decimal value has been rounded to 4.33333333333, which is the
closest possible value to 4 1/3.
The small arrow now points down, to show that the exact decimal value is smaller than the fraction
displayed. This is because 4.33333333333 is just smaller than 4 1/3.
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HP 33S Working with Fractions
To restore - to its largest possible value, press 2.-. The largest possible value is 4095.
To stop showing numbers as fractions, press +, a second time.
Fractions in Programs and Equations
When an equation is typed in, numbers cannot be typed as fractions. Instead, they should be typed using the division
symbol. For example, 1 1/3 can be typed as (1 + 1 ! 3). Better still is to type it as 4 ! 3.
Example 6: Enter the equation D + 1 1/3
Solution:
Figure 7
Answer:
Note: the command , cannot be stored in a program. Instead of this, flag 7 should be set to display fractions, and
cleared to return to normal display of numbers. See below for information about flags.
Exact Control of Fraction Display
Example 4 showed that - can be used to control how fractions are displayed, through control of the denominator.
Normally, in , mode, fractions are displayed to be as close as possible to the true value. The only limitation is that
the denominator c can be no larger than 4095.
If a number smaller than 4095 is stored in - then the largest possible value of c is that number, but any possible
value of c can be used.
If flag 8 is set, then the numerator must be exactly c, but the fraction can be simplified. If flag 8 is set and flag 9 is set
too, then the numerator must be exactly c, and there is no simplification.
Example 7: Display the fraction 179/3000 using the different flag settings combined with -.
Solution:
This example will be shown in RPN mode. The same steps work in algebraic mode, but that +7 is
needed after each step when a flag is changed, as in example 3 above. First enter the fraction, and make
sure - is set to 4095, which is its usual value.
2#"89#$222!2.-*
Figure 8
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HP 33S Working with Fractions
179/3000 is displayed.
Now store 99 in -. This means that all fractions must be displayed with only one or two digits in the
denominator.
99.-
Figure 9
The fraction is displayed with only two digits in the denominator, and it is rounded to the nearest possible
fraction to 179/3000.
Now display the number with 99 as the denominator. To do this, set flag 8. First, select the flag menu:
.:
Figure 10
This brings up the flags menu. Press " to select the SF (Set Flag) command. Then press ( to select
flag 8.
"(
Figure 11
The result is now shown as 6/99 but this has been simplified to 2/33.
To display the fraction with the denominator exactly equal to 99, and no simplification, set flag 9 as well.
.:"9
Figure 12
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HP 33S Working with Fractions
With flags 8 and 9 set, fractions will always be displayed as multiples of the denominator in -. This can
be very useful in some cases. For example, if a design is being drawn with a ruler marked in 1/16 of an
inch, it is helpful to put 16 in -, then set flags 8 and 9, and see the results of all calculations as multiples
of one-sixteenth.
Finally, to return to the normal display, store 0 in -, and clear flags 8 and 9. Clear flag 7 as well, to see
that clearing flag 7 does the same as pressing , to cancel fraction display mode.
2.-.:&8.:&(.:&9
Figure 13
Answer:
When all the fraction settings are reset to normal, and flag 7 is cleared to cancel fraction display, the
fraction 179/3000 is displayed as the decimal number 0.060 to three decimal places.
Note: for more information about flags, see the training aid on flags.
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Complex numbers
Practice working problems involving complex numbers
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Figure 1
In algebraic mode, the HP 35s has three complex number modes available. The first two modes are the same as for
RPN and are described in the preceding paragraph. The third mode which is only available in algebraic is the x+yi mode.
It is selected using the !8 menu choice 11, as shown in figure 2. To choose option 11 if you have already
pressed !8, press the decimal point followed by a one.
Figure 2
Note that changing the display mode changes any previously entered complex numbers to the new format. This means
that to convert from polar to rectangular coordinates, for example, all that is needed is to change how a polar form
complex number is displayed.
The HP 35s provides a new level of ease of use when dealing with complex numbers.
Practice working problems involving complex numbers
Example 1: Compute (2+3i) * [(7-6i) + (4+5i)]. Use the XiY display mode.
Solution:
Press !8!
In RPN mode, perform the addition of the two complex numbers and then the multiplication:
"6#$%&6'()6*+
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Figure 3
Figure 4
Answer:
25 + 31i. Figure 3 shows the display in RPN mode. Figure 4 shows the display in algebraic mode.
In RPN mode:
9) (Sets Radians mode)
)6*",6&$#()6)-$(
In algebraic mode:
9) (Sets Radians mode)
")6*%(#,6&$%-$)6)%
Figure 5
Answer:
The approximate answer is 20.83 + 25.51i. Figure 5 shows the display in algebraic mode.
In RPN mode:
*6)%&6&$.
In algebraic mode:
*6).&6&$%
Figure 6
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The answer is 0.125 + 0.625i. Figure 6 shows the answer in RPN mode
Example 4: For the complex number 5+6i, find the magnitude of the vector represented.
Solution:
Figure 7
Figure 8
Answer:
The answer of 7.8102 is shown in the display. Figure 7 shows the answer in RPN mode. Note that if the
magnitude is needed separated from the number shown, the () function will provide it (this is
shown in Figure 8). If the angle is desired separated from the number shown, the *= function will
provide it.
Example 5: The voltage in a circuit is 45 + 5j volts and the impedance is 3 + 4j ohms. Find the total current.
Solution:
Figure 9
Answer:
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The answer is 6.2 6.6i. This is equivalent to 6.2 - 6.6j amps. Figure 9 shows the answer in RPN mode.
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Complex numbers
Practice working problems involving complex numbers
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Figure 1
In algebraic mode, the HP 35s has three complex number modes available. The first two modes are the same as for
RPN and are described in the preceding paragraph. The third mode which is only available in algebraic is the x+yi mode.
It is selected using the !8 menu choice 11, as shown in figure 2. To choose option 11 if you have already
pressed !8, press the decimal point followed by a one.
Figure 2
Note that changing the display mode changes any previously entered complex numbers to the new format. This means
that to convert from polar to rectangular coordinates, for example, all that is needed is to change how a polar form
complex number is displayed.
The HP 35s provides a new level of ease of use when dealing with complex numbers.
Practice working problems involving complex numbers
Example 1: Compute (2+3i) * [(7-6i) + (4+5i)]. Use the x+yi display mode in algebraic mode
Solution:
Put the HP 35s into algebraic by pressing 9!. Then press !8""
4#$%6#&44'$()6#$4*$+6,
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Figure 3
Answer:
Example 2: Extract the X and Y coordinates of the complex number 5!30. Use degrees mode.
Solution:
Changing the display mode to !8$ will convert the complex number to an X and Y form.
However, to extract the X and Y values, it is necessary to leave the display in polar form using the
%& function to extract the magnitude and the '= function to extract the angle. Once
extracted, the X and Y coordinates can be computed for further use as follows:
X = r COS !
Y = r SIN !
In either RPN or algebraic mode:
9" (Sets degrees mode)
!8"(
)-?%(,
In algebraic mode:
%&%*#&+'=%*,
Figure 4
)-?%(,%&%*#&,'=%*,
Figure 5
In RPN mode:
%&%*'=+&
Figure 6
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Figure 7
Answer:
The X coordinate is approximately 4.33 and the Y coordinate is 2.5. Figures 4 and 5 show the display in
algebraic mode. Figures 6 and 7 show the display in RPN mode.
Example 3: Use the HP 35s to verify the triangle inequality for two complex numbers, which states that if z and w are
any two complex numbers, then |z + w| " |z| + |w|.
Use the complex numbers z = 3 + 1i and w = -1+2i
Solution:
Figure 8
The magnitude of the resulting complex number will be approximately 3.6. It is computed by pressing:
%&
Figure 9
Figure 10
Answer:
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The results verify the triangle inequality. The individual magnitudes of the two complex numbers added
together is larger than the magnitude of the result from adding the complex numbers together.
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Figure 1
Press &, ' or ( to select DEGrees, RADians or GRADians mode, or use the arrow keys ), *,
+ and , to select the required mode and then press -. For example, to select RAD, press '.%
Answer:
The selected trigonometric mode is displayed at the top of the screen if it is RAD or GRAD. If no angle
mode is shown, then the mode is degrees. The 9 command works the same way in algebraic and in
RPN modes.
There are 360 degrees, or 2 ! radians in a circle. Gradians mode divides each quarter of a circle into 100
parts, in a sort of decimal system, making 400 gradians in a circle.
It is very easy to forget that one angle mode is set but angles are being entered in a different mode. Making
it a habit to check the angle mode is a good policy. The commands DEG, RAD and GRAD can be entered
into programs, and it is worth using them to be sure that a program will work as required.
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Figure 3
Answer:
The sine of !/2 radians is calculated as exactly 1. Answers will not always be exact as in this case. The
HP 35s works with 12 decimal digits, so trigonometric calculations can be expected to be accurate to 12
decimal places. For example the sine of ! radians is calculated as 2!10-13, displayed as 2E-13, which is
correctly equal to zero to 12 decimal places.
Example 3: Show that the rule sin(x) + cos(x) = 1 applies correctly when x is 45.
Solution:
%
%
12"34**512!34-%
Figure 4
The same can be done in RPN mode. First, calculate the sine and cosine of 45. Then add:
%
34-"126!125%
Figure 5
Answer:
Both the algebraic and the RPN calculations confirm that the rule sin(x) + cos(x) = 1 applies correctly
when x is 45.
Example 4: A ladder is leaning against a vertical wall. The ladder is 6 meters long and the foot of the ladder is 3 meters
from the base of the wall. What is the angle between the top of the ladder and the wall?
Solution:
In RPN mode, divide the side opposite the angle by the long side and get the arc sine:
(-7018
In algebraic mode, 18(07-
Figure 6
Answer:
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In RPN mode:
%&!'
Figure 1
In algebraic mode:
&!%('
'
Figure 2
Answer:
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)*$
In algebraic mode:
*$)('
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Figure 3
Answer:
To solve this example, we'll apply one of the properties of logarithms which states that the logarithm of an
base taken to a power is equal to the power multiplied by the log of the base. This involves taking the
logarithm of both sides of the equation. The original equation would then look like this:
X LOG(2) = LOG(8)
Figure 4
X!
LOG(8)
LOG (2)
Figure 5
In RPN mode:
+&!%&!,'
In algebraic mode:
&!+-,&!%('
'
'
Figure 6
Answer:
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The value of X is 3. Figure 6 shows the result in algebraic mode. Note that the same answer will be found
using natural logarithms or common logarithms.
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Figure 1
Figure 2
Assume that Z is 3. The position on the unit hyperbola X2 Y2 = 1 is defined by the point (COSH(Z),SINH(Z)), where
COSH is the hyperbolic cosine and SINH is the hyperbolic sine. The value for the SINH(3) is equal to 10.0179 and the
value of COSH(3) is 10.0677. When 10.0677 x 10.0677 10.0179 x 10.0179 is evaluated, the value is 1, so the point
falls on the unit hyperbola. The hyperbolic tangent is defined as the hyperbolic sine divided by the hyperbolic cosine.
Hyperbolic functions have applications in many areas of engineering. For example, the shape formed by a wire freely
hanging between two points ( known as a catenary curve) is described by the hyperbolic cosine (COSH). Hyperbolic
functions are also used in electrical engineering applications.
On the HP 35s, hyperbolic functions are access by pressing the !" keys and then the appropriate trigonometric
key or inverse trigonometric key.
Practice using hyperbolic trigonometric functions
Example 1: Find the Hyperbolic Sine of 2.
Solution:
Figure 3
Answer:
Example 2: A tram carries tourists between two peaks that are the same height and 437 meters apart. Before the tram
latches onto the cable, the angle from the horizontal to the cable at its point of attachment is 63 degrees.
How long does it take the tram to travel from one peak to the other, if the tram moves at 135 meters per
minute?
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%
%
Figure 4
%
Figure 5
Answer:
The travel time between the peaks is just under four and one half minutes. Figure 4 shows the display
in RPN mode, while Figure 5 shows the display in algebraic mode.
Example 3: A cable is strung between two poles that are 40 feet apart, with the cable attached to each pole at a
height of 30.436 feet above the level ground. At the midpoint between the poles, the cable is 18.63
feet above the level ground. What is the length of the cable required between the two poles?
%
Solution:
The length of the cable is described by the formula below, where a is the lowest height of the cable and
D is the distance between the two poles:
L = 2 a SINH ( (D/2) / a )
Figure 6
Figure 7
Answer:
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Roots of an equation
Using the SOLVE function
Practice solving problems involving roots
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We're looking for values of X such that X2 4 = 0. First, we'll enter a program that computes the value of
the function. If a program already exists in program memory with the name of X, then it will need to be
cleared. This can be done by pressing "%&' to have the HP 35s display the list of
programs in the calculator and then press ( to step through the program labels. When the label of the
program to be deleted is shown in the display, pressing )*will delete that program from the
calculator's memory. Pressing + will then clear the display and allow you to proceed.
In RPN or algebraic mode: ),)-$./$0123'4
4
"54
Figure 1
To show the checksum and length of this program, press the following in RPN or algebraic mode. Note that
the symbol &4means to press the right arrow cursor key.
4
4
Figure 2
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Figure 3
Since you feel this equation has a negative root as well, store a new guess for X of -10 into the variable X.
There is no need to set the function to X (since it has already been done). Solve for the value of X.
In RPN or algebraic mode: 78:)9$)!$4
Figure 4
Answer:
4
4
We're looking for values of X such that X2 7X + 12 = 0. First, we'll enter a program that computes the
value of the function. If a program already exists in program memory with the name of X, then it will need to
be cleared. This can be done by pressing "%&' to have the HP 35s display the list of
programs in the calculator and then press ( to step through the program labels. When the label of the
program to be deleted is shown in the display, pressing )*will delete that program from the
calculator's memory. Pressing + will then clear the display and allow you to proceed.
In RPN or algebraic mode: ),)-$.4
4
/$012;</$=71'4
4
"54
Figure 5
To show the checksum and length of this program, press the following in RPN or algebraic mode. Note that
the symbol &4means to press the right arrow direction cursor key.
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Figure 6
If the checksum of the program just entered does not equal 1086, then you have not entered it correctly.
To clear the checksum display press:
In RPN or algebraic mode: ),
Then, to exit the program environment, press:
In RPN or algebraic mode: ),
Store an initial guess for X of 10 into the variable X. Then set the function to X and solve for the value of X.
In RPN or algebraic mode: 78)9$"#$)!$4
Figure 7
Since you feel this equation might have a root larger than this, store a new guess for X of 100 into the
variable X. There is no need to set the function to X (since it has already been done). Then solve for the
value of X.
In RPN or algebraic mode: 788)9$)!$4
Figure 8
The same root is returned. This is a good indication (but certainly not foolproof) that there are no roots
larger than +4 for this equation.
To see if there is a root less than +4 for this equation, store a new guess for X of 10 into the variable X.
Then solve for the value of X.
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Figure 9
Answer:
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Roots found for the equation are +3 and +4. Note that the HP 35s owners manual provides much more
information about providing initial guesses for the SOLVE feature.
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Figure 1
'
The keystrokes to do this are the same for both RPN and algebraic modes. First, make sure the
HP 35s is in DEC mode to enter the base 10 number.
$%&'
()))$%*'
Figure 2
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Example 2: Add 7F6 base 16 to 1011001 base 2 and display the result in base 10.
Solution:
First, make sure the calculator is in HEX mode to enter the base 16 number.
$%+
In RPN mode (note that " enters the hexadecimal digit F)
'
'
'
'
,"-$%-'
$%('
&)&&))&$%.'
$%&'
/
In algebraic mode:
'
'
'
'
,#0-$%-'
$%('
/'
&)&&))&$%.'
$%&
Figure 3
Figure 4
Answer:
2127 base 10. Figure 3 shows the result in RPN mode. Figure 4 shows the result in algebraic mode. Note
how entering the calculation as shown in algebraic mode makes use of the LASTx register.
Example 3: Multiply FFF base 16 by 777 base 8 and display the result as a real number.
Solution:
First, make sure the calculator is in HEX mode to enter the base 16 number.
$%+
In RPN mode:
'
'
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"""$%-$%*'
,,,$%,$%&1
In algebraic mode:
#0#0#0$%-$%*1'
,,,$%,$%&'
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Figure 5
Answer:
Example 4: Subtract 42 base 8 from 101111 base 2 and then display the two's complement of the result in base 2.
Solution:
First, make sure the calculator is in BIN mode to enter the base 2 number.
$%(
In RPN mode:
'
&)&&&&$%.$%*'
(+$%,$%(23
In algebraic mode:
'
&)&&&&$%.$%*2'
(+$%,$%(243'
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Answer:
Figure 9
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Figure 1
Figure 2
The AND function compares two binary numbers at the bit-by-bit level and creates a new binary number with a 1 for
each bit position that contains a 1 in both numbers in the same position.
The XOR function (which stands for exclusive OR), does the same thing as the OR function, but only for positions where
the original numbers contained a 1 and/or 0, but not where both contain a 1.
The OR function compares two binary numbers at the bit-by-bit level and creates a new binary number with a 1 for each
bit position if either original number contains a 1 at the same bit position.
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Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Answer:
-4568 base 10. Figure 4 shows the result in RPN mode while figure 5 shows the result in algebraic mode.
Example 2: Perform an OR on these two binary numbers: #70114 o and #57610 o. Make sure the calculator is in
OCTAL mode to enter the base 8 numbers.
Solution:
%!(
In RPN mode, press:
#
#
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')""$%!'&%'&")%!'$>(#
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$>(#
')""$%!''%'&")%!'&#
Figure 6
Figure 7
Answer:
77714 base 8. Figure 6 shows the result in RPN mode. Figure 7 shows the result in algebraic mode.
Example 3: Perform an NOR on these two binary numbers: #1011 b and #1001 b. Make sure the calculator is in
BINARY mode to enter the base 2 numbers. Do not forget to append the b suffix to the binary numbers.
Solution:
%!$
In RPN mode, press:
#
#
")""%!*&"))"%!*$>&#
In algebraic mode, press:
$>&#
")""%!*'"))"%!*&#
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Answer:
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Figures 8, 9, and 10 show the result in algebraic mode. This display indicates an arrow pointing to the right
which indicates that the answer scrolls off the screen in that direction. Press %' to view the rest of the
result. The leading 1s in the answer are due to the 36 bit word length on the HP 35s. Since both binary
numbers would have had all leading bits equal to zero, the NOR function returns a 1 for each of those zero
bits. The last four bits reflect the NOR of the entered digits. Only the second entered bit was a zero in both
numbers and NOR returns a 1 for that bit location.
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What is a solution?
Practice Example: Finding roots of polynomials
Practice Example: Finding the root of a log equation
Practice Example: Where there is no solution
What the solver can and can not find
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The HP 35s manual gives a program for finding the roots of polynomials up to the fifth order, but it is often
simpler to use the formula solver. The following steps show how this can be done.
Before a solution is looked for, it is useful to store a guess in the variable to be used. In this case, the
variable will be X, and to store a zero in it, the following leys are pressed:
!"#$
When "# is pressed, the symbol A..Z is shown at the top of the screen as a signal that one of the
keys marked A through Z at their bottom right must be pressed. To enter the variable X press the % key,
which has a small X at its lower right to show that it is also the $ key.
Next, the equation must be entered. This is done in the HP 35s Equation mode. Go to equation mode by
typing &. Equation mode stores a list of equations and a new equation can be typed anywhere in this
list. If necessary it is possible to put the new equation in a particular place by moving up or down through
the list with the up and down cursor keys.
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Figure 1
The symbol A..Z is at the top of the screen yet again. The variable in this formula is X so press the % key
again to fill in X.
Figure 2
The word SOLVING is shown while a solution is looked for. If the search lasts more than a short time, the
busy indicator 5 is shown as well. When a solution is found, it is displayed. It is also stored in the variable.
Figure 3
Answer:
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Figure 4
To solve the equation, press "4, then press % again to show that the formula is to be solved for
X.
Figure 5
Answer:
X = -11 is a second solution of the equation. There is a third solution, or root, which can be found if a
suitable guess is tried.
Enter the equation as before. Go to equation mode by typing &. Type the new equation immediately
below the previous one, or move up or down through the list with the up and down cursor keys below the
screen to place the new equation somewhere else in the list.
Enter the equation by typing:
.,"6'$78%.,09'$701))3
This time, x has been typed by use of the "6 key. Note that the function name is shown as SQ in
equation mode:
Figure 6
To solve the equation, press the 4 key. Then press $ to show that this is the variable for which a
solution is desired. A different variable name could have been used, but the same variable can be used in
different equations.
The word SOLVING is shown as before. This time an error message follows. Although the solver knows
which equation is being solved, it has started the search from the previous value stored in X, and that was
11, or one of the other negative roots of the polynomial in examples 1 and 2.
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Figure 7
This shows that it can be very important to begin with a good guess. Obviously, only positive numbers
should be used in the search for a solution this time. To make sure that only positive numbers are used in
the search, two guesses can be given. One is the number in the variable being solved for. The other is the
number displayed in the lower line of the screen. These can be the same, in which case the HP 35s
generates its own second guess. In this example, try using 1 and 10 as the guesses: Press the cancel key
: key at the bottom left of the keyboard twice, to cancel the error message, and to leave equation mode.
Then enter the two guesses, and solve again.
::%"#$0;&"4$
Figure 8
Answer:
Unlike the results of examples 1 and 2, the answer is not a whole number. To 12 significant figures it is
3.16227766017. The true answer is !10, which is an irrational number and can not be displayed exactly on
a calculator.
The Solver provides additional information about the solution it has found. If the example was tried in RPN
mode, press the back-arrow key < to remove the text X= from the upper line. (Figure 9 shows the
display in the ALL setting).
Figure 9
In RPN mode the lower line is stack register X and shows the best value that the solver could find. The
upper line, stack register Y, shows the previous value tried. If two are the same then this is an exact
solution. Register Z shows the value of the formula using the best answer. Press = to see the value in
register Z.
Figure 10
The number in Z is now on the upper line. It is zero, which means that 3.16227766017 is an exact solution
to the 12 digit precision of the HP 35s.
The Solver works in the same way in Algebraic mode, but to see the previous value tried and the best
answer, press the = key to see a menu.
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Figure 11
The number in x is the best answer, the number in y, shown in Figure 11, is the previous value, and the
number in z is the value of the formula. Use the left and right arrow keys to see each of these numbers,
and press 3 to copy the number shown into a calculation.
If the numbers in stack registers X and Y differ by 1 in the last digit then there is no solution exactly correct
to 12 digits, and the two values are on either side of the exact answer. This is confirmed if the value in
stack register Z is very small. Press : to cancel the menu.
If an error condition has occurred, such as the log of a negative number, and the Solver has not yet
calculated f(x) at two values of x, then the three values will not have been put on the stack or in the menu.
Practice Example: Where there is no solution
Example 4: Sometimes a formula or equation has no exact or approximate solution. For example a = -4 clearly has
two complex roots a = (0,2) and (0,-2), but no real root that the solver can find. Try solving this to see how
the formula solver handles such cases.
The formula solver always begins by moving everything from the right of the equals sign to the left side, so
the above equation would become a + 4 = 0. Then it looks for a value of the variable to make the left hand
side equal to zero. If the formula to be solved already has zero to the right of the equals sign, then there is
no need to include = 0, only the formula to be solved needs to be typed.
Solution:
Figure 12
To solve the formula, press "4 and >. > is on the ? key.
The word SOLVING is shown as before. There is no root, so the search can take some time. To interrupt
a long-lasting search, press the cancel key :. If the search is not interrupted, it will finally display:
Figure 13
Answer:
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Figure 1
On the HP 35s, f(x) can be typed as a formula, in equation mode, or it can be typed as a program. When the Solver is
used to find a root of a formula or equation typed in equation mode, it is referred to as the Formula Solver.
Part 1 of this training aid provided an introduction to the Formula Solver, using a few simple examples. This second part
explains how the Solver works, and shows some more examples.
The Formula Solver works with f(x) as a formula containing x, for example
3x - 3x - 15 or 5sin(x) 7log(x)
If the Formula Solver is given an equation with terms on both sides of the equals sign, such as:
3x + 4x = 7x +15
then it begins by moving everything to one side of the equals sign, so the above equation would become the formula:
f(x) = 3x - 3x - 15 = 0
The Formula Solver ignores the = 0 part, as it is trying to find a value for x to make the formula zero. So there is no need
to type an equation with = 0 in it; it is enough to type the formula.
The variable x in the above is called the unknown variable. It can be represented by any of the HP 35s variables A
through Z. A formula can contain more than one variable, the Solver will ask which is the unknown variable and will then
ask for the known values of all the other variables.
The Formula Solver then tries to rearrange the equation f(x) = 0 to give a direct solution for x. An example will be
shown later.
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The equation for a cylinders volume V, given its radius r, and height h, is V = ! r h. Enter this as the
formula ! r h V in equation mode and then use the Solver.
Go to equation mode by typing !. If necessary, put the new equation in a particular place in the list of
equations by moving up or down through the list with the up and down cursor keys below the HP 35s
screen.
Enter the formula by typing:
"#$%&'($%)*%+,
As was explained in part 1, to enter a variable into an equation, press the % key and then one of the
letter keys. As with -., the symbol A..Z at the top of the screen is shown as a reminder that one of
the keys marked A through Z must be pressed. For example press the / key to enter the variable V.
Figure 2
To solve the equation, press the -0 key. The Solver asks which variable to solve for:
Figure 3
The symbol A..Z is at the top of the screen again. The variable in this formula is V so press / again. The
Solver now knows that V is the unknown variable and it asks for the values of the known variables.
Figure 4
The value that is already stored in R is shown too. If this is the required value then it is enough to press
1. If the variable R has not been used before, then its value is zero. In this example, type the radius 2
and press 1.
Figure 5
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Figure 6
The volume is over 125 cubic centimeters, considerably more than the intended 100. Repeat the
calculation, but this time use the known volume of 100, and solve for the radius. Solve the equation again
by pressing !-0. The Solver asks for the unknown variable, press &. The Solver then asks
for the known variables, first H.
Figure 7
The present value of H is the value previously given. As this is to remain the same, just press 1 again.
The Solver now asks for the other variable, V.
Figure 8
The present value of V is shown; this is the volume just calculated. As the volume should be 100, type 100
and press 1. The Solver calculates and displays the radius needed to give the required volume.
Figure 9
Answer:
Store 5 in Z. Then store LN(z) as the formula to solve. This means that a solution is wanted for the
equation LN(z) = 0.
/2-.3!-4%3,
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Figure 10
To solve the equation, press -03. The Solver immediately displays the answer:
Figure 11
Answer:
Z = 1 is the solution to LN(z) = 0. This is obvious, the point of this example is that the answer was found
immediately, and the negative guess was not tried. If the negative guess had been tried, it would have
caused a LOG(NEG) error, as in Example 3 of part 1. The Formula Solver recognized that Z appears only
once in the formula, and that LN(Z) = 0 can therefore be rewritten as Z = exp(0) to solve for Z directly. Such
direct solutions can speed up the use of Solver, specially when a complicated formula with several
variables is being solved several times for different variables.
Note: Where more than one solution is possible, for example ASIN(Y)=0, the direct solution is the principal value. For
example, for ASIN(Y)=0, this is 0 degrees, not 180 degrees, or 180 degrees, or any other possible value. In the same
way, an equation such as X=4 is solved directly and returns the positive root 2. To find other roots, it is necessary to
write the expression in such a way that the Solver does not find a direct solution. An easy way to achieve this is to add
0! the unknown variable into an expression, for example ASIN(Y) + 0!Y = 0 or X + 0!X = 0. This is because the Solver
stops looking for a direct solution as soon as it sees the unknown variable more than once in an expression.
Practice Example: Where two functions intersect
The Formula Solver can also be used to solve problems of the form:
g(x) = h(x)
This requires a value of x at which one function g(x) is equal to another function h(x). In other words, the problem is to
find x at which these functions intersect.
The equation can be rewritten as:
f(x) = g(x) - h(x) = 0
Solving the formula g(x) h(x) will give the value of x at which the two functions cross over.
Example 3: The factory from Example 1 is interested in designing spherical containers with the same volume and the
same radius as their tin cans. This means that they want to find a radius r such that:
V = ! r h = 4/3 ! r
Solution:
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Modify the formula from Example 1 to find r such that ! r h 4/3 ! r is zero.
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Figure 12
Press 8 to delete the V. Then type the formula for the volume of a sphere.
9:;$"#$%&';,
Press the right-arrow < key a few times to see the last part of the changed formula. It should look as in
Figure 13.
Figure 13
To solve the equation, press the 0 key. The Solver asks which variable to solve for: The unknown
variable is R so press &. The Solver now asks for the value of the known variable H.
Figure 14
This value is to stay unchanged, so press 1. The Solver looks for a solution.
Figure 15
Answer:
If both the radius of the sphere and that of the base of the cylindrical can are 7.5 then the sphere and the
can will have the same volume.
The Solver can be used for many kinds of problems, further information is given in the HP 35s manual, and a detailed
description of the Solver is provided in Appendix D of the manual.
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Numeric integration
Using the integration function
Practice solving numeric integration problems
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If the equation that defines the integrand's function isn't stored in the equation list, key it in and leave
Equation mode. The equation usually contains just an expression.
Step 2:
Step 3:
Display the equation: Press ! and, if necessary, scroll through the equation list (press the % or
& cursor keys) to display the desired equation.
Step 4:
Select the variable of integration: Press !" and then press the appropriate key on the HP 35s to
indicate the proper variable. This starts the calculation.
Note that using the integration function uses much more of the calculator's memory than any other operation and,
although highly unlikely, if a MEMORY FULL message is shown, refer to appendix B in the HP 35s manual for more
information on what steps to take.
You can halt a running integration calculation by pressing ' or (. However, no information about the integration is
available until the calculation finishes normally.
The display format setting chosen through the !) menu affects the level of accuracy assumed for your function
and used for the result. The integration is more precise but takes much longer in the ALL setting (!)*) and in
the FIX (!)+), SCI (!),), and ENG (!)-) modes with more digits displayed. The
uncertainty of the result ends up in the Yregister, pushing the limits of integration up into the T and Zregisters.
This training aid cannot begin to illustrate the wide range of applications available using the built-in numeric integration
function, but it can illustrate some of the more common uses. For additional information, see chapters 8 and 15 of the HP
35s Users Guide.
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Figure 1
To show the checksum and length of this equation, press the following in RPN or algebraic mode
1
1
Figure 2
If the checksum of the equation just entered does not equal B3AA, then you have not entered it correctly.
To exit equation mode, press:
In RPN or algebraic mode:1!1
Now enter the lower and upper limits of the integration.
1
1
1
In RPN mode:
+#+3!1
In algebraic mode:
+$+3!1
Figure 3
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In RPN mode:
'1
In algebraic mode:
41
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Figure 4
Answer:
The area under the 1/X curve from 1 to 10 is approximately 2.3026. Figure 4 shows the uncertainty of the
result assuming algebraic mode. In RPN mode, the uncertainty is shown in the second level of the stack.
Example 2: Integrate the function Sin2(X) from 0 to !. Use FIX 4 as the display setting. Make sure the HP 35s is in
radians mode.
Solution:
1
1
1
!)+*9,1
!5/0"6,#1
Note: It is possible to write the equation using the 7 function, but the equation displayed using the 6
function is may be clearer to read. The display should look similar to the one shown in Figure 5. 1
Figure 5
To show the checksum and length of this equation, press the following in RPN or algebraic mode. Note that
the symbol 81means to press the right arrow cursor key.
1
1
Figure 6
If the checksum of the equation just entered does not equal C615, then you have not entered it correctly.
To exit equation mode, press:
In RPN or algebraic mode:1!1
Now enter the lower and upper limits of the integration.
1
1
1
In RPN mode:
3#9:!1
In algebraic mode:
3$9:!1
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Figure 7
In RPN mode:
'1
In algebraic mode:
41
Figure 8
Answer:
The area under Sin2(X) from 0 to ! is approximately 1.5708. The uncertainty of the result is 0.0002, as
shown in the Y level of the stack, in Figure 8 (assuming RPN mode).
Example 3: Integrate the function shown below from 0 to 2!. Use FIX 4 as the display setting. Make sure the HP 35s
is in radians mode.
1
1 - COS(X) "0.25
Solution:
1
1
1
1
1
Figure 9
9)+*9,1
!+;1
4+<=/0">3?,@1
#1
The display should look similar to the one shown in Figure 10. 1
Figure 10
To show the checksum and length of this equation, press the following in RPN or algebraic mode. Note that
the symbol 81means to press the right arrow cursor key.
1
1
Figure 11
If the checksum of the equation just entered does not equal BB03, then you have not entered it correctly.
To exit equation mode, press:
In RPN or algebraic mode:1!1
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In RPN mode:
3#9:,A!1
In algebraic mode:
,A9:#$3$!1
Figure 12
In RPN mode:
'1
In algebraic mode:
41
Figure 13
Answer:
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The area under the function from 0 to 2! is approximately 8.3776. The uncertainty in the result is 0.0008.
Figure 13 assumes algebraic mode. In RPN mode, the uncertainty is shown in the second level of the
stack.
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Figure 1
Press &, ' or ( to select DEGrees, RADians or GRADians mode, or use the arrow keys ), *,
+ and , to select the required mode and then press -. For example, to select RAD, press '.%
Answer:
The selected trigonometric mode is displayed at the top of the screen if it is RAD or GRAD. If no angle
mode is shown, then it is degrees. The 9 command works the same way in algebraic and in RPN
modes.
There are 360 degrees, or 2 ! radians in a circle. Gradians mode divides each quarter of a circle into 100
parts, in a sort of decimal system, making 400 gradians in a circle.
Note: It is very easy to forget that one angle mode is set but angles are being entered in a different mode.
It is a good policy to make it a habit to check the angle mode before every calculation. The commands
DEG, RAD and GRAD can be entered into programs, and it is worth using them to ensure that a program
will work as required.
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Figure 2
Answer:
Example 3: Show that the rule sin(x) + cos(x) = 1 applies correctly when x is 30.
Solution:
%
%
12"(3**412!(3-%
Figure 3
In RPN mode:
%
(3"12(3!124%
Figure 4
Answer:
Both the algebraic and the RPN calculations confirm that the rule sin(x) + cos(x) = 1 applies correctly
when x is 30.
Example 4: A designer wants to use triangular tiles with sides 3 inches, 5 inches and 7 inches long, to put a mosaic on
a floor. What is the angle opposite the 7 inch side? Will it be possible to lay three tiles next to each other
with this angle pointing inwards?
Solution:
Use the cosine rule to calculate the angle. The cosine rule states that for any triangle with sides a, b and c,
and angle A facing side a:
Figure 5
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Figure 6
184125*412(*7126**0'050(-%
Figure 7
Answer:
The angle opposite the 7 inch side is 120 degrees. This means that three tiles will fit together exactly with
this angle pointing inwards, as they would make up 360 degrees.
Example 5: A ladder is leaning against a vertical wall. The ladder is 6 meters long and the foot of the ladder is 3 meters
from the base of the wall. What is the angle between the top of the ladder and the wall?
Solution:
In RPN mode, divide the side opposite the angle by the long side and get the arc sine:
(-901:
In algebraic mode, press:
1:(09-.%
Figure 8
Answer:
Example 6: A vector has components 5 in the X direction and 8 in the Y direction. In what direction does it point?
Solution:
It would be possible to divide 5 by 8 and calculate the arc tangent, giving approximately 32 degrees, but
this would not specify the quadrant in which the vector lies. Fortunately, the 35s complex display modes
provide a way to view the complete arc tangent function that recognizes in which quadrant an angle lies.
The solution is the same in either RPN or algebraic mode.
First, set the display mode to r"a.
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Figure 9
Answer:
The vector direction is very nearly 148 degrees as indicated by the value shown after the ".
Example 7: A program is being written to automate calculations with vectors. The program needs to know whether the
Y component of directions in calculations such as the above is in the +Y or the Y direction. How can the
direction be obtained?
Solution:
The SIGN function (the first choice in the .=menu) gives the sign of a number, +1 or 1. Thus it is
enough to obtain the sign of the angle calculated in the previous example and to check whether it is +1 or
1.
In RPN mode follow the above calculation with:
.=.=In algebraic mode follow the above calculation with:
.=-.=1>-
Figure 10
Answer:
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The sign is 1, so the vector direction is down, not up. Note that the- following .=%will
choose the first option in the displayed menu.
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Figure 1
The equation at the bottom of the display is the one that will be solved when "#$is pressed.
These equations store the values from the linear system into the lettered variables/registers beginning with A. 2x2
systems require a total of 6 coefficients to be entered. In this example system,
3 X + Y = 10
X2Y=8
the coefficient 3 (from the 3 X term) would be stored into A, the 1 (from the implied 1 in front of the Y term) would be
stored into B, the constant 10 would be stored into C, the 1 (from the implied 1 in front of the X in the second linear
equation) would be stored into D, the -2 into E, and the 8 into F.
A 3x3 system would use a total of 12 lettered variables/registers, A through L.
Practice solving linear systems
Example 1: Solve the 2x2 linear system:
3 X + Y = 10
X2Y=8
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In either RPN or algebraic mode, make sure the "2*2 lin. solve equation is shown at the bottom of the
equation screen and press "# equation is. The display should appear like the one below before
beginning the solution by pressing "#.$
Figure 2
Figure 3
The HP 35s prompts you to enter the value of the first coefficient. It displays the current contents of the A
register in case you wish to use it again. If you have previously stored a value into A, it may not show
0.0000 as depicted above.
In RPN or algebraic mode:$%&$
$
Figure 4
The HP 35s now prompts for the second coefficient which it will store in B.
In RPN or algebraic mode:$'&$
Continue to enter the remaining coefficients as below.
$
$
$
Figure 5
Figure 6
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.
Solution:
Figure 7
Figure 8
As in the previous example, key in each coefficient and press &. The keystrokes are the same in RPN
or algebraic mode.
-&$ $
.&$ $
'&$ $
(&$ $
%&$ $
)&$ $
'*&$$
/&$ $
'*&$$
'')&$
%&$ $
')/&$
After entering the last coefficient, the HP 35s displays the solution found beginning with X, as shown below.
To view the solution for Y and Z, press the down cursor key, ,.
$
Figure 9
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Figure 10
Figure 11
To view the solutions as fractions, when X, Y, and Z are displayed, press "0$and the results are
shown as:
$
Figure 12
Figure 13
Figure 14
Answer:
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Polynomials
Roots of a polynomial
Using the SOLVE function
Practice solving for roots of polynomials
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First, rearrange the equation so that the variable Y is isolated. This is necessary to use the SOLVE function
as we are doing in this training aid. The rearranged equation is Y = 4X2 2X 12. This is a polynomial.
We're looking for values of X such that 4X2 2X 12 = 0. First, we'll enter a program that computes the
value of the function. If a program already exists in program memory with the name of X, then it will need to
be cleared. This can be done by pressing "%&' to have the HP 35s display the list of
programs in the calculator and then press ( to step through the program labels. When the label of the
program to be deleted is shown in the display, pressing )*will delete that program from the
calculator's memory. Pressing + will then clear the display and allow you to proceed.
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Figure 1
To show the checksum and length of this program, press the following in RPN or algebraic mode. Note that
the symbol &/means to press the right arrow direction of the cursor key.
/
/
Figure 2
If the checksum of the program just entered does not equal 8BFA, then you have not entered it correctly.
To clear the checksum display press:
In RPN or algebraic mode: ),
Then, to exit the program environment, press:
In RPN or algebraic mode: ),
Store an initial guess for X of 10 into the variable X. Then set the function to X and solve for the value of X.
In RPN or algebraic mode: 69):$"#$)!$/
Figure 3
Since you feel this equation might have a root larger than this, store a new guess for X of 100 into the
variable X. There is no need to set the function to X (since it has already been done). Then solve for the
value of X.
In RPN or algebraic mode: 699):$)!$/
Figure 4
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Figure 5
Answer:
Roots found for the equation are 1.5 and +2. Note that the HP 35s owners manual provides much more
information about providing initial guesses for the SOLVE feature.
Example 2: Solve for the roots of f(x) = (1/5) x^3 + (4/5) x^2 (7/5) x - 2
Solution:
We're looking for values of X such that (1/5) x^3 + (4/5) x^2 (7/5) x 2 = 0. We expect three roots.
First, we'll enter a program that computes the value of the function. If a program already exists in program
memory with the name of X, then it will need to be cleared. This can be done by pressing
"%&' to have the HP 35s display the list of programs in the calculator and then press (
to step through the program labels. When the label of the program to be deleted is shown in the display,
pressing )*will delete that program from the calculator's memory. Pressing + will then clear the
display and allow you to proceed.
In RPN or algebraic mode: ),)-$./
/
/
/
6<=12$3>?0<=12$345@<=12$54/
'"7/
Figure 6
To show the checksum and length of this program, press the following in RPN or algebraic mode. Note that
the symbol &/means to press the right arrow direction of the cursor key.
/
/
Figure 7
If the checksum of the program just entered does not equal 01CE, then you have not entered it correctly.
To clear the checksum display press: ),
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Figure 8
Since you feel this equation might have a root larger than this, store a new guess for X of 100 into the
variable X. There is no need to set the function to X (since it has already been done). Then solve for the
value of X.
In RPN or algebraic mode: 699):$)!$/
Figure 9
The same root is returned. This is a good indication (but certainly not foolproof) that there are no roots
larger than +2 for this equation.
To see what the values of roots less than +2 for this equation might be, store a new guess for X of 10 into
the variable X. Then solve for the value of X.
In RPN or algebraic mode: 4;):$)!$/
Figure 10
Figure 11
Answer:
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Roots found for the polynomial are 2, -1, and -5. Note that the HP 35s owners manual provides much more
information about providing initial guesses for the SOLVE feature.
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Figure 1
Answer:
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*
The common logarithm of 2 is very nearly 0.3010.
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The volume is obtained by integrating the cross-section along the length, so it is given by the integral:
Figure 2
It is possible to evaluate this integral using the HP 35s integration function, but it is much quicker to note
that the indefinite integral of 1/x is LN x. The result is therefore
V = A (LN2 LN1)
Since LN 1 is 0, this simplifies to
V=A LN2
In RPN mode type )$%. In algebraic mode type $%)+.*
No one is likely to measure tree heights to an accuracy of more than three significant digits, so set the
HP 35s to display the answer with just 3 digits after the decimal point, by pressing !,-.
Figure 3
Answer:
Figure 3 shows that the log to base e of 2 is close to 0.693, so the volume is 0.693A cubic meters.
Example 3: What is the log to base 3 of 5? Confirm the result using the ( function.
Solution:
Using the equations given above, the log to base 3 of 5 can be calculated as (log10 5)/(log10 3).
In RPN mode, press:
/!".!"0*
!"/10!".+*
Figure 4
That this is correct can be confirmed if the following keys are pressed.
In RPN mode:*
.2(*
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Figure 5
Answer:
The log to base 3 of 5 is 1.465 within the current accuracy setting of the calculator, as shown by Figure 5.
Calculating 3 to this power gives 5.000 which confirms that the correct value for the log had been obtained.
Example 4: An activity of 200 is measured for a standard of Cr51 (with a half-life of 667.20 hours). How much time
will have passed when the activity measured in the sample is 170? The formula for half-life computations
is shown in Figure 7.
Figure 6
Solution:
Figure 7
Figure 8
Answer:
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Vectors
Practice solving problems involving vectors
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In RPN mode:
!3%"#&'!3("#%)
In algebraic mode:
!3%"#&+)!3("#%'*
Figure 1
Answer:
In RPN mode:
!3%"#&'(,
In algebraic mode:
!3%"#&+,('*
Figure 2
Answer:
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In RPN mode:
!3%"#&!$
In algebraic mode:
!$!3%"#&'*
Figure 3
Answer:
The magnitude is approximately 3.16, which is the length of the hypotenuse of the right triangle with sides
of length 1 and 3. Figure 3 shows the answer in RPN mode.
In RPN mode:
!3%"#&'!3&"#%,
In algebraic mode:
!3%"#&,!3&"#%'*
Figure 4
Answer:
The dot product is equal to 6. Figure 4 shows the answer in RPN mode.
Example 5: Construct a 3-D vector that contains the elements found in variables A, B, and C within a program.
Solution:
In either mode:
!-.!3/0"#/1"#/2'
Figure 5
Answer:
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Figure 5 shows the resulting program line. This line will properly create the vector for further use.
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!"#$%&
"#!'&$%(
Figure 1
Repeating the same 6 keys in RPN mode or 8 keys in algebraic mode for many circles is a lot of work. Here is how a
program would make it easier.
Example 1: Write a program in RPN mode to calculate the area of a circle, given its radius r.
Solution:
An RPN program and an algebraic program are shown below. The RPN program is shown first, called A
for Area.
In RPN mode, type the same keys for calculating the area as before, but mark the beginning of the
program with a label and the end of the program with a return.
First set program mode by typing ") and then go to the top of program memory (called PRGM
TOP, see Figure 2), ready to begin a new program, by typing *++. Now the program can be
typed:
",-"#$%&$.
The letter A is on the keyboard, below and to the right of the / key. Whenever , is typed, the
HP 35s uses the keys with the letters A Z marked next to them to enter those letters.
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Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Each line of the program begins with the letter of the label, and then has a four-digit line number. The rest
of the program line is a function or a program instruction. The program instructions are LBL A and RTN, the
functions are x , ! and !.
To use the program, it is necessary to move out of program mode, and to return to the beginning of the
program. Then a radius is typed and the / key is pressed. The HP 35s executes (or runs) the program.
To calculate the area of a circle with radius 5, make sure RPN mode is set, then press:
")$.0/
Figure 5
Answer:
The area of a circle with radius 5 cm is just over 78.54 square cm.
To calculate the area of another circle with a different radius, it is enough to type the new radius and press
/ again. The program works like a new function, executed by means of the / key instead of a key
with the name of one of the functions built into the HP 35s.
Example 2: Write a program in algebraic mode to calculate the area of a circle, given its radius r.
Solution:
In algebraic mode, the program looks very similar, but with the calculation keys typed in algebraic order.
The HP 35s does not allow more than one program to have the same label, so the algebraic program
below is given the label B.
Go to the beginning of program memory by typing *++ and set program mode by typing
"). Then type the algebraic mode program:
",192"#34(&%($.
To get 1 press the * key; it has a small B to its lower right. The program lines are as listed below.
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Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
The second line is an instruction to set algebraic mode, to make sure program B is not used accidentally in
RPN mode. If the user always works in algebraic mode, or always remembers to switch to the right mode
before using a program then this program line is not needed, but it is always safer to use it. A similar line,
setting RPN mode, could have been used in program A for the same reason.
Line B003 squares the value in the X register, referred to in the program as REGX. This value will be the
value keyed in before the program is run.
This program works just like the RPN version. To use it, first move out of program mode, and to go to the
beginning of the program. Then a radius is typed and the program is executed.
Therefore, to calculate the area of a circle with radius 5, press:
")$.0/
Figure 10
Answer:
As in RPN mode, the area of a circle with radius 5 cm is calculated at just over 78.54 square cm.
To calculate the area of another circle with a different radius, it is enough to type the new radius and press
/ again. Like the RPN program, this program works similarly to a new function, executed by means of
the / key instead of a key with the name of one of the functions built into the HP 35s.
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Figure 11
Each label can be used only one time, and the HP 35s treats the lines from one label until the next label as a separate
program. It is also possible to have a program with no label, from the PRGM TOP until the first label.
To list the programs in the HP 35s, press the keys $5 to get the Memory menu, and then 6 to get a display
of programs. If the algebraic version of the circle program has been entered then the calculator screen will look like
Figure 12. If only program A was typed, the screen will be as in Figure 13.
Figure 12
This means that the program with label B is the first program in memory, and that it is 25 bytes long. A byte is a piece of
calculator memory made up of 8 bits, and a bit is the smallest piece of memory, a single 0 or 1. The HP 35s has more
than 29,000 bytes of memory available to hold programs and equations entered by the user. Given this much memory, a
long program could have up to 999 program lines, and that is why program line numbers are 3 digits long. The up and
down arrows at the right of the screen mean that there are more programs in the calculator information about each
program in turn is displayed if the up or down arrow keys are pressed. If both the programs A and B have been entered,
press 7 to see information about program A.
Figure 13
Another tool to help in writing programs is the program checksum. To see the checksum for program A, press
$8. While the 8 key is held down, the calculator will show:
Figure 14
CK=DAF1means that the checksum for program A is the hexadecimal number DAF1. (The checksum for program B is
AD0A.) If the program was not typed correctly, then the checksum will be different. Press the key labeled 9 at the
bottom left of the keyboard to cancel the display of information about programs.
The checksum has several purposes:
"
If a program is correctly copied to the HP 35s from a web page or a book the HP 35s manual has many useful
example programs then the checksum on the HP 35s will be the same as the checksum given with the
program. If the checksum is not the same, a mistake was made and the program should be checked and
corrected before it is used.
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If a user creates a new program on an HP 35s and then writes it down for future use, it is worth keeping a note
of the checksum with the written program. That way, the program can be checked if it is typed into the HP 35s
again later.
"
If a user wants to offer a program to other users, the checksum should be given with the program, so the other
users can check if they have entered the program correctly into their HP 35s.
The checksum can be very helpful, but it does not have to be used for short programs such as the above it can be
enough to step through the program with the up and down arrow keys and correct any mistakes.
Mistakes can be either wrongly typed lines, or missing lines. To add a missing line, use the : and 7 keys until the
line before the missing line is at the bottom of the screen. Then type the missing line or lines. If a line is wrong, move it to
the lower line of the screen and use the ; key to delete one or more lines, then type the correct line or lines.
Even after all typing errors have been corrected, a program can still be wrong if it was designed wrongly. The HP 35s
manual provides advice on program testing and describes more programming tools.
To go to a line in a program, to see it or to change it, use the GTO command, followed by a dot and then the program
name and the line number. For example to go to line 5 of program A type *+-<<0.
The LBL and the RTN help to identify each program. If a program is executed by the user pressing / then the .
goes back to the top of program memory, where the program stops. If both program B and program A are in the HP 35s,
and program A is used, then the RTN at the end will go to label B at the top of program memory. Next time / is
pressed, program B will begin, not program A. This means that only the program at the top of program memory will work
like a function key when / is pressed. To execute program A if it is not at the top of memory, press =-(.
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Figure 1
In the past, using line number GTO and XEQ instructions in programs was difficult if changes were made to the program
after these instructions were entered, since the program steps would have changed but the transfer instructions would
still have pointed at the old line numbers, making the program work incorrectly.
The HP 35s removes this constraint. When a program containing line number GTO or XEQ instructions has a step added
or deleted, the HP 35s dynamically changes the lines referred to by these instructions to point at the correct location.
For example, if in the program shown in figure 1 above, another step were added before step B010 such as an ABS
instruction, steps B010 would become step B011 and step B011 would become step B012. More importantly, the HP 35s
would change the new step B012s GTO instruction to continue pointing at the same location within the program step
B019 in this instance. This is shown in figure 2 below.
Figure 2
This dynamic renumbering allows for the use of line numbers in GTO or XEQ instructions without the drawbacks earlier,
less-advanced calculators may have had.
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The HP 35s now offers the ability to take advantage of a large program memory capacity, limited only by a users
imagination.
Example 1: Rewrite the program from page 14-4 of the HP 35s Users Guide to use only one label. Use line numbers
for all transfer instructions.
Solution:
LBL S
INPUT A
INPUT B
INPUT C
INPUT D
RCL D
RCL C
S008
S009
S010
S011
S012
S013
S014
RCL B
RCL A
X2
XEQ Q001
XEQ Q001
XEQ Q001
SQRT
S015
Q001
Q002
Q003
Q004
Q005
RTN
LBL Q
X <> Y
X2
+
RTN
Steps S011 through S013 would need to be changed to point at the step after S015 RTN. Since we will be
removing the LBL Q instruction, steps previously labeled Q002 through Q005 will now be right after step
S015 RTN. They would now be labeled S016 through S019. The XEQ instructions found at steps S011
through S013 should now point to step S016. The revised program using only one label is shown below.
S001
S002
S003
S004
S005
S006
S007
LBL S
INPUT A
INPUT B
INPUT C
INPUT D
RCL D
RCL C
S008
S009
S010
S011
S012
S013
S014
RCL B
RCL A
X2
XEQ S016
XEQ S016
XEQ S016
SQRT
S015
S016
S017
S018
S019
RTN
X <> Y
X2
+
RTN
The program is not only one total line shorter but uses only one label. Consistent use of line number GTO
and XEQ instructions allows for better utilization of the 26 letter labels.
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&'()
Figure 1
*'+)
Figure 2
,-!4#
Figure 3
At this point, the HP 35s displays the four level stack with the cursor beneath the Y register. This register
contains the first calculation we did above (the 1 + 2). Pressing ) will copy a reference to this register
back to the calculation in progress as shown below. REGY stands for register Y.
Figure 4
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Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Answer:
The answer is 0.5. The larger point is the ability to reference up to four previous results when in algebraic
mode.
Example 2: In RPN mode within a program, fill the stack with 1, 2, 3, and 4. Then divide the 4 by (1+2x3), but do so
without losing any of the stack register contents.
Solution:
!/&))())*))+
Figure 8
(Note: the )key is pressed twice above in order to terminate digit entry upon the first press and then
to actually place an ) into the program when pressed the second time). At this point, the four level
stack is full of the four values. If you were to attempt to enter the 7 for the division, the 1 that was entered
first would disappear off the top of the stack. However, the following technique can be used to operate
upon a number located in the X register without losing any values from the stack.
The technique involves rolling the value in X down to the T register and then entering an equation that
operates upon the T register to perform the calculation. This can be quite an involved expression. The
result will be placed into the X register and the previous contents of Y, Z, and T are preserved.
#0
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Figure 9
Figure 10
11)
Figure 11
-4&'(2*
Figure 12
Figure 13
Answer:
The lines entered into this program would, when executed, take the value that was originally in X and divide
it by ( 1 + 2 x 3 ) without disturbing the stack. While this is actually a mixing of algebraic features within the
RPN mode, it provides HP 35s users with a tremendous ability to control the calculator.
.
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LBL A
RCL A
RCL B
+
A005
A006
A007
A008
A039 RCL T
A040 +
A041 RTN
RCL C
+
RCL D
+
On the other hand, a program using the indirect registers might have the numbers stored in indirect locations 1 through
20. The program to sum the 20 values might look like this one. This program only takes 10 lines of code and only 32
bytes of code. Sure, developing the second program might take a little more time than the first, but it comes at a great
reduction of program memory space used.
A001
A002
A003
A004
LBL A
20
STO I
RCL (I)
A005
A006
A007
A008
DSE I
RCL (I)
+
DSE I
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LBL Y
CF 0
CF 1
CF 2
CF 3
x=0?
GTO Y062
x < 0?
SF 0
ABS
RDN
IDIV(REGT-1,3)
STO I
RDN
LASTx
ABS
RDN
RMDR(REGT-1,3)
x=0?
SF 1
FS? 1
GTO Y030
RDN
REGT-1
x=0?
SF 2
FS? 2
GTO Y030
SF 3
Y030
Y031
Y032
Y033
Y034
Y035
Y036
Y037
Y038
Y039
Y040
Y041
Y042
Y043
Y044
Y045
Y046
Y047
Y048
Y049
Y050
Y051
Y052
Y053
Y054
Y055
Y056
Y057
Y058
RDN
FS? 1
[ 1, 0, 0 ]
FS? 2
[ 0, 1, 0 ]
FS? 3
[ 0, 0, 1 ]
RCLx (I)
FS? 0
GTO Y058
+/RDN
XEQ Y063
RCL+ (I)
RDN
ABS
CLx
LASTx
RDN
XEQ Y063
RDN
REGZ+REGT
STO(I)
RDN
LASTx
LASTx
CLX
+
CF 0
-3-
Y059
Y060
Y061
Y062
Y063
Y064
Y065
Y066
Y067
Y068
Y069
Y070
Y071
Y072
Y073
Y074
Y075
Y076
Y077
CF 1
CF 2
CF 3
RTN
FS? 1
REGTx[ 1,
FS? 2
REGTx[ 0,
FS? 3
REGTx[ 0,
RTN
STO I
[ 0, 0, 0
STO(I)
DSE I
GTO Y072
STO(I)
CLSTK
RTN
0, 0 ]
1, 0 ]
0, 1 ]
]
hp calculators
-*./)00123041
-*.4)00123041
-)001231
'57
'67
!73
-)016)0011
!73
-)0015!33*89*891:
-)0015!39*83*891:
-)0015!39*89*831:
!7;
Line by line analysis of the program. The description below explains what the program is doing in more detail. It may
be of interest to see how the program operates.
Lines
Lines Y002 through Y005:
Lines Y006 andY007:
What they do
Reset flags.
Exits the program if an attempt is made to store into logical register zero, which is not
supported. Lines Y008 and Y009 set flag zero if the logical register location is input as a
negative, indicating a recall register input. Lines Y010 through Y013 store the indirect
register number to be used into the I register.
Determines the position in the 3-D vector where the value to be stored/recalled is found.
Sets flag 1, 2, or 3, depending on the position within the 3-D vector for the value to be
stored/recalled.
Enters the appropriate identity vector.
Extracts the proper value from the identity vector
Exits the program if this is a recall entry.
Changes the sign of the extracted value and place it in stack register T.
Calls a subroutine that creates an identity vector with the value of 1 in the vector replaced
by the extracted value with its sign changed.
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Line Y051:
Line Y052:
Lines Y053 through Y057:
Lines Y058 through Y062:
Lines Y063 through Y069:
Lines Y070 through Y077:
Places in X the vector from the proper indirect register now with a zero in the location being
replaced.
These lines are stack manipulations to preserve the stack and store the previously
extracted value into LASTx.
Calls the subroutine that creates a vector with the proper position holding the value to be
stored with the other locations holding a zero.
Places this vector in T. At this point, register Z of the stack contains the original vector with
a zero in the position where the value is to be stored, and register T of the stack contains a
vector that has zeroes in the locations not being changed and the value being stored in the
proper location within the vector.
Adds these vectors in T and Z together and places the result in X.
Stores this new vector back into the proper indirect register.
Cleans up the stack so that the original value is in X, the original level Z is in Y, and the
original level T is in Z and T.
Cleans up the flags and exit the program.
These lines are the subroutine called at lines Y042 and Y049.
These lines are the initialization routine which stores vectors containing zeroes in the
proper indirect registers.
Usage Examples. This program can be used in manual run mode or from within a program. The table below shows
several examples of how it might be used. Since the program preserves the stack, usage does not require much special
consideration, other than LASTx, as noted above. Program usage is the same as run mode usage the routine is simply
called as a subroutine.
Usage Examples
1 ) Set aside 50 indirect registers.
50 divided by 3 is 17, rounded up to the next
highest integer.
2 ) Store the following numbers:
1.23456789 into logical register 10.
55 into logical register 7.
35.456565 into logical register 34.
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Keystrokes
17 <=9>9
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34 ?<=17?:
<=1@
7 ?<=13 534
?<=15 52
10 ?<=16
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Recalling the same number from indirect register 10 takes 7 key presses manually and only 6 key presses using this
program.
Manually
10!"$ '7
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Figure 1
Then the user must press $ to select the SF (Set Flag) operation.
Figure 2
Now the user needs to press $ again to make the SF operation act on flag 1.
Figure 3
Answer:
Flag 1 is now set, and a small number 1 is displayed at the top of the calculator screen. The small 1 looks
like an exclamation point and reminds the student that something important needs to be done. Alternatively
flag 2 could be used, as a reminder of Tuesdays assignment, as two sounds like Tue.
Example 2: Once Tuesdays assignment has been completed, the student no longer needs to display the 1.
Solution:
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Figure 4
This time the user must press % to select the CF (Clear Flag) operation.
Figure 5
The little 1 is still shown. Now the user needs to press $ to make the CF operation act on flag 1.
Figure 6
Answer:
Flag 1 is now clear, so the small number 1 is no longer at the top of the calculator screen.
Example 3: Use the Flag Set? command to confirm that flag 1 is now clear.
Solution:
Use the same steps, but this time choose the third command in the flags menu, to ask if flag 1 is set.
!"&$#
Figure 7
Answer: The display shows the message NO to tell the user that the answer to the question is Flag 1 Set? is No.
Note: If the flag is set, the message YES is shown. The messages YES and NO replace the normal display of numbers
on the HP 35s screen, and the message symbol ' is displayed. This does not mean that an error has been detected,
instead it warns the user that a message is being shown, and must be cleared before normal operation can continue. To
clear the message, press one of the two keys ( or ). ) is the Clear key, at the lower left of the keyboard; it is
also used as the * key.
The examples above show how flags can be set, cleared and tested by commands carried out on the keyboard. Flags
are also very useful in programs, as is described below.
General-purpose Flags and Special Flags
HP 35s users can set, clear, and test 12 different flags. When the HP 35s is turned on first, all these flags are clear.
Flags 0 through 4 are general-purpose flags, for use as signals and in programs. When one of these flags is set, its
number is shown at the top of the HP 35s screen. The 0 looks like a degree sign and 1 like an exclamation point.
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At the beginning of the program, the user puts SF 1 immediately after the first label.
+3+45!"$$
Figure 8
At the end of the first part of the program, the user clears flag 1 and sets flag 2.
!"%$!"$%#
Figure 9
At the end of the second part of the program, the user does the same, but clearing flag 2 and setting flag 3.
Finally at the end of the program, the user clears flag 3.
!"%&!6#
Figure 10
Answer:
When the program runs, with the above steps in it, it will display flag 1 in the first part, flag 2 in the second
part, and flag 3 in the third part. A long program will most likely have several labels in it, so the line
numbers at the end might have a different letter in them, not A.
Example 5: A program calculates a factorial and then uses it. To make sure the program warns the user if the factorial
of a number larger than 253 is calculated, and the result overflows, the program sets flag 5. How is this
done?
Solution:
SF 5 is put in the program, just after the first label or just before the factorial is calculated.
+3+47!"$8+9#
Figure 11
If an overflow occurs, the program will stop at line F003 and will show the message OVERFLOW.
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Example 6: A program that uses temperatures must work with degrees Fahrenheit or degrees Celsius. Use flag 0 to
make the program work with both temperature scales.
Solution:
The program is written so that it checks flag 0. If flag 0 is set, it converts from Fahrenheit to Celsius, if flag 0
is clear, it assumes the temperature is already in Celsius. In the program, these steps are typed:
!"&2+:#
Figure 12
If flag 0 is set at step D016, then the answer to the test is YES, and step D017 is carried out. If flag 0 is
clear then the answer to the test is NO and step D017 is skipped. The answer YES or NO is not displayed
when a program is running. Instead, the rule do the next step only if the answer is YES is followed.
To use the program, the user sets flag 0 if measurements are in degrees Fahrenheit. The little 0 is
displayed at the top of the screen, to remind the user that flag 0 is set and that measurements in degrees
Fahrenheit are expected. The zero looks like a degrees symbol, which is a useful reminder at times when
the user is working with temperatures. The user must clear flag 0 if measurements are in degrees Celsius,
and the zero will disappear.
Answer:
When the program is used with measurements in degrees Fahrenheit, the user must set flag 0. Step D017
of the program converts the measurement to degrees Celsius before the measurement is used. When the
program is used with measurements in degrees Celsius, the user must clear flag 0. At step D016 the flag is
not set, so step D017 is skipped, and the temperature is not converted to Celsius, as it already is in
Celsius.
These examples show just some of the ways in which flags can be used in programs. Some of the other
training aids show other uses of flags on the HP 35s.
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B011
B012
B013
B014
B015
C001
C002
C003
D001
D002
D003
D004
D005
Label Version
LBL A
STO A
LBL B
PSE
1
x=y?
RTN
x<>y
2
RMDR
x=0?
GTO D
RCL A
3
x
1
+
LBL C
STO A
GTO B
LBL D
RCL A
2
INT
GTO C
Converting on paper. Given the initial listing, the first suggestion is to make a note next to the first step following each
LBL instruction after the initial label that starts the routine. These would be the PSE after LBL B, the STO A after LBL C,
the RCL A after LBL D. Beside each of these steps, write B, C, and D. These will become the steps that line number
GTOs and XEQs will reference. In the listing below, these steps are BOLD.
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B011
B012
B013
B014
B015
C001
C002
C003
D001
D002
D003
D004
D005
Label Version
LBL A
STO A
LBL B
PSE
1
x=y?
RTN
x<>y
2
RMDR
x=0?
GTO D
RCL A
3
x
1
+
LBL C
STO A
GTO B
LBL D
RCL A
2
INT
GTO C
Now, write the program down again, but this time leave out all LBL instructions but put the LBL letter next
to the instruction that follows the now deleted label. Also leave in the GTO (or XEQ) instructions with the
labels originally referenced. This may make it easier to replace them with the proper line number addresses.
With
B
Line Numbers
LBL A
STO A
PSE
1
x=y?
RTN
X<>Y
2
RMDR
x=0?
GTO D
C
D
RCL A
3
X
1
+
STO A
GTO B
RCL A
2
INT
GTO C
Now begin numbering the lines starting with A001. When you get to a line with a letter next to it, find the
GTO or XEQ instruction with that same letter. Change that GTO or XEQ instruction to point to the line
number of the instruction that had the letter next to it. Line A003 is the first one encountered.
With
A001
A002
B
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Line Numbers
LBL A
STO A
PSE
1
x=y?
RTN
X<>Y
2
RMDR
x=0?
GTO D
C
D
-3-
RCL A
3
X
1
+
STO A
GTO A003
**Changed**
RCL A
2
INT
GTO C
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Line Numbers
LBL A
STO A
PSE
1
x=y?
RTN
X<>Y
2
RMDR
x=0?
GTO D
With
A001
A002
A003
A004
A005
A006
A007
A008
A009
A010
A011
Line Numbers
LBL A
STO A
PSE
1
x=y?
RTN
X<>Y
2
RMDR
x=0?
GTO A019
**Changed**
A012
A013
A014
A015
A016
A017
D
RCL A
3
X
1
+
STO A
GTO A003
RCL A
2
INT
GTO A017
**Changed**
A012
A013
A014
A015
A016
A017
A018
A019
RCL A
3
X
1
+
STO A
GTO A003
RCL A
2
INT
GTO A017
A012
A013
A014
A015
A016
A017
A018
A019
A020
A021
A022
RCL A
3
X
1
+
STO A
GTO A003
RCL A
2
INT
GTO A017
Line Numbers
LBL A
STO A
PSE
1
x=y?
RTN
X<>Y
2
RMDR
x=0?
GTO A019
Conclusion. While there are many ways of converting programs containing labels to use line numbers, this is one
example. Line number addressing provides many benefits on the HP 35s.
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General applications
Practice solving problems
- Application 1: Shape Factor
- Application 2: Fluid Flow
hp calculators
While the formula to solve this problem is not particularly complicated, it does involve a good amount of
repetitive calculation, making it a very good candidate for the Equation Mode on the HP 35s. In the formula
below, a is the radius of the first disk, b is the radius of the second disk, and L is the distance between the
disks.
F#
+
+
+
1
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
[
L
"
a
"
b
!
(
L
"
a
"
b
)
!
4
a
*
b
]
2
2a
!"#4$%&'()**%+
4&'(,*-&'()*-&'(.*/+
0&'&'(,*-&'()*-&'(.**+
/1%&'()*%&'(.2
Figure 1
+
Figure 2
+
With the equation showing on the bottom line of the screen, press 2
Figure 3
"345+
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Figure 4
$5
Figure 5
6345
Figure 6
Answer:
In RPN mode:
+ +
+
+
+
$34742672$#8%+
92$31:;%
Figure 7
+
+
Answer:
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Other applications
Practice solving problems
- Application 1: Aerodynamics
Example 1: Turn radius and Turn rate
- Application 2: Electrical Engineering
Example 1: Parallel Resistors
- Application 3: Civil Engineering
Example 1: Rainfall runoff
hp calculators
First, convert the speed to feet per second for unit consistency.
'
'
'
In RPN mode:
' '
'
' '
'
' '
'
!"#$"!%#&'
(#)(#)'
$''
'
'
'
'
*+,!-!$.#/&)
'
'
'
'
0,!-!$.#/&'
0)*1
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
*1,!-!&/.#)'
4!"#&"!%#
)(#)(#$
(Radius in feet)'
(Rate of turn in degrees
per second)'
Figure 1
Answer:
hp calculators
The turn radius is just under 4976 feet and the rate of turn is approximately 4.22 degrees per second.
Figure 1 (RPN mode) shows the radius on the second level of the stack and the rate on the bottom level.
-2-
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In RPN mode:
!##3"##34!!#343'
Figure 2
'
'
Answer:
In RPN mode:
' '
'
!-5$%##$'
#-!"$#-%*+&),67&'
Figure 3
'
'
Answer:
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Other applications
Practice solving problems
- Application 1: True Heading
- Application 2: Thrown object
- Application 3: Gas Pressure
hp calculators
In RPN mode:
* *
*
*
*
"#$%%$&%$"#'(!"#)*
+,-'*
Figure 1
*
Answer:
75.46 degrees.
In RPN mode:
&%$/010$0+'*
(Velocity at t = 2 seconds)
&%$0+#1%$*
/010+0,2'* *
*
(Height at t = 2 seconds)*
(Velocity at t = 2 seconds)
*
*
*
*
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&%+0'#1%+*
/010+,20$*
-2-
(Height at t = 2 seconds)*
hp calculators
Figure 2
Figure 3
*
*
Answer:
After 2 seconds, the object is at a height of 125.6 feet and traveling at a velocity of 30.6 feet per second.
In RPN mode:
!!##$0&"$/%3+0&"*
Figure 4
*
*
Answer:
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Z0 (
Z0 (
Coaxial line
Z0 (
' 2D $
LN%
"
!
& d #
Figure 1
' 4h $
LOG% "
!
& d #
Figure 2
'D$
LN% "
!
&d#
Figure 3
120
138
60
In the examples that follow, the HP 35s will be used to solve problems involving these equations. If
repetitive calculations with these equations is foreseen, they could be entered into the HP 35s as equations
and solved in that manner.
Example 1: Compute Z0 for RG-218/U coaxial cable with D = 0.68 inches, d = 0.195 inches, and ! = 2.3 (polyethylene).
Solution:
-
In RPN mode:
- -
!"#$%&'("%!)#"%*+,(./0
Figure 4
-
Answer:
49.42 ohms.
Example 2: Compute Z0 for an open 2-wire line with D = 6 inches, d = 0.0808 inches, and ! = 1 (air).
Solution:
Note that the division by the square root of 1 in the solutions below is unnecessary, but included for clarity.
In RPN mode:
- -
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*$"#*'(!#$0"%")")(./0
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Figure 5
Answer:
600.08 ohms.
Example 3: Compute Z0 for an air line consisting of a single 0.1285 inch wire six inches from a ground plane.
Solution:
In RPN mode:
- -
*&)#*'(2#!0"%*$),(340
Figure 6
Answer:
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313.44 ohms.
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Figure 1
The Mohr circle formulas are shown below, where s is the normal stress, " is the shear stress, sx is the
stress in the x direction for Mohr circle input, sy is the stress in the y direction for Mohr circle input, "xy is the
shear stress on the element for the Mohr circle input, s1 and s2 are the principal stresses, ! is the rotation
angle, and "max is the maximum shear stress. Note that ! is the angle of rotation from the specified axis to
the principal axis, and so should be thought of as a negative angle. This is opposite to the normal Mohr
circle convention.
2
) sx - sy &
$$ # " xy 2
* ''
( 2 %
" max
Principal stress
s1 *
Principal stress
s2 *
Rotation angle
sx # sy
2
sx # sy
2
# " max
Figure 3
+ " max
Figure 4
) 2" xy &
1
$
! * tan -1 ''
2
sx + sy $
(
Figure 2
Figure 5
Example:
If sx = 25,000 psi, sy = -5,000 psi, and !xy = 4,000 psi, compute the principal stresses, the angle of
rotation !, and the maximum shear stress.
Solution:
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In RPN mode:
+ +
+
!"###$"###%&!'()*###+
(),-(./+
Figure 6
!"###$"###%,!'1/,
Figure 7
!"###$"###%,!'1/&
Figure 8
In RPN mode:
+ +
+
!$*###2!"###$"###%+
&'(3!'
Figure 9
Answer:
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The principal stresses, s1 and s2, are 25,524 psi and -5,524 psi. The angle of rotation, !, is 7.4657 degrees.
The maximum shear stress is 15,524 psi.
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Applications in Medicine
Practice solving problems in medicine
- Application 1: Beers Law
- Application 2: Body Surface Area (BSA)
- Application 3: Schilling Test for
Vitamin B12 Absorption
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Figure 2
Figure 3
In these formulas, T is the percent transmittance, A is the absorbance (optical density) of the substance,
Au is the absorbance of the unknown, As is the absorbance of the standard, Cu is the concentration of the
unknown substance, and Cs is the concentration of the standard.
Example:
A standard solution with a solute concentration of 2 mg/ml is found to have an absorbance of 0.41 at 550
nm. An unknown from a patient is found to show 46% transmittance at the same wavelength. Convert this
percent transmission to absorbance. Also find the solute concentration in the unknown.
Solution:
Solve for the absorbance of the unknown. Note that T is entered as the percent multiplied by 100.
In RPN mode:
!"#$%&'
Figure 4
Then solve for the solute concentration of the unknown. Note that the absorbance of the unknown is
available in the calculators display to continue the calculation.
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)*#+,!-
Figure 5
Answer:
The absorbance of the unknown is 34% and the solute concentration of the unknown is 1.65 mg/ml.
Figures 4 and 5 indicate the display in RPN mode.
Figure 6
Boyds formula is shown below in Figure 7 and requires input of the height in centimeters and the weight in
grams.
Figure 7
Example 1: A patient is 176 centimeters tall and has a weight of 63.5 kilograms. What is the patients BSA using the
Dubios formula? What is the patients BSA using Boyds formula?
Solution:
Solve for the BSA using Dubios formula. Figure 8 shows the answer in algebraic mode.
(
(
In RPN mode:
( (
(
( (
(
(
(
+.$")*.!/0(
$1*/")*#!/0-(
)*)).+2#-
Figure 8
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In RPN mode:
( (
(
( (
(
(
(
)*.!2/")*)+22"(
$1/))%&345-'0(
+.$")*10-)*)))1!).-
Figure 9
Answer:
Dubois method estimates a BSA of 1.78 m2, while Boyds method estimates a BSA of 1.76m2.
Example 2: A patient is 176 centimeters tall and has a weight of 63.5 kilograms. What is the patients BSA using Boyds
formula? Solve the problem by entering Boyd's formula as an equation.
Solution:
To enter Boyds formula into the calculator as an equation, press the following keys on the HP 35s:
789%:8;04)*.!2/')*)+22-%&
8;66-8<0)*1-)*)))1!)."
Figure 10
%=
and hold down the =key. This will display the equations checksum and length. The values displayed
should be a checksum of 30D6 and a length of 42, as indicated in Figure 11.
Figure 11
Release the =key and the display will return to the one shown in Figure 10. Now press:(
(
>9
The HP 35s SOLVER displays the first variable encountered in the equation as it begins its solution, in this
case the variable W. The value of 0.0000 is displayed below if this is the first time the equation has been
solved on the HP 35s calculator. If any previous equations have used this variable, it will display the value
presently held in the variable. Enter the value of W.
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Figure 12
(
(
$1/))?
Figure 13
+.$?
Figure 14
Answer:
Boyds method estimates a BSA of 1.76m2. Additional problems can be solved using this equation, if
desired. Figure 14 displays the result.
Figure 15
where V is equal to 1 if the urine volume is less than or equal to 1 liter, or equal to the actual urine volume if
greater than one liter. If the urine volume is less than 1 liter, it is assumed to have been brought up to 1 liter
by the addition of water (and is indicated by DIL, the dilution of the standard). The background (BCPM),
standard (SCPM) and urine (UCPM) counts per minute should be of equal volumes counted over equal
time intervals (which need not be one minute). The patient being tested should not have received recent
prior radioactivity.
Example 1: A capsule of radioactive vitamin B12 is administered orally to a patient. Over the following 24 hours, a
volume of 2.54 liters of urine is collected. A 20 milliliter sample of the urine is counted for 10 minutes to give
1923 counts. A 1 milliliter of standard is diluted to 20 milliliters and counted for 10 minutes, giving 1757
counts. 20 milliliters of tap water is used for a background count and over a 10 minute time interval
produces 127 counts. Find the percent of the dose excreted.
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V is 2.54 liters, DIL is 20, the Urine CPM is 1923, the standard CPM is 1757, and the background CPM
is 127.
In RPN mode:
( (
(
(
(
!*/#"!),+@!1"+!.'(
+./."+!.',-+))-(
Figure 16
Answer:
The amount excreted is 13.99%. The amount absorbed is 86.01%. Figure 16 shows the answer in
algebraic mode.
Example 2: A capsule of radioactive vitamin B12 is administered orally to a patient. Over the following 24 hours, a
volume of 2.54 liters of urine is collected. A 20 milliliter sample of the urine is counted for 10 minutes to give
1923 counts. A 1 milliliter of standard is diluted to 20 milliliters and counted for 10 minutes, giving 1757
counts. 20 milliliters of tap water is used for a background count and over a 10 minute time interval
produces 127 counts. Find the percent of the dose excreted. Solve the problem by entering the formula as
an equation.
Solution:
V is 2.54 liters, DIL is 20, the Urine CPM is 1923, the standard CPM is 1757, and the background CPM
is 127.
To enter the formula into the calculator as an equation, press the following keys on the HP 35s:
78A%:8B,8B-448C'896,48D'
8966-+))"
Figure 17
%=
and hold down the =key. This will display the equations checksum and length. The values displayed
should be a checksum of BF1C and a length of 23, as indicated in Figure 18.
Figure 18
Release the =key and the display will return to the one shown in Figure 17. Now press:(
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3>A
The HP 35s SOLVER displays the first variable encountered in the equation as it begins its solution, in this
case the variable V. The value of 0.0000 is displayed below if this is the first time the equation has been
solved on the HP 35s calculator. If any previous equations have used this variable, it will display the value
presently held in the variable. Enter the value of V.
Figure 19
(
(
!*/#?
Figure 20
!)?
Figure 21
+@!1?(
Figure 22
Note that the value displayed for B results from the reuse of variable B from the earlier example in this
training aid.
In either RPN or algebraic mode, press:
+!.?
Figure 23
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+./.?
Figure 24
Answer:
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Random numbers
Simulation
Practice using random numbers for simulations
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When a coin is flipped, the probability of heads is 0.5 and of tails also 0.5. Let the decimal range of 0 <
random number < 0.5 equate to observing a "heads." The decimal range of 0.5 <= random number <1 will
equate to a tails. Store the initial seed and then generate the four random numbers.
In RPN mode: $%&'()*+!!
In algebraic mode: !!$%&'()*+,
In RPN mode, press "#. In algebraic mode: "#,
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
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Figure 4
Answer:
The first three random numbers are in the range 0.5 <= random number <1, and therefore equate to the
result "heads." The fourth random number is in the range 0 <= random number < 0.5, and is therefore a
result of "tails." Figures 1 through 4 show the display assuming algebraic mode.
Example 2: Nelson's Newstand sells newspapers and has experienced demand for newspapers as follows over the last
50 days: 10 newspapers on 5 of the days; 15 newspapers on 20 of the days; 20 newspapers on 15 of the
days; and 25 newspapers on 10 of the days. Using random numbers and an initial seed of 0.234567,
simulate demand for the next 4 days.
Solution:
The first step will be to translate the past demand into ranges for our random numbers for the simulation.
Out of past 50 days, demand was 10 on 5 of these days, or 10% of the time. Out of the past 50 days,
demand was 15 on 20 of these days, or 40% of the time. Out of the past 50 days, demand was 20 on 15 of
these days, or 30% of the time. Finally, out of the past 50 days, demand was 25 on 10 of the days, or 20%
of the time. This information can be summarized in a table as shown below.
Demand
10
15
20
25
Probability
0.1
0.4
0.3
0.2
Next, we need to assign a range for each level of demand that corresponds to the relative probability for
that demand. It is this range that will be used to classify each random number as a specific simulated
demand.
Demand
10
15
20
25
Probability
0.1
0.4
0.3
0.2
Range
0.0 < random number <= 0.1
0.1 < random number <= 0.5
0.5 < random number <= 0.8
0.8 < random number < 1.0
Note that each range corresponds to the probability of each outcome (the range between 0.1 and 0.5 is
40% of the possible outcomes of the random numbers and therefore reflects the 40% chance that a
demand of 15 will occur). Store the initial seed and then generate the five random numbers. Evaluate each
random number as it is generated.
In RPN mode: $%'()*+-!!.
In algebraic mode: !!$%'()*+-,
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Figure 5
This corresponds to a demand of 20 newspapers. In RPN mode, press "#. In algebraic mode:
"#,
Figure 6
This corresponds to a demand of 15 newspapers. In RPN mode, press "#. In algebraic mode:
"#,
Figure 7
This corresponds to a demand of 20 newspapers. In RPN mode, press "#. In algebraic mode:
"#,
Figure 8
This corresponds to a demand of 20 newspapers. In RPN mode, press "#. In algebraic mode:
"#,
Figure 9
The results were demands of 20, 15, 20, and 20 newspapers. If the simulation were carried out for a longer
period (which could be done by writing a program), other levels of demand would be generated. Figures 5
through 9 show the display assuming algebraic mode.
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When a die is rolled, the result is equally likely to be a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. Since the HP 35s random numbers
are decimal numbers, it will be necessary to transform them into integers between 1 and 6. Since the
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Figure 10
In RPN mode:
In algebraic mode:
"#+0&1!")
!")"#0+1&,
Figure 11
In RPN mode:
In algebraic mode:
"#+0&1!")
!")"#0+1&,.
Figure 12
Answer:
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The value of the first die was a 4 and the second was a 3, for a total on the two dice of 7. Figures 10
through 12 show the display assuming algebraic mode. Note: In algebraic mode, to generate another
random dice roll, it is much quicker to press #and then $. This will re-evaluate the previous
command line.
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Sinking Funds
The Time Value of Money on the HP 35s
Practice solving for payment required to
achieve a goal
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To enter this equation into the calculator, press the following keys on the HP 35s:
!"#$%&&$4%'4%(")*%&&+,."/+*")("0$4%(")*%&&+,."/("12
To verify proper entry of the equation, press
34
and hold down the 4-key. This will display the equations checksum and length. The values displayed should be a
checksum of CEFA and a length of 41.
To solve for the different variables within this equation, the 56 button is used. This key is the right shift of the
! key.
Notes for using the SOLVE function with this equation:
1) If your first calculation using this formula is to solve for the interest rate I, press %57)-before beginning.
2) Press !. If the time value of money equation is not at the top of the list, press 8or 9 to scroll through the
list until the equation is displayed.
3) Determine the variable for which you wish to solve and press:
a) 56/ to calculate the number of compounding periods.
b) 56) to calculate the periodic interest rate. Note: this will need to be multiplied by the number of
compounding periods per year to get the annual rate. If the compounding is monthly, multiply by 12.
c) 561 to calculate the initial balance (or Present Value) of a loan or savings account.
d) 56# to calculate the periodic payment.
e) 560 to calculate the future value of a loan or savings account.
4) When prompted, enter a value for each of the variables in the equation as you are prompted and press :. The
solver will display the variables existing value. If this is to be kept, do not enter any value but press : to
continue. If the value is to be changed, enter the changed value and press :. If a variable had a value in a
previous calculation but is not involved in this calculation (as might happen to the variable P (payment) when solving
a compound interest problem right after solving an annuity problem), enter a zero for the value and press :.
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First, enter the time value of money equation into the HP 35s solver as described earlier in this document.
Then press !-and press 8or 9 to scroll through the equation list until the time value
of money equation is displayed. Then press:-
56#
The HP 35s SOLVER displays the first variable encountered in the equation as it begins its solution.
The value of 0.0000 is displayed below if this is the first time the time value of money equation has been
solved on the HP 35s calculator. If any previous equations have used a variable used in the time value of
money equation, they may already have been assigned a value that would be displayed on your HP 35s
display. Follow the keystrokes shown below and the solution should be found as described.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
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%&&&&:
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Figure 4
&:
Figure 5
Answer:
Example 2: John wants to retire as a millionaire. He is 25 years old. How much would he need to deposit each month
beginning one month from now and continuing until his 65th birthday in order to achieve his goal? Assume
the funds would earn 5%, compounded monthly, and that John begins with nothing in the account.
Solution:
First, enter the time value of money equation into the HP 35s solver as described earlier in this document.
Then press !-and press 8or 9 to scroll through the equation list until the time value
of money equation is displayed. Then press:-
56#
The HP 35s SOLVER displays the first variable encountered in the equation as it begins its solution.
The value of 0.5000 is leftover from the immediately preceding example. If your HP 35s has been used
to make changes to the value stored in any of the time value of money equation variables, the initial values
displayed may vary from what is shown below. If this example is worked immediately after the preceding
example, the displays below will be shown on an HP 35s. Follow the keystrokes shown below and the
solution should be found as described.
Figure 6
Figure 7
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Figure 8
%&&&&&&:
Figure 9
&:
Figure 10
Answer:
$655.30
Example 3: How much money should you deposit each year into an account, beginning one year from today, to have
$30,000 in the account after 15 years? Assume the funds would earn 6%, compounded annually, and
that the account begins with a balance of $1,000.
Solution:
First, enter the time value of money equation into the HP 35s solver as described earlier in this document.
Then press !-and press 8or 9 to scroll through the equation list until the time value
of money equation is displayed. Then press:-
56#
The HP 35s SOLVER displays the first variable encountered in the equation as it begins its solution.
The initial values shown in the figures below assume this example is worked immediately after the
preceding example. Follow the keystrokes shown below and the solution should be found as described.
Figure 11
;:
Figure 12
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%=:
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Figure 13
>&&&&:
Figure 14
%&&&.:
Figure 15
Answer:
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$1,185.92
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Present value
The Time Value of Money on the HP 35s
Practice solving for the present value of future
cash flows
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To enter this equation into the calculator, press the following keys on the HP 35s:
!"#$%&&$4%'4%(")*%&&+,."/+*")("0$4%(")*%&&+,."/("12
To verify proper entry of the equation, press
34
and hold down the 4-key. This will display the equations checksum and length. The values displayed should be a
checksum of CEFA and a length of 41.
To solve for the different variables within this equation, the 56 button is used. This key is the right shift of the
! key.
Notes for using the SOLVE function with this equation:
1) If your first calculation using this formula is to solve for the interest rate I, press %57)-before beginning.
2) Press !. If the time value of money equation is not at the top of the list, press 8or 9 to scroll through the
list until the equation is displayed.
3) Determine the variable for which you wish to solve and press:
a) 56/ to calculate the number of compounding periods.
b) 56) to calculate the periodic interest rate. Note: this will need to be multiplied by the number of
compounding periods per year to get the annual rate. If the compounding is monthly, multiply by 12.
c) 561 to calculate the initial balance (or Present Value) of a loan or savings account.
d) 56# to calculate the periodic payment.
e) 560 to calculate the future value of a loan or savings account.
4) When prompted, enter a value for each of the variables in the equation as you are prompted and press :. The
solver will display the variables existing value. If this is to be kept, do not enter any value but press : to
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First, enter the time value of money equation into the HP 35s solver as described earlier in this document.
Then press !-and press 8or 9 to scroll through the equation list until the time value
of money equation is displayed. Then press:-
561
The HP 35s SOLVER displays the first variable encountered in the equation as it begins its solution.
The value of 0.0000 is displayed below if this is the first time the time value of money equation has been
solved on the HP 35s calculator. If any previous equations have used a variable used in the time value of
money equation, they may already have been assigned a value that would be displayed on your HP 35s
display. Follow the keystrokes shown below and the solution should be found as described.
Figure 1
Since this is a compound interest example and does not have a series of equal-sized, equal-spaced
payments, the value or P is zero.
In either RPN or algebraic mode, press:
&:
Figure 2
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Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Answer:
Example 2: Darryl has won a contest that will pay him $500 per month for the next 20 years. If interest is 6%,
compounded monthly, what is the amount today this prize is worth?
Solution:
First, enter the time value of money equation into the HP 35s solver as described earlier in this document.
Then press !-and press 8or 9 to scroll through the equation list until the time value
of money equation is displayed. Then press:-
561
The HP 35s SOLVER displays the first variable encountered in the equation as it begins its solution.
The displays shown in the figures below assume the preceding example has just been worked. Follow
the keystrokes shown below and the solution should be found as described.
Figure 6
>&&.:
Figure 7
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Figure 8
Figure 9
&:
Figure 10
Answer:
Example 3: Dan will receive $40 per month for the next five years and a single payment 60 months from today of
$2,000. If interest is 5.5%, compounded monthly, what is the present value of these cash flows?
Solution:
First, enter the time value of money equation into the HP 35s solver as described earlier in this document.
Then press !-and press 8or 9 to scroll through the equation list until the time value
of money equation is displayed. Then press:-
561
The HP 35s SOLVER displays the first variable encountered in the equation as it begins its solution.
The displays for these prompts are not shown in this example. Follow the keystrokes shown below and
the solution should be found as described.
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<&:->@>2%?*:
>2%?$:
?&&&:
(Enters P)
(Enters I)
(Enters N)
(Enters F)
<&:->@>*%?2:
>$%?2:
?&&&:
(Enters P)
(Enters I)
(Enters N)
(Enters F)
Figure 11
Answer:
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Bond Prices
The Time Value of Money on the HP 35s
Practice solving for the price of a bond
hp calculators
To enter this equation into the calculator, press the following keys on the HP 35s:
!"#$%&&$4%'4%(")*%&&+,."/+*")("0$4%(")*%&&+,."/("12
To verify proper entry of the equation, press
34
and hold down the 4-key. This will display the equations checksum and length. The values displayed should be a
checksum of CEFA and a length of 41.
To solve for the different variables within this equation, the 56 button is used. This key is the right shift of the
! key.
Notes for using the SOLVE function with this equation:
1) If your first calculation using this formula is to solve for the interest rate I, press %57)-before beginning.
2) Press !. If the time value of money equation is not at the top of the list, press 8or 9 to scroll through the
list until the equation is displayed.
3) Determine the variable for which you wish to solve and press:
a) 56/ to calculate the number of compounding periods.
b) 56) to calculate the periodic interest rate. Note: this will need to be multiplied by the number of
compounding periods per year to get the annual rate. If the compounding is monthly, multiply by 12.
c) 561 to calculate the initial balance (or Present Value) of a loan or savings account.
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First, enter the time value of money equation into the HP 35s solver as described earlier in this document.
Then press !-and press 8or 9 to scroll through the equation list until the time value
of money equation is displayed. Then press:-
561
The HP 35s SOLVER displays the first variable encountered in the equation as it begins its solution.
The value of 0.0000 is displayed below if this is the first time the time value of money equation has been
solved on the HP 35s calculator. If any previous equations have used a variable used in the time value of
money equation, they may already have been assigned a value that would be displayed on your HP 35s
display. Follow the keystrokes shown below and the solution should be found as described.
Figure 1
The payment is found by multiplying the coupon interest rate, 5%, by the face value of the bond, $1,000,
then dividing the result by 2 for the semiannual interest payment amount, $25.
Figure 2
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Figure 3
Figure 4
%&&&:
Figure 5
Answer:
Example 2: A bond with 10 years left until it matures has a 6% coupon rate and pays interest semiannually. What is the
price of this bond, if the market interest rate is 5%, compounded semiannually?
Solution:
First, enter the time value of money equation into the HP 35s solver as described earlier in this document.
Then press !-and press 8or 9 to scroll through the equation list until the time value
of money equation is displayed. Then press:-
561
The HP 35s SOLVER displays the first variable encountered in the equation as it begins its solution.
The displays shown in the figures below assume the preceding example has just been worked. Follow
the keystrokes shown below and the solution should be found as described.
Figure 6
hp calculators
The payment is found by multiplying the coupon interest rate, 6%, by the face value of the bond, $1,000,
then dividing the result by 2 for the semiannual interest payment amount.
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Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
%&&&:
Figure 10
Answer:
Example 3: A bond with 13 years left until it matures has a 5.5% coupon rate and pays interest semiannually. What
is the price of this bond, if the market interest rate is 6.15%?
Solution:
First, enter the time value of money equation into the HP 35s solver as described earlier in this document.
Then press !-and press 8or 9 to scroll throu7gh the equation list until the time value
of money equation is displayed. Then press:-
561
The HP 35s SOLVER displays the first variable encountered in the equation as it begins its solution.
The displays for these prompts are not shown in this example. Follow the keystrokes shown below and
the solution should be found as described.
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;&<<2%&&&$=*:>;%<2=*:
%?2=$:
%&&&:
(Enters P)
(Enters I)
(Enters N)
(Enters F)
;&<<$%&&&*=2:>;%<*=2:
%?$=2:
%&&&:
(Enters P)
(Enters I)
(Enters N)
(Enters F)
Figure 11
Answer:
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Trend Lines
Practice predicting the future using trend lines
hp calculators
Be sure to clear the statistics / summation memories before starting the problem.
'()*
In RPN or algebraic mode, press:
+,-"+!+.,"/!+.-"0!*
+1,")!+1-",!
To view the linear regression results, press #$. Figure 2 displays the menu shown.
Figure 2
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Figure 3
In either RPN or algebraic mode, press: & to view the slope of the linear regression / trend line.
Figure 4
In either RPN or algebraic mode, press & to view the y-intercept of the linear regression / trend line.
Figure 5
To estimate sales for month 6, do the following: In either RPN or algebraic mode, press:
2.#$&
Figure 6
To estimate sales for month 7, do the following: In either RPN or algebraic mode, press:
21#$&
Figure 7
To estimate the month during which sales would reach $200, do the following: In either RPN or algebraic
mode, press: 2/--#$
Figure 8
Answer:
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Sales in month 6 are predicted to be $179 and in month 7 $184. Sales are predicted to reach $200
between months 10 and 11. The correlation is 0.82, which indicates a fairly strong relationship and
predictive ability.
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The X values will be the quarters of 1 through 8. The Y values will be the existing sales numbers.
Predictions will be made for quarters 9, 10, 11, and 12. Be sure to clear the statistics / summation
memories before starting the problem.
'()*
In RPN or algebraic mode, press:
*
*
0----"+!0+/--"/!*
0-,--"0!0/)--")!
0//--",!00+--".!*
0/.--"1!00/,-"3!
To view the linear regression results, press #$. Figure 9 displays the menu shown.
Figure 9
Figure 10
In either RPN or algebraic mode, press: & to view the slope of the linear regression / trend line.
Figure 11
In either RPN or algebraic mode, press & to view the y-intercept of the linear regression / trend line.
Figure 12
To estimate sales for the first quarter of the next year (quarter 9), do the following:
In either RPN or algebraic mode, press: 24#$&
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Figure 13
To estimate sales for the second quarter of next year (quarter 10), do the following:
In either RPN or algebraic mode, press: 2+-#$&
Figure 14
To estimate sales for the third quarter of the next year (quarter 11), do the following:
In either RPN or algebraic mode, press: 2++#$&
Figure 15
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Figure 16
To estimate the month during which sales would reach $38,000, do the following:
In either RPN or algebraic mode, press: 203---'$
Figure 17
Answer:
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Sales for quarters 9 through 12 are predicted to be $33,907, $34,351, $34,796 and $35,241. Sales are
predicted to reach $38,000 between months 18 and 19. The correlation is 0.90, which indicates a fairly
strong relationship and predictive ability.
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Total Costs
$120,000
$122,100
$118,540
$122,400
$119,100
$124,200
What estimate would a linear regression equation produce for Johnsons fixed and variable cost? How
good is the fit of the linear regression line generated (What is the correlation)? What are the total costs
predicted if 5,400 chairs were to be made? If the total costs were $125,000, how many chairs would you
estimate had been produced?
Solution:
The X values will be the number of chairs produced. The Y values will be the total costs. Be sure to clear
the statistics / summation memories before starting the problem.
'()
In RPN or algebraic mode, press:
*
*
*
*
*
*
+,----".---!*
+,,+--"..--!*
++/.)-")/--!*
+,,)--".0--!*
++1+--")1.-!*
+,),--".+.-!*
To view the linear regression results, press #$. Figure 2 displays the menu shown.
Figure 2
Figure 3
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Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
To estimate the number of chairs made if the costs were $125,000, do the following:
In either RPN or algebraic mode, press: 2+,.---#$
Figure 7
Answer:
The linear regression equation generated is of the form: Y = 6.18X + 89449.38. The slope of 6.18 is the
estimate for the variable cost and the Y-intercept of 89,449.38 is the estimate for the fixed cost. The
correlation value of 0.72 is not as close to +1 as might be hoped, but still indicates a moderate fit. The total
cost estimate if 5,400 chairs were made is $122,806. The estimated number of chairs made if the total
costs were $125,000 is 5,755 chairs.
Example 2: The stamping department cost analyst is reviewing the total cost compared with the number of machine
hours used for the last 4 weeks.
# Machine Hours
350
375
400
360
Total Costs
$55,000
$57,300
$58,100
$56,250
What estimate would a linear regression equation produce for the stamping departments fixed and variable
cost? How good is the fit of the linear regression line generated (What is the correlation)? What are the
total costs predicted if 380 machine hours are used next week? If the total costs were $60,000, how many
machine hours would you estimate had been used?
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The X values will be the number of machine hours used. The Y values will be the total costs. Be sure
to clear the statistics / summation memories before starting the problem.
'()
In RPN or algebraic mode, press:
*
*
*
*
..---"0.-!*
.30--"03.!*
./+--")--!*
.4,.-"04-!*
To view the linear regression results, press #$. Figure 8 displays the menu shown.
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12
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Figure 13
Answer:
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The linear regression equation generated is of the form: Y = 58.99X + 34,763.66. The slope of 58.99 is
the estimate for the variable cost per machine hour and the Y-intercept of 34,763.66 is the estimate for
the fixed cost. The correlation value of 0.96 is quite close to +1 and indicates a very good fit. The total
cost estimate if 380 machine hours are used is $57,178. The estimated number of machine hours used
if the total costs were $60,000 is 427.8 machine hours.
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Percentages
Practice working problems involving percentages
Practice working problems involving
percentage changes
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In RPN mode, the number 1,235.17 is typed and then % is pressed. Then 12 is typed and the &
key is pressed.
#$'()#*%#$+&,
Figure 1
The number 1,235.17 is still displayed in the upper line (it is left in register Y) and the result, 12% of
1,235.17, is displayed in the lower line (in register X). Unlike other RPN commands such as - or ., the
& command leaves the number in the Y register unchanged. This makes it possible to continue a
calculation, using that number. This will be shown in the next example.
In algebraic mode, press:
+&#$'()#*/#$%
Figure 2
Note that in algebraic mode n percent of something is obtained by multiplying by the percentage.
Answer:
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In RPN mode, the calculation shown in Figure 1 has left the original number in register Y, and 12% of it in
register X. Pressing - adds the 12 percent to the original number, giving the answer.
Figure 3
Figure 4
Note that in algebraic mode n percent added to something is obtained by adding the percentage to the
original value.
Answer:
Example 3: The local grocery store is offering 8% off all tinned foods this week. What will be the cost of buying 5 tins
that normally cost $1.85 each?
Solution:
In RPN mode, the usual cost of 5 tins is first calculated by multiplying 1.85 by 5. Then 8% is calculated as
in Example 1. Finally, the 0 key is used to subtract the percentage from the original.
#)1(%(.1+&0,
Figure 5
In algebraic mode, the price of 5 tins is also calculated first, then the percent discount is computed
#)1(.(%,
,
Figure 6
,
,
+20+&+2/1%
Figure 7
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8% subtracted from 5 times $1.85 gives a price of $8.51 for the 5 tins, to the nearest cent.
In RPN mode, enter the old value, the new value, and then the 3 key is pressed.
$1*(1)5#%$1*6#!3
Figure 8
As with the & key, the original value stays in register Y so that it can be used again.
In algebraic mode, press:
!3$1*(1)5#/$1*6#%
Figure 9
Answer:
The market changed by -0.20 during the day, in other words it fell by 0.2%.
Note: It is important to remember that the change is calculated as a percentage of the first number. If you have 100
apples and give 20 to your neighbor, then you have 80 apples left and the percentage change is -20/100 or -20%. If you
have 80 apples and your neighbor gives you 20 then you have 100 again, but this time the change is 20/80 or +25%.
This means that a percent change down, followed by exactly the same percent change up, does not bring you back to
the original number.
Finally, if FIX 2 mode was set before these practice problems were done, it may be useful to set a different mode now
they are finished.
Press:,!"7 to set All mode.
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House payments
The Time Value of Money on the HP 35s
Practice solving house payment calculation problems
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To enter this equation into the calculator, press the following keys on the HP 35s:
!"#$%&&$4%'4%(")*%&&+,."/+*")("0$4%(")*%&&+,."/("12
To verify proper entry of the equation, press
34
and hold down the 4-key. This will display the equations checksum and length. The values displayed should be a
checksum of CEFA and a length of 41.
To solve for the different variables within this equation, the 56 button is used. This key is the right shift of the
! key.
Notes for using the SOLVE function with this equation:
1) If your first calculation using this formula is to solve for the interest rate I, press %57)-before beginning.
2) Press !. If the time value of money equation is not at the top of the list, press 8or 9 to scroll through the
list until the equation is displayed.
3) Determine the variable for which you wish to solve and press:
a) 56/ to calculate the number of compounding periods.
b) 56) to calculate the periodic interest rate. Note: this will need to be multiplied by the number of
compounding periods per year to get the annual rate. If the compounding is monthly, multiply by 12.
c) 561 to calculate the initial balance (or Present Value) of a loan or savings account.
d) 56# to calculate the periodic payment.
e) 560 to calculate the future value of a loan or savings account.
4) When prompted, enter a value for each of the variables in the equation as you are prompted and press :. The
solver will display the variables existing value. If this is to be kept, do not enter any value but press : to
continue. If the value is to be changed, enter the changed value and press :. If a variable had a value in a
previous calculation but is not involved in this calculation (as might happen to the variable P (payment) when solving
a compound interest problem right after solving an annuity problem), enter a zero for the value and press :.
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First, enter the time value of money equation into the HP 35s solver as described earlier in this document.
Then press !-and press 8or 9 to scroll through the equation list until the time value
of money equation is displayed. Then press:-
56#
The HP 35s SOLVER displays the first variable encountered in the equation as it begins its solution.
The value of 0.0000 is displayed below if this is the first time the time value of money equation has been
solved on the HP 35s calculator. If any previous equations have used a variable used in the time value of
money equation, they may already have been assigned a value that would be displayed on your HP 35s
display. Follow the keystrokes shown below and the solution should be found as described.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
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&:
Figure 4
<%&&&&:
Figure 5
Answer:
Example 2: Samantha bought a house for $165,000. Her 15-year loan will have an interest rate of 5%, compounded
monthly. What is the size of her monthly house payment?
Solution:
First, enter the time value of money equation into the HP 35s solver as described earlier in this document.
Then press !-and press 8or 9 to scroll through the equation list until the time value
of money equation is displayed. Then press:-
56#
The HP 35s SOLVER displays the first variable encountered in the equation as it begins its solution.
These displays are not shown in the rest of this example. Follow the keystrokes shown below and the
solution should be found as described.
>2%<*:
%>2%<$:
&:%;>&&&.:-
(Enters I)
(Enters N)
(Enters F)
(Enters B)
(Enters I)
(Enters N)
(Enters F)
(Enters B)
Figure 6
Answer:
$1,304.81 (Note that the loan amount was entered as a negative number)
Example 3: Jeff bought a house for $125,000 and financed it with a 20-year loan at a rate of 5.25%, compounded
monthly. What is the size of Jeffs monthly house payment?
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First, enter the time value of money equation into the HP 35s solver as described earlier in this document.
Then press !-and press 8or 9 to scroll through the equation list until the time value
of money equation is displayed. Then press:-
56#
The HP 35s SOLVER displays the first variable encountered in the equation as it begins its solution.
These displays are not shown in the rest of this example. Follow the keystrokes shown below and the
solution should be found as described.
>?<>2%<*:
<&2%<$:
&:%<>&&&.:-
(Enters I)
(Enters N)
(Enters F)
(Enters B)
Figure 7
Answer:
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$842.31 (Note that the loan amount was entered as a negative number)
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Property Appreciation
The Time Value of Money on the HP 35s
Practice solving property appreciation problems
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To enter this equation into the calculator, press the following keys on the HP 35s:
!"#$%&&$4%'4%(")*%&&+,."/+*")("0$4%(")*%&&+,."/("12
To verify proper entry of the equation, press
34
and hold down the 4-key. This will display the equations checksum and length. The values displayed should be a
checksum of CEFA and a length of 41.
To solve for the different variables within this equation, the 56 button is used. This key is the right shift of the
! key.
Notes for using the SOLVE function with this equation:
1) If your first calculation using this formula is to solve for the interest rate I, press %57)-before beginning.
2) Press !. If the time value of money equation is not at the top of the list, press 8or 9 to scroll through the
list until the equation is displayed.
3) Determine the variable for which you wish to solve and press:
a) 56/ to calculate the number of compounding periods.
b) 56) to calculate the periodic interest rate. Note: this will need to be multiplied by the number of
compounding periods per year to get the annual rate. If the compounding is monthly, multiply by 12.
c) 561 to calculate the initial balance (or Present Value) of a loan or savings account.
d) 56# to calculate the periodic payment.
e) 560 to calculate the future value of a loan or savings account.
4) When prompted, enter a value for each of the variables in the equation as you are prompted and press :. The
solver will display the variables existing value. If this is to be kept, do not enter any value but press : to
continue. If the value is to be changed, enter the changed value and press :. If a variable had a value in a
previous calculation but is not involved in this calculation (as might happen to the variable P (payment) when solving
a compound interest problem right after solving an annuity problem), enter a zero for the value and press :.
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First, enter the time value of money equation into the HP 35s solver as described earlier in this document.
Then press !-and press 8or 9 to scroll through the equation list until the time value
of money equation is displayed. Then press:-
56)
The HP 35s SOLVER displays the first variable encountered in the equation as it begins its solution.
The value of 0.0000 is displayed below if this is the first time the time value of money equation has been
solved on the HP 35s calculator. If any previous equations have used a variable used in the time value of
money equation, they may already have been assigned a value that would be displayed on your HP 35s
display. If this is the first time a solution for I has been attempted, press 5%7), then follow the
keystrokes shown below and the solution should be found as described. If previous solutions for I have
been found, follow the instructions below.
Figure 1
&:
Figure 2
%&:
Figure 3
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%;&&&&.:
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Figure 4
%<&&&&:
Figure 5
Answer:
Example 2: Johanna bought a house 5 years ago for $310,000. She sold it today for $400,000. At what rate,
compounded monthly, did Johannas house appreciate over this period?
Solution:
First, enter the time value of money equation into the HP 35s solver as described earlier in this document.
Then press !-and press 8or 9 to scroll through the equation list until the time value
of money equation is displayed. Then press:-
56)
The HP 35s SOLVER displays the first variable encountered in the equation as it begins its solution.
These displays are not shown in the rest of this example. Follow the keystrokes shown below and the
solution should be found as described.
&:
=&:
>&&&&&.:
?%&&&&:-
(Enters P)
(Enters N)
(Enters F)
(Enters B)
Figure 6
Answer:
When multiplied by 12 to convert to the annual appreciation rate, the answer is 5.108%
Example 3: Howard bought some land 8 years ago for $800,000. He has an offer to sell it today for $1,400,000.
What is the annual appreciation rate reflected by this offer?
Solution:
First, enter the time value of money equation into the HP 35s solver as described earlier in this document.
Then press !-and press 8or 9 to scroll through the equation list until the time value
of money equation is displayed. Then press:-
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56)
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&:
;:
%>&&&&&.:
;&&&&&:-
(Enters P)
(Enters N)
(Enters F)
(Enters B)
Figure 7
Answer:
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To enter this equation into the calculator, press the following keys on the HP 35s:
!"#$%&&$4%'4%(")*%&&+,."/+*")("0$4%(")*%&&+,."/("12
To verify proper entry of the equation, press
34
and hold down the 4-key. This will display the equations checksum and length. The values displayed should be a
checksum of CEFA and a length of 41.
To solve for the different variables within this equation, the 56 button is used. This key is the right shift of the
! key.
Notes for using the SOLVE function with this equation:
1) If your first calculation using this formula is to solve for the interest rate I, press %57)-before beginning.
2) Press !. If the time value of money equation is not at the top of the list, press 8or 9 to scroll through the
list until the equation is displayed.
3) Determine the variable for which you wish to solve and press:
a) 56/ to calculate the number of compounding periods.
b) 56) to calculate the periodic interest rate. Note: this will need to be multiplied by the number of
compounding periods per year to get the annual rate. If the compounding is monthly, multiply by 12.
c) 561 to calculate the initial balance (or Present Value) of a loan or savings account.
d) 56# to calculate the periodic payment.
e) 560 to calculate the future value of a loan or savings account.
4) When prompted, enter a value for each of the variables in the equation as you are prompted and press :. The
solver will display the variables existing value. If this is to be kept, do not enter any value but press : to
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First, enter the time value of money equation into the HP 35s solver as described earlier in this document.
Richards monthly income is $55,000 divided by 12, or $4,583.33. The maximum house payment (including
taxes and insurance) Richard can qualify for is 27% of his monthly income, or $1,237.50.
;;&&&2%<*&=<>$-
;;&&&*%<$&=<>2-
Then, find the monthly payment needed to buy the house by pressing !-and press 8or 9 to scroll through the equation list until the time value of money equation is displayed. Then
press:
56#
The HP 35s SOLVER displays the first variable encountered in the equation as it begins its solution.
The value of 0.0000 is displayed below if this is the first time the time value of money equation has been
solved on the HP 35s calculator. If any previous equations have used a variable used in the time value of
money equation, they may already have been assigned a value that would be displayed on your HP 35s
display. Follow the keystrokes shown below and the solution should be found as described.
Figure 1
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Figure 2
Figure 3
&:
Figure 4
%>&&&&:
Figure 5
The house payment is $1,019.24 a month. With taxes and insurance, this increases to $1,165.07.
-
%@&&2A;&(%<*'-
The $1,165.07 is the total monthly house payment plus taxes and insurance. This is lower than the 27%
limit earlier computed of $1,237.50, so Richard meets the 27% guideline.
Richards total monthly debt is to be less than 34% of his monthly income. The maximum monthly debt
Richard can have is 34% of his monthly income, or $1,558.33
-
;;&&&2%<*&=@A$-
In algebraic mode, press: ;;&&&*%<$&=@A2Richards total debt would be the $1,165.07 house payment, the $295 car payment and the $25 per
month credit card payment. This is a total of $1,485.07, which is less than the maximum monthly debt
limit set by the 34% guideline.
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%%?;=&>2<B;(<;(-
Richard can qualify for this house loan because he meets the 27%/34% guidelines.
Example 2: Caroline wants to buy a house that costs $208,000 using a 15-year loan at 5% compounded monthly.
Her annual income is $75,000. Her existing monthly debt includes a car payment of $365 per month and
minimum payments on her credit card of $96.50 per month. Property taxes are estimated at $1,900 per
year and the annual insurance premium is estimated at $1,150 per year. Can Caroline qualify for this
house loan if the lender applies the 27%/34% guidelines?
Solution:
First, enter the time value of money equation into the HP 35s solver as described earlier in this document.
Carolines monthly income is $75,000 divided by 12, or $6,250. The maximum house payment (including
taxes and insurance) Caroline can qualify for is 27% of her monthly income, or $1,687.50.
In RPN mode, press:
>;&&&2%<*&=<>$-
>;&&&*%<$&=<>2-
Then, find the monthly payment needed to buy the house by pressing !-and press 8or 9 to scroll through the equation list until the time value of money equation is displayed. Then
press:
56#
The HP 35s SOLVER displays the first variable encountered in the equation as it begins its solution.
The value of 0.0000 is displayed below if this is the first time the time value of money equation has been
solved on the HP 35s calculator. If any previous equations have used a variable used in the time value of
money equation, they may already have been assigned a value that would be displayed on your HP 35s
display. Follow the keystrokes shown below and the solution should be found as described.
;2%<*:
%;2%<$:
&:<&C&&&.:-
(Enters I)
(Enters N)
(Enters F)
(Enters B)
(Enters I)
(Enters N)
(Enters F)
(Enters B)
Figure 6
The house payment is $1,644.85 a month. With taxes and insurance, this increases to $1,899.02.
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%B&&2%%;&(%<*'-
The $1,899.02 is the total monthly house payment plus taxes and insurance. This is larger than the 27%
guideline amount of $1,687.50 previously computed.
Answer:
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Caroline cannot qualify for this house loan because she does not meet the 27% guideline. Perhaps she
should consider a 30 year loan.
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To enter this equation into the calculator, press the following keys on the HP 35s:
!"#$%&&$4%'4%(")*%&&+,."/+*")("0$4%(")*%&&+,."/("12
To verify proper entry of the equation, press
34
and hold down the 4-key. This will display the equations checksum and length. The values displayed should be a
checksum of CEFA and a length of 41.
To solve for the different variables within this equation, the 56 button is used. This key is the right shift of the
! key.
Notes for using the SOLVE function with this equation:
1) If your first calculation using this formula is to solve for the interest rate I, press %57)-before beginning.
2) Press !. If the time value of money equation is not at the top of the list, press 8or 9 to scroll through the
list until the equation is displayed.
3) Determine the variable for which you wish to solve and press:
a) 56/ to calculate the number of compounding periods.
b) 56) to calculate the periodic interest rate. Note: this will need to be multiplied by the number of
compounding periods per year to get the annual rate. If the compounding is monthly, multiply by 12.
c) 561 to calculate the initial balance (or Present Value) of a loan or savings account.
d) 56# to calculate the periodic payment.
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First, enter the time value of money equation into the HP 35s solver as described earlier in this document.
Press !-and press 8or 9 to scroll through the equation list until the time value of
money equation is displayed. Then compute the present value of a loan for 72 months of $400 per month
at Leigh Anne's interest rate. To do this, press:-
561
The HP 35s SOLVER displays the first variable encountered in the equation as it begins its solution.
The value of 0.0000 is displayed below if this is the first time the time value of money equation has been
solved on the HP 35s calculator. If any previous equations have used a variable used in the time value of
money equation, they may already have been assigned a value that would be displayed on your HP 35s
display. Follow the keystrokes shown below and the solution should be found as described.
Figure 1
;&&:
Figure 2
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Figure 3
Figure 4
&:
Figure 5
With a payment of $400 per month, Leigh Anne can afford a loan amount of $23,527.99. To buy the
car costing $25,000, Leigh Anne must make a down payment of the difference.
In RPN mode, press:
?A&&&(
In algebraic mode, press: (?A&&&2-
Figure 6
Answer:
To lower her monthly payment to $400, Leigh Anne needs to make a $1,472.01 down payment.
Example 2: Jane is looking to buy a house and can afford a payment of $1,200 a month. If the house costs $270,000
and Jane can get a 30 year loan at 5.4%, compounded monthly, how much must Jane give as a down
payment to lower her payment to $1,400 a month?
Solution:
First, enter the time value of money equation into the HP 35s solver as described earlier in this document.
Press !-and press 8or 9 to scroll through the equation list until the time value of money
equation is displayed. Then compute the present value of a loan for 72 months of $400 per month
at Jane's interest rate. To do this, press:
561
The HP 35s SOLVER displays the first variable encountered in the equation as it begins its solution.
The displays for these prompts are not shown in this example. Follow the keystrokes shown below and
the solution should be found as described.
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%;&&:- A=;2%?*:
B&2%?$:
&:-
(Enters P)
(Enters I)
(Enters N)
(Enters F)
%;&&:- A=;*%?2:
B&$%?2:
&:-
(Enters P)
(Enters I)
(Enters N)
(Enters F)
Figure 7
With a payment of $1,400 per month, Jane can afford a loan amount of $249,318.47. To buy the
house costing $270,000, Jane must make a down payment of the difference.
In RPN mode, press:
?@&&&&(
In algebraic mode, press: (?@&&&&2-
Figure 8
"
Answer:
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To lower her monthly payment to $1,400, Jane needs to make a $20,681.53 down payment.
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hp calculators
Be sure to clear the statistics / summation memories before starting the problem.
%)*+
+
The keystrokes are the same whether in RPN or algebraic mode:
+
+
+
,-.///!,.0///!1/01//!+
1102//!1/34//!1/,.0/!+
1/////!,.-///!,-1,//!+
1//*//!
To find the average, press: #$. Figure 1 displays the menu shown.
Figure 1
To find the sample standard deviation, press: %&. Figure 2 displays the menu shown. +
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Figure 2
To find the value two standard deviations above and below the average, press the following:
In RPN mode:
%&"15""#$"67%879
In algebraic mode:
%&"516#$"" (computes the above value)
#$"915%&"" (computes the below value)
Figure 3
Answer:
The average sales price is $200,355 and the sample standard deviation is $11,189. Within two
standard deviations on either side of this average, in this case between $177,977 and $222,733, 95%
of all home sales prices should fall. If a home were to sell for $240,000 in this area, it would be an
unusual event. Figure 3 indicates the display in RPN mode.
Example 2: The sales price of the last 7 homes sold in the real estate offices zip code were: $245,000; $265,000;
$187,000; $188,000; $203,000; $241,900; $222,000. What is the average of these sales prices and what
is the sample standard deviation?
Solution:
Be sure to clear the statistics / summation memories before starting the problem.
%)*+
The keystrokes are the same whether in RPN or algebraic mode:
+
+
+
1*0///!130///!,.4///!+
,..///!1/2///!1*,-//!+
111///!
To find the average sales price, press: #$. Figure 4 displays the menu shown.
Figure 4
To find the sample standard deviation, press: %&. Figure 5 displays the menu shown. +
hp calculators
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hp calculators
Figure 5
Answer:
The average sales price was $221,700 and the standard deviation was $30,318.81
Example 3: Julie has bought gas this week while showing houses at four gasoline stations as follows: 15 gallons at
$1.56 per gallon, 7 gallons at $1.64 per gallon, 10 gallons at $1.70 per gallon and 17 gallons at $1.58
per gallon. What is the average price of the gasoline purchased?
Solution:
The HP 35s has a weighted average mean calculation built-in that will solve this problem easily. Be sure
to clear the statistics / summation memories before starting the problem.
%)*+
In RPN or algebraic mode, press:
,0",:03!4",:3*!,/",:4!
,4",:0.!+
+
+
To find the weighted average price of gasoline purchased, press: #$((. Figure 6 displays
the menu shown.
Figure 6
Answer:
hp calculators
The average price per gallon Julie has paid this week while showing houses is slightly less than $1.61.
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