Acta Scientiarum

http://www.uem.br/acta
ISSN printed: 1806-2636
ISSN on-line: 1807-8672
Doi: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v35i3.19443

Growth curves of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) strains cultivated

at different temperatures
Vander Bruno dos Santos1*, Edson Assuno Mareco2 and Maeli Dal Pai Silva2
1
Agncia Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegcios, Cx. Postal 298, 19001-970, Polo Regional Alta Sorocabana, Presidente Prudente, So Paulo,
Brazil. 2Instituto de Biocincias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, So Paulo, Brazil. *Author for correspondence. E-mail:
[email protected]

ABSTRACT. Growth of Red, GIFT and Supreme Nile tilapia strains were evaluated. Fish were cultivated
in indoor recirculation systems in 0.5 m tanks with controlled temperatures of 22, 28 and 30C. Random
samples of 20 fish from each strain (10 fish tank-1) were weighed at day 7, 30, 60, 90 and 120. Exponential
model (y=AeKx) and Gompertz model (y = Aexp(-Be-Kx)) were fitted and the estimates parameters were
obtained by Weighted Least Squares. At 22C, Red, GIFT and Supreme strain presented similar growth
and fit of exponential model. GIFT and Supreme strain presented higher growth rate at 30C of cultivation
when compared to Red strain. Temperature influences weight and age at the inflection point. The
temperature of cultivation influences the growth description of Red, GIFT and Supreme tilapia strains. It
changes the age and weight at inflection point and the qualities of growth model fits, changing the variation
of the batch.
Keywords: exponential model, growth rate, supreme, GIFT, red tilapia, weighted model.

Curvas de crescimento de linhagens de tilapias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) cultivadas em

diferentes temperaturas
RESUMO. Avaliou-se o crescimento de tilpias das linhagens Vermelha, GIFT e Supreme. Os peixes
foram cultivados em sistemas de recirculao em tanques de 0,5 m nas temperaturas de 22, 28 e 30C.
Amostras aleatrias de 20 peixes de cada linhagem (10 peixes tanque-1) foram pesadas aos 7, 30, 60, 90 e 120
dias de cultivo. O modelo exponencial (y = AeKx) e o modelo de Gompertz (y = Aexp(-Be-Kx)) foram
ajustados e as estimativas dos parmetros foram obtidas por Quadrados Mnimos Ponderados. A 22C o
crescimento das linhagens Vermelha, GIFT e Supreme e o ajuste do modelo exponencial foram
semelhantes. As linhagens GIFT e Supreme apresentaram maior taxa de crescimento a 30C quando
comparadas linhagem Vermelha. Pode-se observar influncia da temperatura no peso e idade ao ponto de
inflexo. A temperatura de cultivo influencia a descrio do crescimento de tilpias das linhagens Vermelha,
GIFT e Supreme, alterando a idade e o peso ao ponto de inflexo, a qualidade dos ajustes dos modelos e a
uniformidade dos lotes.
Palavras-chave: modelo exponencial, taxa de crescimento, Supreme, GIFT, tilpia vermelha, modelo ponderado.

Introduction
Tilapias are among the most important warm
water fishes used for aquaculture production
(CHARO-KARISA et al., 2006). The adaptability of
tolerance of tilapias to a wide range of environments
and intensification of cultivation systems have
resulted in a rapid expansion of tilapia farming and
introduction of these fish into many subtropical and
temperate regions of the world.
Among the wide variety of tilapias, Nile tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus) is the most common in
aquaculture and the need for a systematic effort to
secure and to further improve the genetic quality of
farmed stocks is widely recognized (BENTSEN
Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences

et al., 1998). The growth of some species of fish has

been improved by selection programs and many
farmers consider it the main characteristic of
performance. Thus, the search for tilapia strains of
superior performance is becoming more and more
frequent by producers, because of the increasing
demands for healthy food, among the world
population (SANTOS et al., 2008). This demand has
required assessments of these fish cultured in different
environments.
Recently a number of new, improved groups of
Nile tilapia have been introduced in the tilapia
industry. The GIFT (genetically improved farmed
tilapia) (BENTSEN et al., 1998) is the most
popular, arrived in Brazil in 2005 from World Fish
Maring, v. 35, n. 3, p. 235-242, July-Sept., 2013

236

Santos et al.

Center, Malaysia. The Supreme strain in Brazil,

from Genomar Supreme TilapiaTM strain, is the
continuation of the GIFT breeding program run
over a 10-year period, ending in 1998. The two
major changes made for Genomar were to apply
DNA-fingerprinting as an identification tool and to
change to a revolving mating scheme, in order to
complete the generation after nine monthly batches.
DNA-typing gave several advantages in form of
increased selection intensity, shorter generation
interval and operational benefits (EL-SAYED, 2006).
Selection for red color in Nile tilapia in some
countries has been made because fish consumers prefer
the red morph to the common black morph and it was
sold at a premium price. A number of red tilapia
strain/hybrids has been developed and commercially
produced generating high market acceptance for tilapia
(EL-SAYED, 2006; MAJUMDAR et al., 1997; NG;
HANIM, 2007; RAMREZ-PAREDES et al., 2011),
but it has showed low production levels in response to
their lower growth in comparison with the wild tilapia
(MACARANAS et al., 1997; MOREIRA et al., 2005;
NG; HANIM, 2007; RAMREZ-PAREDES et al.,
2011).
Martinez et al. (1996) related that growth of fish
is a complex process affected by many abiotic factors
and the temperature is recognized as one of the most
important. Furthermore, in captivity, the
determination of optimal environmental conditions
to reach the best growth performance is essential for
the maximization and optimization of its production
(AZAZA et al., 2008). Effects of water temperature
on growth and development of fish have been well
documented for many species, but studies have not
been done fitting growth curves for Nile tilapia
strains cultivated at different temperatures.
In generally the growth curves relate the
animal weight with its age. They can be simplest
like exponential model or more complexly like
Gompertz model both with high useful on
aquaculture. The growth rate (g day-1) can be
easily calculated fitting exponential model, using
only the initial and final weight during the period
of time considered necessary, however it is not
recommended for a long period of time
(GAMITO, 1998). Growth rate is not constant,
but modifies throughout the growth period of the

young until adult fish, and in this case, using

the Gompertz model can be more adequate.
Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate
the growth of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), of
the Red, GIFT and Supreme strains cultivated in
different temperatures. A set of weight data in
function of the age had been fitted in nonlinear
models.
Material and methods
The fish were cultivated in water recirculation
system under a greenhouse with internal control of
the temperature. The Red, GIFT and Supreme
tilapia strains from a monosex male population (fed
with 17 -methyltestosterone) were cultivated in
three
indoor
recirculation
systems
with
temperatures about 22 (by use of chillers cooling
systems), 28 (ambient temperature, without cooling
or heating) and 30C (by use of heating systems).
Seventy fish of each strain, weighing about 1.5 g,
were cultivated tanks of 0.5 m (in duplicates) in
each temperature and were fed with the same
commercial ration specific for each growth stage,
supplied according to biomass (according to the
manufacturer's recommendations) and the water
temperature (100% of ration to water at 25-26C;
80% at 22-24C, 120% at 27-28C and 140% at
29-30C).
The oxygen and temperature were checked twice
daily and pH, alkalinity, hardness, ammonia, nitrite
and nitrate were checked weekly. Mean of
limnological conditions of temperature, oxygen, pH,
alkalinity, hardness from systems are presented in
Table 1.
With the animal growth (day 7, 30, 60, 90 and
120), after 24 hour fast, samples of 10 fish of each
tank were collected. They were stunned by thermal
shock and then sacrificed. Initial and final weights
were analyzed by ANOVA considering design as
completely randomized in a factorial scheme (three
strains and three temperatures of cultivation) and
two repetitions (tanks). Results are presented as
mean and coefficient of variation (%) and Tukey test
was used to verify differences between temperatures
and strains (p < 0.05).

Table 1. Mean and standard deviation of limnological parameters of water recirculation systems of tilapia cultivation.
Parameter
Temperature
Oxygen (mg L-1)
Ph
Alkalinity (mg L-1)
Hardness (mg L-1)
Ammonia (mg L-1)
Nitrite (mg L-1)
Nitrate (mg L-1)

Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences

1
22.48
5.21
6.78
107.40
251.72
0.020
1.03
50.00

(0.32)
(0.82)
(0.83)
(29.95)
(40.01)
(0.044)
(1.02)
(14.85)

Recirculation systems
2
28.19
(0.46)
5.33
(0.43)
6.86
(0.85)
86.14
(41.96)
275.21
(26.85)
0.019
(0.035)
3.61
(1.82)
77.78
(29.57)

3
30.52
4.88
6.83
99.57
272.98
0.028
2.97
74.17

(0.32)
(0.35)
(0.90)
(45.74)
(40.03)
(0.050)
(1.91)
(31.35)

Maring, v. 35, n. 3, p. 235-242, July-Sept., 2013

Temperature and tilpia growth

237

The growth study was made by non-linear

regression analysis, plotting all data from fish
weight. The exponential equation given by y = AeKx
was fit. In this model y represents the observed
weight of each fish; A, the initial weight estimate; e,
the base of the natural logarithm; K, the specific
growth rate; x, the age of each fish. Additionally, the
Gompertz growth model given by y = Aexp(-Be-Kx),
was fitted too. In Gompertz model, A is asymptotic
value for weight or size at maturity, B is a scaling
parameter (constant of integration), K is a function of
the ratio of maximum growth rate to mature size or
maturing index. In these models the error associated
with each observation is N (0, ), by assumption.
The first derived of Gompertz function
measures absolute (AGR) and relative (RGR)
growth rates. AGR and RGR were given by
Kyln(u-1) and Kln(u-1), respectively and u = y/A. The
weight and age at inflection points were given by A/e
and (lnB)/K, respectively (FITZHUGH JUNIOR,
1976; GAMITO, 1998).
The curve parameters for each strain were
compared by their confidence intervals at 95% of
probability. The estimates were obtained by Weighted
Least Squares (DRAPER; SMITH, 1998) because the
variances of the observations are not all equal and
according to time increasing, the weight variances
increase too (SANTOS et al., 2008). Inverse of weight
variance was used as a weighting factor and thus the Ftests and confidence intervals were valid.

Results and discussion

Variance analysis showed influence of
temperature on final weight of Red, GIFT and
Supreme strains after 120 days of cultivation. Table 2
shows these differences. The estimate parameters of
exponential growth model are presented in Table 3.
The estimates of A presented differences
between GIFT strain at 28C and Red and GIFT at
22C, but they were not different from the other
ones. In relation to the growth rate K, the
estimates have indicated differences between strains
depending of the temperature of cultivation. GIFT
and Supreme strain presented highest growth rate at
30C of cultivation, and it was the same at the 28C.
Red strain presented lower growth rate than GIFT
and Supreme strain at 30C, and its was similar at
28C when compared to other ones. The lowest
growth rate was observed at 22C of cultivation and
difference between tilapia strains was not observed.
Exponential growth curves can be visualized in
Figure 1. Exponential model has been fitted to fish
weight-age data to describe the growth in some
species to determine the growth rate due its
simplicity (GAMITO, 1998; LHMUS et al., 2010;
SANTOS et al., 2008; TAYLOR et al., 2005; VERA
CRUZ; BROWN, 2009). It has been used to
compare different diet or conditions of cultivation
on the fish growth and its growth rate (k) can be
calculated only initial (w0) and final weight (wt) in a
determinate number of days (t) as k = (ln wt ln
w0)/t. In this case, growth rate is constant, so this
model should be used to describe short periods of
the fish growth and not total growth.

Table 2. Mean of initial and final weight and coefficient of variation (CV) of tilapia strains cultivated at different temperature.
Temperature
22C
28C
30C

Strain

Weight (g)
CV (%)
36.05
32.43
21.68
18.47
43.34
13.17
27.22
36.93
22.54

Initial
1.47 a
1.48 a
1.43 a
1.57 a
1.88 a
1.67 a
1.80 a
1.76 a
1.73 a

Red
GIFT
Supreme
Red
GIFT
Supreme
Red
GIFT
Supreme

Final
32.81 a
48.68 a
40.99 a
151.17 b
288.82 c
288.59 c
202.47 b
397.52 d
339.51 cd

CV (%)
44.47
36.46
35.11
49.38
24.55
9.80
14.90
19.98
10.96

Values in the same column with different letters are different by Tukey test (p < 0.05).

Table 3. Estimate parameters and confidence intervals of the exponential growth model to Nile tilapia strains cultivated in different
temperature.
Estimate parameters
Temperature

22C
28C
30C

Strain
Red
GIFT
Supreme
Red
GIFT
Supreme
Red
GIFT
Supreme

1.2614
1.3191
1.4323
1.3791
2.2194
1.4171
1.7787
1.8023
1.5917

A (g)

K (g day-1)

A (g)
a*
a
ab
ab
b
ab
ab
ab
ab

0.0259
0.0285
0.0284
0.0416
0.0390
0.0419
0.0374
0.0431
0.0419

Lower
1.0274
1.0935
1.2239
1.0970
1.6325
1.1536
1.2920
1.2552
1.2249

a
a
a
bc
bc
bc
b
c
c

Confidence Intervals
K (g day-1)
Upper
Lower
Upper
1.4953
0.0234
0.0285
1.5447
0.0263
0.0308
1.6406
0.0262
0.0305
1.6611
0.0388
0.0445
2.8063
0.0363
0.0417
1.6806
0.0400
0.0437
2.2654
0.0348
0.0400
2.3494
0.0402
0.0459
1.9585
0.0401
0.0441

*Estimates followed by different letters, in the same column, are not equal overlapping the confidence intervals at 5%.

Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences

Maring, v. 35, n. 3, p. 235-242, July-Sept., 2013

238

Santos et al.

Red, GIFT e Supreme respectively. These points

correspond to maximum value growth of 2.37,
6.89 and 5.46 g day-1, respectively.
60

y = 1.43e0.0284x
R Adj.= 0.79

50
Weight (g)

0.0285x

y = 1.32e
R Adj.= 0.75

40
30

y = 1.26e0.0259x
R Adj.= 0.72

20
10
0

20

40

60

Supreme

80
GIFT

100

120

Red

140
Time (days)

400
y = 2.22e0.039x
R Adj. = 0.78

350

Weight (g)

300
250
200

0.0419x

y = 1.42e
R Adj. = 0.83

150

0.0416x

y = 1.38e
R Adj. = 0.67

100
50
0
B

20

40

60

Supreme

80

100

GIFT

120

Red

500

140
Time (days)
0.0431x

y = 1.80e
R Adj. = 0.79

450
400
Weight (g)

Table 4 presents the estimate parameters of the

Gompertz model in weighted least squares, as
well as the existing differences between strains.
Data of Red and GIFT strain cultivated at 22C
didnt fit adequately, presenting estimates not
applicable and lacking of trustworthiness. It was
noticed that Supreme strain presented lower
estimate of A when cultivated at 22C and it was
similar to Red strain cultivated at 28 or 30C.
GIFT and Supreme strain cultivated at 28 or 30C
presented similar estimated of A. The growth
rate K related at the maturity didnt present
differences on the estimates.
Since that animal growth can be better
described by a non-constant growth rate,
Gompertz model could be more adequate.
Absolute (g day-1) and relative (%) growth rate of
the Supreme strain cultivated at 22C are
presented in Figure 2. At this temperature the
weight at the inflection point was 44.91 g and the
age at the inflection point was 135.50 days of
cultivation and these correspond to maximum
value growth of 0.52 g day-1.
Figure 3 presents the absolute and relative
growth rate of Red, GIFT and Supreme strains
cultivated at 28C. At this temperature the weight
at the inflection point were 210.72, 391.06 and
361.18 g and the age at inflection point were
134.57, 150.01 and 144.12 days of cultivation to
Red, GIFT e Supreme respectively. These points
correspond to maximum value growth of 2.93,
5.04 and 4.86 g day-1, respectively.
Figure 4 presents the absolute and relative
growth rate of Red, GIFT and Supreme strains
cultivated at 30C. At this temperature the weight
at the inflection point was 132.33, 506.83 and
393.08 g and the age at inflection point was
100.10, 146.26 and 140.69 days of cultivation to

350
300

0.0419x

y = 1.59e
R Adj. = 0.83

250
200
150

0.0374x

y = 1.78e
R Adj.= 0.77

100
50
0
C

20

40
Supreme

60
GIFT

80

100
Red

120
140
Time (days)

Figure 1. Exponential growth of Nile tilapia strains in different

temperatures of cultivation. A) 22C. B) 28C. C) 30C. Each
point represents the mean estimates of twenty fish.

Table 4. Estimate parameters A and K and confidence intervals of Gompertz growth model of Nile tilapia strains cultivated in
different temperatures.
Estimate parameters
Temperature

22C
28C
30C

Strain
Red*
GIFT*
Supreme
Red
GIFT
Supreme
Red
GIFT
Supreme

A (g)**
----122.1
572.8
1063.0
981.8
359.7
1377.7
1068.5

Confidence intervals
A (g)

K (%)**

a
ab
b
b
a
b
b

----0.0116
0.0139
0.0129
0.0135
0.0179
0.0136
0.0139

a
a
a
a
a
a
a

Lower
----63.1
300.9
589.8
733.2
279.5
877.1
774.1

K (%)
Upper
----348.7
1335.7
2590.6
1421.8
497.7
2522.4
1641.1

Lower
----0.0082
0.0109
0.0099
0.0120
0.0151
0.0113
0.0120

Upper
----0.0153
0.0173
0.0161
0.0151
0.0206
0.0159
0.0158

Model did not fit adequately, presenting higher confidence limit and low trustworthiness of the estimate parameters. **Estimates followed by different letters, in the same column, are
not equal overlapping the confidence intervals at 5%.

Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences

Maring, v. 35, n. 3, p. 235-242, July-Sept., 2013

Temperature and tilpia growth

239

0.6

0.06

0.5

-1

0.04

0.4

0.03

0.3

0.02
0.2

RGR (%)

0.01

0.1

-1

RGR = 0.0116ln(122.1y )

10

20

30
40
50
Weight (g)
AGR
RGR

60

70

AGR = 0.0136yln(1377.7y-1)

7
AGR (g day-1)

AGR (g day-1)

AGR = 0.0116yln(122.1y )

Least Squares and some mistakes can occur due

heteroscedastic variance of the fish weight
(SANTOS et al., 2008).

0.05

-1

AGR = 0.0139yln(1068.5y )

4
3
2

Figure 2. Absolute (AGR) and relative (RGR) growth rate of the

Supreme strain cultivated at 22C. Each point represents the
estimate of each observation.

1
0

AGR = 0.0179yln(359.7y-1)

100

Red

AGR = 0.0129yln(1063y-1)

0.12
AGR = 0.0135yln(981.8y-1)

4
3

-1

AGR=0.0139yln(572.8y )

1
0
0

100

200

Red

300
Weight
g (g)
GIFT

400

500

0.10
-1

0.08

RGRGIFT = 0.0129ln(1063y )

RGR (%)

0.06

0.04
0.02

100

200

Red

300
Weight
g (g)
GIFT

400

500

Supreme

Figure 3. Absolute (AGR) and relative (RGR) growth rate of the

Red, GIFT and Supreme strain cultivated at 28C. Each point
represents the estimate of each observation.

Gompertz and von Bertalanffy models are two

useful functions and the most appropriated in
aquaculture to describe the fish growth
(GAMITO, 1998; GMEZ et al., 2008;
JIMNEZ, 2006; KATSANEVAKIS, 2006;
KATSANEVAKIS; MARAVELIAS, 2008; LIN;
TZENG; 2009) but the major part of these
studies has been demonstrating the dynamic
population captured and not in fish farms.
Moreover these fittings havent used Weighted
Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences

Supreme

0.04

0.02

100

200

300
400
500
Weight
g (g)
GIFT
Supreme

600

Figure 4. Absolute (AGR) and relative (RGR) growth rate of the

Red, GIFT and Supreme strain cultivated at 30C. Each point
represents the estimate of each observation.

RGRSupreme = 0.0135ln(981.8y-1)

0.0

600

RGRSupreme = 0.0139ln(1068.5y-1)

Red

RGRRed = 0.0139ln(572.8y-1)

500

0.06

0.0

Supreme

400

RGRGIFT = 0.0136ln(1377.7y-1)

0.08

300
Weight
g (g)
GIFT

RGRRed = 0.0179ln(359.7y-1)

0.10

RGR (%)

AGR (g day-1)

200

In tilapia farms new strains are available presenting

different growth rate, mortality, resistance for
environmental conditions, food intake and conversion
and fingerlings uniformity. These variables influence
the relation weight-age thus, studies of growth fitting
growth curves is an important tool to improve the
production. Many authors consider temperature the
most important variable that influence the fish growth
and some studies has been done in relation to tolerance
and optimum temperature for tilapia species and
strains (ATWOOD et al., 2003; AZAZA et al., 2008;
AZAZA et al., 2010; DAN; LITTLE, 2000; EL
SAYED, 2006; EL SAYED; KAWANNA, 2008;
LIKONGWE et al., 1996; SIFA et al., 2002).
Sifa et al. (2002) related that selection for low
temperature tolerance in Nile tilapia is possible, and
since different tilapia species and strains have been
introduced to many different geographical regions of
the world, their response to water temperature in
their new habitats requires prime attention (EL
SAYED, 2006). Sifa et al. (2002) found poor cold
tolerance of the GIFT strain when compared to
Maring, v. 35, n. 3, p. 235-242, July-Sept., 2013

240

Sudanese and Egyptian ones. According these

authors, this could be related to selection in a
tropical country and had not previously been
exposed to the selective pressures or the GIFT strain
might have been contaminated with O. mossambicus,
a species which have poor cold tolerance. Sudanese
strain presented the best cold tolerance, it had been
introduced into China for several years and has been
subjected to cold temperature and some selection
response for cold temperature tolerance may have
taken place.
GIFT and Supreme strains did not present
differences in growth rate (K) considering
exponential model (Table 2) at 22, 28 and 30C of
cultivation. Gompertz model showed no differences
between these strains at 28 and 30C, including
AGR (g day-1), RGR (%) and these strains presented
same final weight (Table 1). At 22, Red strain
showed similar growth rate and final weight when
compared to GIFT and Supreme strains, although
its improved program was made to color instead of
growth rate. This contradicts the belief that
performances of improved animals are better than
non-improved ones in any environment. Macaranas
et al. (1997) suggest that genotype-environment
interactions in O. niloticus strains are low, so that a
selected strain good for one environment is likely to
perform well in other environments. It is possible
that this is not applicable in fish due ectothermic
characteristic in the majority of species.
On the other hand Red and GIFT strain
presented higher influence of temperature on
weight and age at the inflection point. The increase
of 2 C at temperature of cultivation reduces the
weight and age at inflexion point on Red strain and
increase the weight on GIFT strain. The reduction
on Red strain was about 60 g and 30 days and the
final weight was similar (Table 2). The increase on
the GIFT strain was about 110 g and similar days of
cultivation was observed. These differences were not
found on Supreme strain.
According to Mamun et al. (2007) the better
growth performance of the GIFT tilapia may be due
to behavioural factors rather than physiological ones
because they could not find any significant
differences in the metabolic efficiency between the
improved and non-improved Nile tilapia strains. Ng
and Hanim, (2007) used a restricted feeding regime
study and obliterated differences in feed intake as a
variable affecting growth in Nile tilapia strains and
showed that the GIFT tilapia was actually more
efficient compared with Red tilapia in converting
ingested feed into fish body mass.
Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences

Santos et al.

Likongwe et al. (1996) reported the combined

effects of water temperature and salinity on growth
and feed utilization of juvenile Nile tilapia. They
showed that the growth was greater at 28 and 32C
than at 24C and salinity levels higher than 8 g L-1
depressed growth. They didnt find differences in
specific growth rate and harvest weight of tilapias in
28 or 32C. Moreover, in a static environment with
salinity close to 16 g L-1 (about half-strength
seawater) combined with elevated water temperature
(32C) may be injurious to the health of juvenile
Nile tilapia.
The majority of aquaculture takes place in waters
that are not thermoregulated and undergo more or
less pronounced daily variations (AZAZA et al.,
2010). In captivity, it may be possible to control and
maintain optimal rearing temperature according to
species requirements (AZAZA et al., 2008). Azaza
et al. (2010) demonstrated that the effects of daily
thermal fluctuations on the growth of O. niloticus are
size dependent: small juveniles grow slightly faster
when raised under fluctuating temperatures than
under constant temperatures, but strong thermal
fluctuations become increasingly unsuitable in fish
of increasing size. They also demonstrated that
slower growth is accompanied by greater dispersal of
size.
Temperature control is essential for optimizing
the development of younger stages, as especially the
earlier stages of growth are more sensitive to thermal
conditions than other stages (AZAZA et al., 2008)
and this control can be better in recirculating
systems. According to El-Sayed and Kawanna (2008)
determination of the best culture practices and
optimal environmental conditions in recirculation
systems is essential for the maximization of
production and profitability. Moreover, temperature
is one of the most important factors affecting the
physiology, growth, reproduction and metabolism of
tilapia, especially in temperate and subtropical
regions, which are characterized by seasonal
fluctuations in water temperature. These authors
rearing tilapia fry in recirculating systems, related
that this must be practiced at the optimum water
temperature, which is about 28 C, in order to
achieve the best growth, feed conversion and
survival, and in turn, the highest profitability.
Azaza et al. (2008) related that the growth
performance of O. niloticus reared at 22, 26, 30, and
34C was temperature dependent. Generally, growth
rate increased with increasing water temperature and
reached its optimal at 30C, then declined
significantly at 34C. These authors suggested that
digestion is more rapid and better in higher
temperature (26-30C) when compared to lower
Maring, v. 35, n. 3, p. 235-242, July-Sept., 2013

Temperature and tilpia growth

ones (21-24C), resulting in best growth

performance in the fish. In this experiment, they
observed maximum growth of O. niloticus at 30C in
relation with maximum feed consumption and
better food conversion rate. This temperature value
also produced more homogeneous batches indicated
by lower coefficients of variation of final body
weights. The lower coefficient of variation (CV) of
batch reared at 30C was also observed by Watanabe
et al. (1993) on juvenile sex-reversed male Florida
red tilapia at 22, 27, and 32C temperatures with
CVs 58.2, 46, and 44.1%, respectively.
In this work, a lower CV of batch also was
observed in higher temperatures of cultivation for
tilapia strains (Table 1). In this case, tilapia cultivated
at 30C was more homogeneous and Supreme strain
presented lower CV at 22, 28 and 30C of cultivation
when compared to Red and GIFT strain. Actually,
the higher homogeneity of Supreme strain also can
be observed by better fit of exponential and
Gompertz curves. First of all, Supreme strain has
presented higher adjusted coefficient determination
on the fits and only this strain growth was fit to
Gompertz model at 22C.
Conclusion
The temperature of cultivation influences the
description growth of Red, GIFT and Supreme
tilapia strain. It changes the age and weight at
inflection point and the qualities of exponential and
Gompertz growth model fits, changing the variation
of batch.
Acknowledgements
Financial support for this study was given by So
Paulo Research Foundation - FAPESP, SP, in a
special program from Young Investigators in
Emerging Institutions Grants, Process n
2008/05984-0.
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Received on December 14, 2012.

Accepted on 22 January, 2013.

License information: This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the
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Maring, v. 35, n. 3, p. 235-242, July-Sept., 2013