Transmission and Distribution Planning in Australia

20
07
Transmission and Distribution

Annual Planning Report
Prepared by
safe reliable efficient
Disclaimer
This document is published by Western Power as an information service. It does not purport to contain
all the information that may be necessary to enable a person to assess whether to pursue a particular
investment. It contains only general information and should not be relied upon as a substitute for
independent research and professional advice.
Western Power makes no representations or warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, completeness or
suitability for particular purposes of the information in this document.
Copyright Notice
All rights reserved. This entire publication is subject to the laws of copyright and intellectual property
rights. This publication may not be resold or reproduced without the prior permission of Western
Power, except as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968.
2007 Transmission and Distribution Annual Planning Report
Preface
Welcome to the 2007 Transmission and Distribution Annual Planning Report.
This report outlines Western Powers network development plans, which have
been prepared in response to forecast electricity demand growth from existing
and prospective customers, including expected generation requirements.
This year we have written a more comprehensive Annual Planning Report, which we trust gives
interested people greater insight to our planning process and our goals for the network.
In simple terms, our objective is to serve WA people and industry by planning prudent investment in the
network to meet their needs for safe, reliable electricity and secure, timely connection.
As I hope is clear throughout the report, we would value your feedback about the amount and form of
detail provided, about specific projects, and about any additional information you believe we need to
take into account.
Mark de Laeter
General Manager
Asset Management Division
Western Power
Contents
Disclaimer
Preface
Executive summary
Introduction
1.1 Purpose of this document
1.2 Interaction with the Statement of Opportunities report
1.3 Role of Western Power
11
11
12
12
Network development planning process

2.1 Network development analysis
2.2 Customer expectations
2.3 Transmission network planning standards
2.3.1 The bulk transmission network
2.3.2 The sub-transmission network
2.3.3 Radial networks
2.3.4 Substations
2.4 Distribution network planning standards
2.4.1 CBD
2.4.2 Metropolitan
2.4.3 Rural
2.5 Quality of supply requirements
15
16
17
17
17
18
18
18
19
19
19
20
20
Network planning assumptions

3.1 Developing and applying electricity demand forecasts
3.1.1 Typical drivers of load growth
3.1.2 Western Powers load forecasting methodology
3.1.3 Managing weather sensitivity risks in demand forecasting
3.1.4 Review of load forecasting practice
3.2 Location of new generation
3.2.1 Southern generation development scenario
3.2.2 Northern generation development scenario
3.2.3 Metropolitan generation development scenario
3.2.4 Eastern generation development scenario
21
21
21
21
22
22
23
24
25
26
27
Description of load areas

4.1.1 Bulk transmission network
4.1.2 Northern Terminal
4.1.3 Muja
4.1.4 Kwinana
4.1.5 Cannington
4.1.6 Bunbury
4.1.7 Western Terminal
4.1.8 East Perth
4.1.9 Southern Terminal
4.1.10 South Fremantle
4.1.11 East Country
4.1.12 Eastern Goldfields
4.1.13 North Country
4.1.14 Guildford
4.1.15 Load area constraints
29
31
31
32
32
32
32
33
33
34
34
34
34
35
35
36
Contents (cont.)
5
Projects (Approved, committed or commissioned)

5.1 Committed transmission projects
5.1.1 Bulk transmission
5.1.2 Bunbury
5.1.3 East Perth CBD
5.1.4 Cannington Terminal
5.1.6 Kwinana
5.1.7 Muja
5.1.8 North Country
5.1.13 Guildford Terminal
5.1.14 East Country
5.2 Committed distribution projects
5.2.1 State Underground Power Program (SUPP)
5.2.2 Reliability Improvement Program
5.3 Commissioned projects
37
37
37
40
42
43
44
45
46
47
47
50
50
53
53
54
54
55
56
61
Network development options
63
Other planning issues

7.1 Sustainability
7.1.1 Planning checklist
7.1.2 Environmental management
7.1.3 Stakeholder engagement
7.1.4 Environmental initiatives
7.2 Communications network
7.2.1 Western Power communication technologies
7.2.2 Protection
7.2.3 SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)
7.2.4 Operations
7.2.5 Choice of bearer
7.2.6 Communication projects
69
69
69
69
70
70
72
72
72
72
72
73
75
Abbreviations
81
Appendix A Introduction to network issues

9.1.1 Planning and operating electricity networks
9.1.2 Faults on electricity networks
9.1.3 Meshed and radial networks
9.1.4 Peak demand, weather and diversity
83
83
84
84
85
10
Appendix B Substation load forecasts

10.1.1 Load forecasts for connection points
87
87
11
Appendix C Estimated maximum short circuit levels

11.1.1 Maximum short circuit levels
97
97
12 Appendix D Proposed transmission capacity expansion projects
105
Executive summary
The purpose of this document is to provide existing and prospective network
users and other interested parties information on major planned developments
on Western Powers South-West Interconnected System. It also provides some
background on Western Powers network development planning process.
Network development planning
process
Western Powers network development plans
are based on regional forecasts of peak demand,
assumptions about generation developments
and a detailed understanding of the capacity
of the existing network. These assumptions
are used in sophisticated network analysis that
ensures each network element satisfies a number
of planning and technical criteria.
For convenience, the network is considered to be
divided into the bulk transmission network and
a number of load areas. As a minimum, each
load area is studied in detail every two years to
ensure that it will continue to meet the relevant
planning and technical criteria. Where there have
been significant changes in a load area (perhaps
due to significant load growth or a new generator
connecting), it will be re-assessed as a matter of
priority.
The network planning process is a continuous one.
As such, this Annual Planning Report is a snapshot
as to the constraints and the network development
options as they are currently understood.
Network planning assumptions

Three levels of demand forecast are required for
network planning purposes:
a demand forecast for the bulk transmission
system, which is broadly based on the demand
forecasts reported in the 2006 Statement
of Opportunities Report (SOO), and which
allows peak network flows across the bulk
transmission network to be modelled;
demand forecasts for each substation, which
are developed by extrapolating previous
system peaks for each substation, and
which allow peak power flows across each
substation element to be modelled; and
demand forecasts for each load area, which
allow peak power flows across the network
elements in each load area to be modelled.
These forecasts are developed using the
bulk transmission forecasts and the individual
substation forecasts.
In each case, the focus is on understanding the
most onerous conditions that will affect each
network element.
For example, the bulk transmission networks

most onerous power flows are usually at the
time of system peak. An individual substation
may have its peak load at a different time to
the remainder of the network. Simply using a
load forecast for the time of system peak would
potentially understate the duty on each substation
element, and lead to inadequate development
plans. The most onerous operating condition for
each load area is derived from a combination of
the demand at the time of system peak and local
demand peaks, depending on the characteristics
of that load area.
The peak demand for electricity is highly sensitive
to temperature. The forecasts used for network
planning purposes are based on a 10 per cent
Probability of Exceedance: that is, the probability
that Western Powers peak demand forecast is
likely to be exceeded one year in every ten.
The timing, location and type of generation
and major load projects are the other main
planning assumptions.
The 2006 SOO
identifies committed and announced projects.
Committed projects are included in the base
assumptions used for the system analysis
underpinning this Annual Planning Report.

Scenario analysis has been performed based on
the announced generation projects to assess the
impact on the network.
The need for network development is highly
sensitive to the location and type of generation
development. Western Power is aware of
generation projects that cannot be reflected in
this public document. For reasons of commercial
confidentiality, future development plans may be
materially different from those published here.
Where prudent to do so, Western Power will
seek to anticipate generation location decisions,
and commence investment to ensure that the
network can respond to market needs in a timely
fashion. This investment will be subject to, among
other things, the regulatory regime, including the
access code and capital contributions policy.
Network constraints
Over the ten years considered by this report, a
number of network constraints have been identified
based on network planning assumptions. These
are summarised in Table 1 below:
Table 1. Summary of network constraints.
Load area
Immediate network constraints1
Bulk transmission
Largely driven by generation location decisions
Northern Terminal
Thermal capacity of transmission lines and substation capacity shortfalls
Muja
Voltage constraints on long lines and distribution network limitations
Kwinana
Thermal and voltage constraints on transmission lines and substation capacity

shortfalls
Cannington
Substation capacity shortfalls
Bunbury

shortfalls
Western Terminal
East Perth
Southern Terminal
South Fremantle
East Country
Voltage constraints on transmission lines and substation capacity shortfalls
Eastern Goldfields
Voltage and stability constraints on transmission lines No further generation

is possible in this region
North Country
Highly sensitive to connection of generation and/or loads No further

generation is possible in this region
Guildford Terminal
Thermal line constraints
Load areas can exhibit all of these types of constraint this table highlights the most immediate concerns.
Depending on the nature of the network

constraints, different solutions may be available.
In some cases, it may be possible to avoid
network augmentation if demand side or
generation solutions are brought forward in the
right locations.
Approved or committed projects

In light of the most pressing constraints identified
in Table 1, Western Power is implementing the
committed projects to manage these network
constraints. A brief discussion of Western
Powers major committed projects is detailed in
Chapter 5. Projects are deemed to be committed
when, among other things, they have achieved
Western Powers internal Business Case approval.
While these projects are committed, they may
still change in timing, scope and cost prior to
commencement as a consequence of revised
forecasts and other risk factors.
Network development options

Where constraints are identified for later years,
network development options have been identified.
The term network development options is used
deliberately. These options represent Western
Powers preferred development approach, given
available information at the time of consideration.
Demand and generation assumptions may
change considerably before any commitment
to the project is made. Furthermore, these
options have not yet been subject to a detailed
engineering review, which could change the
preferred option. Finally, there may well be
demand side or generation options that would
delay, advance, change or remove the need for
these projects. Indeed, the intention of publishing
this information is to provide sufficient information
for project developers to bring forward proposals
in this regard. A brief discussion of Western
Powers major network development options is
detailed in Chapter 6.
Sustainability
Western Powers Environmental and Land
Management Services (ELMS) team aims
to provide an ethical and sustainable works
program. We have implemented initiatives such
as the Environmentally Sensitive Area Program
and the Carbon Neutral Program that focuses on
sustainability and protection of the environment.
Communications network
Western Power is committed to providing a
robust, flexible communications network. The
recently introduced regulatory and electricity
market framework places higher reliance on
available, accurate and timely data. Western
Power has correspondingly improved its design
criteria to ensure:
high circuit availability;
provision for redundant paths;
a fibre optic cabling based solution as the first
preference; and
a suitable environment for communications
equipment.
Invitation to provide feedback

Western Power would welcome feedback on this
Transmission and Distribution Annual Planning
Report.
Comments on this document should be sent to:
Manager Network Planning & Development
Western Power Corporation
GPO Box L921, Perth WA 6842
Telephone: (08) 9326 6293
Facsimile: (08) 92185167
Western Power would particularly like to hear
from parties who are considering investments
that, based on the information provided here,
would appear to either:
delay requirements for network development
options; or
accelerate
requirements
for
network
development options.
Relevant information will be incorporated in the
Western Powers planning process and reflected
in any updates to the Committed Projects and in
future editions of the Annual Planning Report.
1 Introduction
The 2007 Transmission and Distribution Annual Planning Report (APR) describes
Western Powers major network development plans from 2006 to 2016.
The reports structure is as follows:
1.1 Purpose of this document
Chapter 2 describes Western Powers

planning process and standards;
Chapter 3 explains the key assumptions
(namely demand and generation forecasts)
that underpin the network development plans
reproduced here;
Chapter 4 provides a description of the load
areas within the Western Power network;
Chapter 5 sets out the major committed
projects intended to address the most
pressing constraints;
Chapter 6 describes future development
options available to resolve constraints in later
years, but, which are yet to be approved;
Chapter 7 describes other network issues
relating to sustainability and communications;
Appendix A provides a short introduction to
network planning issues;
Appendix B details substation load forecasts;
and
Appendix C details maximum three phase and
single phase to ground short circuit levels.
The purpose of this document is to provide

existing and prospective network users and
other interested parties information on planned
developments on Western Powers South-West
Interconnected System (SWIS). It also provides
some background on Western Powers planning
process.
The remainder of this introduction describes

the purpose of this document more fully, its
interaction with the Statement of Opportunities
Report and an overview of the role of Western
Power.
Any existing or prospective user may also

request a corporation to provide a report and
forecast of electricity distribution capacity of the
electricity distribution system operated by the
corporation as applicable to that users particular
requirements.
The purpose of this document is to:
identify constraints on the transmission
network likely to emerge in the next ten
years;
provide advance information on the nature
and location of network constraints. This
information should allow other parties to
formulate and propose options to relieve
the constraints. These options may include
local generation, Demand Side Management
(DSM) or other economic options;
discuss options for relieving each constraint
including network and other options; and
provide further details on the load forecast
data used as the basis for this analysis.
Western Power publishes this document on an
annual basis. The future versions will reflect
the latest available (commercially non-sensitive)
information, including feedback received on the
previous edition.
11
1.2 Interaction with the Statement

of Opportunities report
1.3 Role of Western Power

The Electricity Networks Corporation trades as
Western Power.
This report complements the role of the 2006

Statement of Opportunities report. While the
Statement of Opportunities focuses on the overall
adequacy of generation capacity, the focus of the
APR is on the adequacy and development of the
network components of the SWIS.
Western Power is responsible for the safe, reliable

and efficient distribution and transmission of
electricity in the SWIS, which spans from Albany
to Kalbarri and across to Kalgoorlie.
Western Power connects electricity to homes and
businesses, and is responsible for maintaining
and upgrading the electricity network.
Where applicable, the generation and demand

forecast information used in the preparation of
this APR has been largely based on the 2006
Statement of Opportunities. Given the inherent
complexity of the network planning process, it is
necessary to allow sufficient time for assimilating
relevant new or revised information in the
Statement of Opportunities to produce network
development outcomes that reflect any such
information. As a consequence, publication of
the APR follows the Statement of Opportunities.
Until recently, Western Power Corporation was

an integrated energy company, which owned
and operated generation, transmission and
distribution infrastructure supplying electricity
to more than 875,000 customers in Western
Australia.
On 1 April 2006, Western Power Corporation
was restructured into four new Governmentowned corporations:
Network planning is based on the predicted

load growth throughout the South-West
Interconnected System. The Independent
Market Operator (IMO) publishes a forecast of
maximum demand at 10 per cent Probability of
Exceedence (PoE), 50 per cent PoE and 90 per
cent PoE. This forecasted overall load growth is
shown in the graph below:
Verve Energy, a generation corporation,

responsible for power generation in the
SWIS;
Synergy, a retail corporation responsible for
the sale of electricity in the SWIS;
Figure 1.1 SWIS load forecasts (based on the 2006 Statement of Opportunities report).
5000
4500
MW
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
2001
2002
2003
IMO History
12
2004
2005
2006
10% PoE
2007
2008
2009
50% PoE
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
90% PoE
Horizon Power, a regional power corporation

responsible for electricity in all areas outside of
the SWIS; and
The new Western Power, a networks
corporation responsible for the transport of
electricity within the SWIS.
The new Western Power owns, operates and
maintains transmission and distribution assets in
the SWIS. The SWIS contains more than 140
major substations, 6,000 km of transmission lines
(operating at voltages of 66 kV and greater) and
more than 64,000 km of high voltage distribution
lines (operating at 33 kV and lower).
Western Powers operations are guided by
regulations, codes and legislation that have been
developed by various regulatory bodies and
the State Government, including the Economic
Regulation Authority (ERA), the Office of Energy
(OOE), EnergySafety (part of the Department of
Consumer Protection), and other miscellaneous
bodies such as the Environmental Protection
Authority and WorkSafe. These regulations
cover almost all aspects of our operations, from
our performance targets and return on assets,
through to the proper disposal of waste and the
safety of employees and the public.
The Network Access Code 2004 establishes a

framework for third party access to electricity
transmission and distribution networks. This code
promotes the economically efficient investment
in, and operation of networks and services
in Western Australia to promote competition
in markets upstream and downstream of the
networks.
The introduction of a new economic regulatory
regime represents the single biggest shift in
the business environment for Western Power.
In accordance with the Code, Western Power
has submitted to the ERA a proposed access
arrangement which describes the terms and
conditions on which users (typically retailers and
generators) can obtain access to the SWIS.
Once approved by the ERA, in conjunction
with the Code, it will provide a solid regulatory
framework for the Western Power business. The
final ruling will represent the approved network
tariffs and resultant revenue projections, service
standards and levels of capital and operating
investment to meet the prescribed standards
over the next three years.
13
2 Network development planning process

This chapter provides an overview of the network development planning
process, our understanding of customer expectations, the planning criteria
used in developing the network and other technical requirements.
As a prudent commercial organisation, Western
Power applies risk management principles when
determining its network development options.
Applying agreed network investment criteria,
Western Powers planning process is focussed
on balancing network costs against the impact of
unreliable supply on its customers.
Those planning principles are applied within the
planning and development framework, illustrated
in Figure 2.1. The Network Investment Strategy
takes into account the following issues:
Planning criteria: Following consultation,
Western Power has established transmission
and distribution planning criteria under the
relevant regulations that, broadly, describe the
design requirements for the network under
various scenarios.
Technical
code:
Following
extensive
consultation, Western Power has established
technical codes for transmission and
distribution that, among other things, set
performance standards for the network and
technical requirements for plant connected to

the network.
Load and generation forecasts: Western Power
uses a rigorous process to develop detailed
forecasts of load and generation across its
networks. This process includes obtaining
independent expert advice on key planning
parameters, such as projections of State
economic growth. Western Power also makes
prudent assumptions about the development
of generation projects. This approach is
described further in chapters 2 and 3.
Asset management plans: Among other
things, the asset management plans are based
on condition assessment of the elements
comprising the network to ensure that it will
continue to provide reliable service. Condition
assessments drive the asset replacement
component of the Network Investment
Strategy.
Figure 2.1 Overview of network planning process.

Customer, stakeholder
& community expectations
Network performance &

condition (Reliability,
Quality, Safety)
Planning criteria
Regulatory
framework & codes
WESTERN POWERS
CUSTOMER VISION
Demand & generation

requirements
Sustainability &
technology developments
Network investment
strategy
Demand side
management
opportunities
Development options,
consultation & APR forum
Embedded
generation
opportunities
Optimised, prioritised
works program
Network
asset missions
& plans
Technology plan
Technical code
Load &
generation
forecasts
Regulatory submission
Project approvals,
contracts, funding
Funding submission
to government
IMPLEMENTATION
15
Western Powers commercial objectives:

Western Powers strategy is developed in light
of the various drivers illustrated in figure 2.1, and
includes the normal commercial objectives of
any business, as required for Western Power
under the Electricity Corporation Act 1994.
In addition, the new regulatory environment
means Western Powers capital expenditures
now need to satisfy the stringent requirements
of the new Access Code, including approval
of investment plans by the ERA. It also has
to demonstrate that costs of investments are
efficient under the New Facilities Investment
test, and that possible alternative options to
major investments have been evaluated and
considered as part of the regulatory test.
These various inputs are used in sophisticated
network analysis that ensures each network
element satisfies a number of planning and
technical criteria (described further in the
introduction to network issues in Appendix 1),
so that:
each individual network element is operated
within its design limits. This requires voltage
and power transfer for each asset to be
assessed under a wide range of potential
conditions, including for example modelling the
effect of faults on the network. Failure to meet
voltage design limits can result in malfunction
or damage to customer equipment, while
exceeding power transfer limits creates
potential safety hazards and reliability issues
arising from the failure of network equipment
due to overloads;
the network can withstand credible faults and
unplanned outages. A fault is considered
credible if it is considered likely given the
prevailing circumstances. If there is a credible
fault or unplanned outage, all plant must
still operate within its design limits and the
network must continue to deliver the required
performance;
quality of supply is maintained to the
appropriate standards. Quality of supply is a
term that embraces voltage, frequency and
other technical aspects of power supply;
16
potential for future growth is adequately

provided for, where economically viable to do
so, ensuring that Western Powers electricity
networks do not impede Western Australias
economic development. This may mean, in
some circumstances, installing larger plant
than is immediately required to cater for
expected load growth over the next, say, ten
years; and
environmental impacts are responsibly
managed.
For convenience, the network is considered to
be divided into the bulk transmission network
and a number of load areas. As a minimum,
each load area is studied in detail every two years
to ensure that it meets the relevant planning
and technical criteria. Where there have been
significant changes in a load area (perhaps due
to significant load growth or a new generator
connecting), it will be re-assessed as a matter of
priority.
The network planning process is a
continuous one. As such, this APR is a
snapshot as to the constraints and the
network development options as they
are currently understood. As underlying
assumptions change, as further studies
are carried out and as each development
options details are confirmed, there will be
changes to the plans published here.
2.1 Network development analysis

As discussed above, the planning and operation
of electricity networks must meet certain technical
requirements. There are various factors that will
change power flows across the network, which
must be taken into account when planning and
operating the system, including:
changes in network configuration, either by
construction of new elements or outages
of existing network elements. For example,
introducing new parallel electricity lines affects
the network performance;
location and timing of new generation sources
impacts on thermal capacity, stability and fault
performance, and thus the need for network
augmentation;
location and timing of major new loads or load

centres. For example, the location and timing of
a new aluminium smelter may advance or defer
the need for network augmentations; and
rate of forecast network load growth and longterm growth trends also determine the need
for network augmentations. For instance,
high growth scenarios will advance network
augmentation requirements.
The
network
development
analysis
presented in this APR (or any such
document) is highly sensitive to changes
in any of these factors. Therefore, network
development analysis can only indicate
likely network constraints. Similarly, the
options for addressing these constraints
are based on specific assumptions and
judgements regarding future events.
Variations from these specific assumptions
may change the development scenario
profoundly.
2.2 Customer expectations

Publicly available surveys have found that
consumers expect, in order of preference, their
electricity supply to be provided at:
2.3 Transmission network planning

standards
Western Power develops its transmission
network in line with the network planning criteria2,
published by Western Power as required by the
Electricity Transmission Regulations 1996.
Generally, the transmission system is a meshed
network with a high proportion of elements
in service at any given time. The transmission
system is broadly divided into the bulk
transmission network, the sub-transmission
network, radial networks and substations.
Planning criteria for the transmission network are
based on a thorough risk analysis. This analysis
takes into account:
the size, extent and sensitivity of load or
generation which may be affected;
the physical location of various components
of the network and their exposure to damage
risk;
the relative merits of other alternatives; and
the efficient use of capital.
2.3.1 The bulk transmission network
reliable levels;
appropriate quality; and
low prices.
The bulk transmission network operates at 330

and 132 kV. It consists of the power station
switchyards, major terminal switchyards and the
transmission lines that interconnect them.
The network planning and development process

depends crucially on understanding and managing
customer expectations at the local network level.
The bulk transmission network is designed to

withstand a single unplanned outage without
loss of load.
Reviews of previous public surveys have noted

the importance of methodology in understanding
customer preferences. For example, consumers
must be given specific examples of reliability
improvements before they will express a
preference for even limited price rises. Increased
understanding of customer expectations allows
a better-informed trade-off between acceptable
customer service and cost. This further supports
the new regulatory regime, and may inform
changes to the transmission and distribution
planning criteria.
Moreover, the bulk transmission network is

generally designed to withstand one forced
outage and one planned outage at 80 per cent
of forecast peak load (assuming generation
rescheduling after the first outage).
For example, this would provide sufficient

network capacity to cope with a planned outage
(for maintenance or construction activities) at the
same time as a second unplanned outage (due to
a network fault). When there are two coincident
outages and demand is more than 80 per cent of
forecast peak load, there may not be adequate
network capacity to supply all load.
Available at www.westernpower.com.au
17
The economic justification for this high level of

supply security (and consequently reliability) is the
high capacity of the bulk transmission network
losses of supply on the bulk transmission
network may affect many customers.
It is not always economic to provide full

redundancy on the radial networks due to the
large line-lengths, geographically dispersed loads
and generally smaller loads (when compared to
metropolitan areas).
2.3.2 The sub-transmission network
2.3.4 Substations
The sub-transmission network operates at

132 and 66 kV. It consists of zone substations
that transform these primary voltages to 33,
22, 11 and 6.6 kV secondary voltages and the
transmission lines that interconnect them.
Substations interconnect the sub-transmission

network with the distribution network. Each
substation is designed to meet planning criteria
that depend on the substations location and the
type of load it supplies:
The sub-transmission network is generally

designed to withstand a single unplanned outage
without loss of load.
Substations in the Perth central business

district are designed to provide the highest
level of security due to the relative importance
of the load supplied by these substations.
Regional substations are designed to provide
the next highest level of security due to the
long travelling times required before plant can
be repaired or replaced, although there are
some remote substations designed to provide
a relatively low level of security, for reasons
described below.
Substations in the Perth metropolitan area
are designed to accept a higher level of risk
of load shedding, as they are accessible for
plant repairs or replacement. The designs of
the various types of substations recognise
the need to optimise security of supply and
capital expenditure.
When there is more than one outage at the

same time, there may not be enough network
capacity to meet all demand. Sometimes, there
may be limited back-up capacity available via the
distribution network.
These planning criteria broadly apply to parts
of the network supplying urban areas in the
Perth metropolitan region and major regional
centres. These parts of the network tend to be
characterised by relatively high load densities
and shorter transmission lines.
2.3.3 Radial networks
Radial networks operate at 220, 132 and 66
kV and generally supply loads of less than 20
MW. The 220 kV network supplies the Eastern
Goldfields due to the large distance between the
supply source and load centre. The 132 and
66 kV radial networks generally supply regional
townships in Western Australias South-West
region. These 132 and 66 kV radial networks
include zone substations that transform the
primary voltages to 33 kV or 22 kV.
Radial networks are designed taking into account
analysis of network reliability, risk and economic
factors. Radial network backup may be provided
by other parts of the transmission network, the
distribution network, local generation or not at all,
depending on this analysis.
18
CBD substations are designed to withstand

the failure of a single item of plant without any
sustained loss of load. They are also designed to
withstand the failure of either two items of plant
or both transmission lines supplying a substation
with only a temporary interruption to load.
Most regional substations are designed to
withstand the failure of a single item of plant
without sustained loss of any load. A small
number of regional substations are designed to
withstand the failure of a single item of plant with
a small risk that up to 10 per cent of the load
may need to be shed. This risk only applies for
one per cent of the time throughout a year, and is
based on the availability of suitable spares.
A small number of regional substations are not

able to continue to supply load for a failure of
a single item of plant. These substations have
usually been established for one customer where
the customer has accepted the risk. Even if
nearby loads then take the opportunity to be
supplied from these substations, it is often not
economic to provide higher supply security.
Most substations supplying the Perth
metropolitan area are designed to withstand the
failure of a single item of plant (about a one in
20-year event), accepting that some load may be
shed, on a rotational basis, for up to nine hours.
In line with commercial imperatives, since 1996,
Western Power has accepted the risk of shortduration load-shedding to increase the utilisation
of substation capacity.
2.4 Distribution network planning

standards
The distribution network operates at 33, 22, 11,
6.6 kV and 415 V. It is broadly separated into
CBD, metropolitan and rural networks. Each of
these categories is discussed below.
Western Powers distribution system is generally
designed to operate radially. Normally, the loss
of a network element will interrupt supply to a
number of users. There are a number of factors
which mitigate the length of interruption for
customers.
Ties between feeders provide backup connections
when the normal feeder is out of service, for
example, and reclosers and sectionalisers are also
used. To ensure that equipment is not needlessly
out of service, some equipment will automatically
re-energise the network element after a short
delay. This is known as reclosing. Sectionalisers
allow the location of the fault to be identified and
service restored to customers upstream from the
fault. Western Power also uses fault indicators,
load-break switches and remote-control pole-top
switches to improve the speed of fault location and
isolation, which facilitates more rapid restoration.
In the future, embedded generation, may be

able to assist in these circumstances. However,
embedded generation must disconnect from the
network if its local distribution feeder is separated
from the wider power system. If the embedded
generation could remain connected, this would
be known as islanded operation. Currently the
distribution system cannot support islanded
operation because it is not fitted with synchronising
equipment to reconnect islanded feeders to the
wider power system when it is safe to do so.
2.4.1 CBD
The CBD distribution network is an open-meshed
and remotely-switched design. This facilitates
rapid restoration of supply to healthy sections of
the network after faults. In addition, CBD zone
substations automatically reconfigure feeders
after the loss of step-down transformers. The
total loss of a single-zone substation requires
manual network reconfiguration to restore
supplies within four hours. CBD feeders are
normally limited to 50 per cent of their maximumrated capacity. This provides leeway to remotely
reconfigure the network and so restore load after
a feeder outage.
2.4.2 Metropolitan
Metropolitan distribution networks are openmeshed networks with radial feeders and interfeeder ties that can be switched into service as
required3. This moderate level of interconnection
between feeders and a planned maximum feeder
loading of 80 per cent allows for the transfer of
load between feeders after a fault. In contrast
to the CBD, this transfer of load may require a
number of manual-switching operations.
This feeder arrangement minimises fault levels and
simplifies technical and operational requirements.
With multiple open points, improved supply
restoration times are possible, although the initial
loss of supply will still occur.
These are known as normally open points.
19
2.4.3 Rural
2.5 Quality of supply requirements
The distribution networks in rural areas are radial

and are much longer than metropolitan feeders,
with limited inter-feeder ties. As a result, supply
restoration after network faults takes longer.
Some distribution feeders can be very long,
with no interconnection to accelerate supply
restoration.
Aside from the extensive planning criteria

described above, Western Power applies
technical requirements to ensure that the
quality of electricity supplied to customers is
acceptable. These requirements affect the
design of the network and its elements. They
include characteristics such as flicker, voltage
limits, waveform distortion and waveform
unbalance. Broadly speaking, the requirements
are found in various national and international
codes of practice and standards. They are widely
accepted by electricity utilities and by electrical
equipment manufacturers.
Users requiring security of supply above the

standard design philosophy will be provided with
network back-up where practicable. However,
on-site standby generation may be the only
economic solution.
Investment to provide
additional security of supply is normally at the
users expense.
Western Power has other obligations established

by legislation. The Electricity (Supply Standards
and System Safety) Regulations 2001 contains
various quality-related benchmarks. The
Electricity Transmission Access Technical Code
and the Distribution Technical Code and Planning
Criteria also set out requirements, although the
codes are in the process of being replaced by
technical rules that are being prepared by the
ERA in consultation with Western Power and
other Network users4.
Electricity Transmission Access: Technical Code and Electricity Distribution Regulations: Technical Code, Western Power
Corporation, Perth.
4
20
3 Network planning assumptions

This chapter provides some background on the latest planning assumptions
underpinning the Annual Planning Report. The main network planning
assumptions are peak demand across the network and the location of new
generation.
3.1 Developing and applying
electricity demand forecasts
3.1.2 Western Powers load forecasting

methodology
In contrast to the Statement of Opportunities

report, which provides forecasts at the overall
system level, the network development
planning process also requires forecasts for
each substation and terminal station. To then
determine augmentation needs, Western Power
assesses network capability against electricity
demand forecasts by:
Three levels of demand forecast are required for

network planning purposes. These include:
direct comparison with each network

elements thermal rating; and
computer simulations to identify thermal,
voltage, stability and fault rating constraints.
3.1.1 Typical drivers of load growth
In the SWIS, typical drivers of load growth include:
penetration of air-conditioners.
Recently,
increased residential air-conditioning has
boosted electricity demand significantly. If airconditioner penetration grows further, weather
sensitivity is likely to increase strongly;
new residential sub-divisions. There is rapid
growth in new residential developments
along the northern and southern coastal strip
towards Two Rocks and Mandurah, as detailed
in the Metropolitan Development Program
Urban Land Release Plans, released by the
Western Australian Planning Commission,
and available at www.wapc.wa.gov.au;
in-fill growth in older metropolitan suburbs,
resulting in increased housing and hence
increased load density; and
isolated larger customers such as shopping
centres and particular industrial/commercial
loads.
There have been a number of
announcements of sizeable industrial
loads to come into operation over the next
decade. These loads are included in the base
assumptions when they can be considered as
committed, using similar criteria to those used
in the SOO.
a demand forecast for the bulk transmission

system, which is broadly based on the
demand forecasts reported in the Statement of
Opportunities Report, and which allows peak
network flows across the bulk transmission
network to be modelled. An overall load
forecast for the bulk transmission network
is the sum of individual substation forecasts
at the time expected system peak load,
corrected to match the demand forecasts
reported in the SOO;
demand forecasts for each substation, which
are developed by extrapolating previous peaks
for each substation, and which allow peak
power flows across each substation element
to be modelled. Western Powers forecasting
methodology is based on statistical analysis of
historic load information for every substation
and terminal station. Expected block loads
are, as appropriate, added to these demand
forecasts; and
demand forecasts for each load area, which
allow peak power flows across the network
elements in each load area to be modelled.
These forecasts are developed using the
bulk transmission forecasts and the individual
substation forecasts.
In each case, the focus is on understanding
the most onerous conditions that will affect
each network element. For example, the bulk
transmission networks most onerous power
flows are normally at the time of system peak. An
individual substation may have its peak load at
a different time to the remainder of the network.
Simply using load forecast for the time of system
peak would potentially understate the duty on
each substation element, and lead to inadequate
development plans.
21
The most onerous operating condition for each

load area is derived from a combination of
the demand at time of system peak and local
demand peaks, depending on the characteristics
of that load area.
This average hottest day is the basis of peak

demand projections and is known as the 50
per cent PoE. The variations that may occur on
warmer or milder hottest days are known as the
10 per cent and 90 per cent PoEs respectively.
The SWIS load forecast, as reported in the 2006

SOO, exhibits a load growth of approximately
3.4 per cent or 20 MW per annum, which is in
line with historical load growth. Individual years
and substations vary significantly around this
average. The load growth in recent years has
exceeded the average growth rate.
Western Power uses the 10 per cent PoE in its

modelling. This provides an appropriate level
of capacity within the network following the
implementation of network development plans.
3.1.3 Managing weather sensitivity risks in

demand forecasting
The highest peak demand for the SWIS is
generally mid-week after a consecutive string of
hot and humid days with temperatures between
the high 30s and mid-40s, with hot and humid
conditions overnight.
In a hot summer, such as the summer of 1997,
(where peak day temperatures reached 44.5C,
minimum 29.0C), peak demand was about 150
MW above that on an average summer peak day.
In contrast, during a mild summer, such as in
2002, (where peak day temperatures reached
a maximum of 36.3C, minimum 21.5C), peak
demand was about 100 MW below that of an
average summer peak day.
To account for weather-related variation in
forecasts, peak demand is expressed as PoE
values. Taking 50 per cent PoE as an example,
for every ten demand readings, on average five
readings would be over the 50 per cent PoE
value and five would be below the 50 per cent
PoE value. Similarly, on average, one sample
would be above the 10 per cent PoE value and
nine samples would be below the 10 per cent
PoE value.
The peak demand day has generally occurred
between the end of the summer school holidays
and the middle of March. Over the past 50 years,
the average highest maximum temperature each
summer has been 41C. The average of the
highest minimum temperature each summer has
been 26C.
22
3.1.4 Review of load forecasting practice

Load forecasts are a critical input into the network
planning and development process. Western
Powers network reinforcement plans and capital
expenditure requirements are developed from load
flow studies that depend on forecasts of load at
the low voltage side of each individual substations
transformer. The forecasted loads with reactive
power compensation removed are directly
uploaded in to Western Powers load flow model
for performing load flow studies under contingency
conditions to identify network constraints.
This process enables the identification of
network constraints and the necessary network
augmentations to increase capacity in the SWIS
network such that growth in peak electricity
demand can be catered for.
Given the fundamental importance of load
forecasts to the electricity network development
process, that is, the ability to cater for peak
demand growth with prudent and timely capital
expenditure, it is vitally important for Western
Power to continually improve its capability and
excellence in the following areas:
understanding
of
anticipated
load
growth. Demand growth can arise from
the development of proposed large bulky
loads such as new mining projects, land
developments, economic factors, population
growth and other demographic factors.
Western Power will be increasingly more
connected with industry and other government
agencies to ensure that the anticipated needs
of network users are adequately catered for in
a timely and cost effective manner;
understanding the sensitivity of peak demand

to weather conditions. Weather conditions
play a significant role in driving growth in peak
demand primarily due to increased use of
electricity for space cooling and, to a lesser
extent in the SWIS, space heating; and
understanding of the diversity of loads across
different regions throughout the SWIS. This
takes in to consideration varying weather
conditions over different regions and varying
economic and demographic conditions over
different regions.
Western Power is presently conducting a review
of its existing load forecasting processes,
methodologies and assumptions, with a view to
identifying the opportunities for improvement to
achieve credible forecasts. The review will also
seek to identify areas of best practice in respect
to load forecasting in Australia. This review will be
completed by Q2 2007.
3.2 Location of new generation

As noted in the Introduction, Western Power
provides non-discriminatory access to the
SWIS. Pricing signals are provided to users of
the network by Western Power with the intention
of optimising the development of the system,
including the location of new generation sources.
However, Western Power may not direct the
location for new generation. Therefore, Western
Power must make prudent assumptions regarding
possible generation development scenarios in its
network development planning process.
The 2006 Statement of Opportunities reported
that 1087 MW of new generation capacity will
be committed to connect to the SWIS during
the next three years and an additional 713 MW
of new generation capacity has been proposed
for connection to the SWIS during the next three
years.
The load forecast published in the 2006 SOO will
require that a total of around 2500 MW of new
generation capacity will be required to connect to
the SWIS to meet electricity demand growth over
the next 10 years.
The location for this generation capacity is not
certain, however it is anticipated that a considerable
proportion of this capacity will be located south of
the Perth metropolitan area in the region between
Pinjarra and Collie. This assumption is based on

the availability of fuel resources for coal, gas and
renewable plant, as well as compatible process
industries for cogeneration plant.
Western Power relies on proponents to provide
details of their projects early enough to allow
timely network reinforcement. While proponents
provide information in good faith, there is a range
of factors that can change the feasibility, timing,
size and location of such projects. Moreover, in
some instances, proponents only provide details
of their intentions once the projects are nearly
committed to minimise the commercial risk to
the project. Equally, Western Power is aware
of generation projects that cannot be reflected
in this public document due to confidentiality
constraints. It is possible therefore that
future development plans will be materially
different from those published here.
Western Powers planning process must
manage the high level of uncertainty associated
with the timing, size and location potential future
generation sources. The impact of this uncertainty
is exacerbated by the time taken to complete
major transmission network augmentation
projects, such as the construction of 330 kV
transmission lines required to accommodate
large new generation sources. The construction
phase of a generation project can take as little
as two years, whereas establishing a new
transmission line can take up to seven years
from conception to commissioning. Much of the
time required to establish a new transmission line
is associated with the environmental processes
that need to be completed to identify and gain
approval for line routes.
Without the necessary network infrastructure
to provide minimum levels of power transfer
capability, generator outputs may need to be
restricted to maintain network safety, reliability and
security. Such restrictions may have an adverse
impact on the development of a competitive
generation market.
Consequently, Western
Powers planning processes are designed to
identify universally required network developments
and to commence investment to ensure that the
network can respond to market needs in a timely
fashion. This investment will be subject to, among
other things, the regulatory regime, Access Code
and capital contributions policy.
23
The 2006 SOO identifies committed and

proposed generation projects. Committed
projects are included in the base assumptions
used for the system analysis underpinning this
APR. Scenario analysis has been performed on
the proposed generation projects to assess the
impact on the network. The following sections
develop scenarios that allow consideration of
network constraints arising from potential new
generation.
The consideration of these various scenarios
enables Western Power to identify elements of
commonality between generation development
scenarios and where particular options are
beneficial to all development scenarios. Where this
occurs, the network option can be demonstrated
to be sound from a regulatory perspective
allowing the network reinforcements to be
implemented in a timely manner. A basic level of
access to the network would then be available for
whichever development scenario eventuates. As
particular generators commit to connecting to the
network, additional network reinforcement is likely
to be required to tailor the network to suit that
particular connection. Therefore, some generator
output constraints may still be required until all
reinforcements can be completed.
In developing and considering these scenarios,
Western Power is neither recommending
particular locations nor is it judging which
generation projects are most likely to succeed.
It is simply ensuring that its network plans
are robust enough to cope with the potential
generation developments.
3.2.1 Southern
scenario
generation
development
The 2006 SOO reports that 736 MW of

new generation is committed to connect in
the southern part of the SWIS by 2008/09.
Unlike previous editions of the Statement of
Opportunities (formerly the Generation Status
Review), no information is available regarding
proposed generation connections. Committed
projects reported in the 2006 Statement of
Opportunities are as follows:
a 129 MW generator in the Pinjarra area;
a 52 MW upgrade of existing plant at Muja;
a 351 MW power station in the Wagerup area;
and
a 204 MW generator in the vicinity of Collie.
24
In addition to the committed projects, there are a

number of other new generation proposals.
The new generation proposals for this area are
considered realistic given the ready access to
a range of fuel sources together with suitable
process industries that could accommodate
cogeneration projects.
The development of new generation sources in
the southern areas exposes the network to the
following limitations:
an increased requirement for reactive power
support within the metropolitan area; and
overloading of 330/132 kV transformers
interconnecting the 330 kV bulk transmission
and 132 kV sub-transmission networks.
Reactive Support
Additional reactive power support is required for
two reasons. Firstly, the four 330 kV transmission
lines between the South-West generation sources
and the Perth metropolitan area are all around
200 km long. Any 330 kV lines of this length can
transfer no more than 500 MW of power each
before voltage stability limits begin to constrain
their power transfer capacity.
To maintain
stable and secure network operation at loading
levels above 500 MW, reactive power support
is required. Even with this measure, the risks of
system voltage collapse are significantly increased
by the connection of the new generators.
Secondly, with increased base load power
generation at 330 kV, the 132 kV generation
elsewhere in the network is displaced. This
displaced generation is typically located near to the
Perth metropolitan area and due to its proximity
to the load, it would normally provide dynamic
reactive power support to stabilise the network
during faults. When this generation is displaced,
the reactive power support normally provided by it
needs to be sourced from elsewhere.
Means of alleviating the demand for increased
reactive support include the provision of
alternative sources of reactive power (for
example, using static var compensators) or by
reducing the load transferred by transmission
lines by either connecting additional lines or by
reducing generator outputs.
Tranformer capacity
The increased loading of the 330 kV network that
will result from the connection of new generation
sources at 330 kV will require additional 330/132
kV transformer capacity within the Perth
metropolitan area, which is the main load centre.
Network augmentation
Therefore, significant network augmentations will
be required to enable the SWIS to accommodate
additional generation in the South-West
region. All or some of the following network
reinforcements will be required to accommodate
the new generation proposed in the 2006 SOO:
imposition of generation scheduling restrictions
(in some cases, for specific times);
installation of additional 330/132 kV
transformer capacity in the metropolitan area;
construction of additional transmission lines
within the metropolitan area; and
construction of new terminal stations within
the metropolitan area.
Additional generation beyond that proposed
in the 2006 Statement of Opportunities would
extend the reinforcement works:
construction of 330 kV transmission lines
from the South-West region into the Perth
metropolitan area; and
installation of additional reactive power
compensation, in the form of static var
compensators, shunt capacitor banks within
the metropolitan area or series line capacitor
banks on the major 330 kV infeeds to the
metropolitan area.
The most significant work would entail the
construction of new 330 kV transmission lines
between the South-West region and Perth. The
installation of reactive power compensation
will provide temporary alleviation of network
constraints. Providing longer-term solutions to
these constraints would require construction of
additional 330 kV interconnectors and hence the
acquisition of new transmission line easements.
This process can take between three to five
years owing to the potentially long environmental
approvals and public consultation procedures.
3.2.2 Northern
scenario
generation
development
This generation scenario has been developed

around the projects outlined in the 2006
Statement of Opportunities and has been
extended considering the potential fuel sources
in the area. There is only one committed project
in the 2006 SOO:
an 80 MW wind farm near Cervantes.
There is potential for further development of
renewable and fossil fuel energy resources such
as wind farms in the area. The northern part of
the SWIS extending from the Perth metropolitan
area to Geraldton is supplied via a number of
long parallel 132 kV transmission lines. With
a distance of approximately 400 km between
Northern Terminal and Geraldton, this is a long
and weak interconnection and it provides only
limited power transfer capability for this area of
the state. This system currently operates close
to its power transfer limits.
This area is also constrained by the following
thermal, voltage and stability limitations:
Thermal: Most of the 132 kV transmission lines
in the North Country area are thermally rated to
allow power transfers of up to 85 MVA (without
considering synchronous stability limits);
Voltage: Due to the long route of the North
Country system and its relatively high power
transfer requirement, high loads can cause
the system voltage in the North Country area
to drop to unacceptable levels; and
Synchronous stability transfer limits: Due to
the long interconnection between the North
Country system and the SWIS, faults on the
interconnection or in the SWIS can cause
synchronous instability between generator
groups in the Perth metropolitan area and North
Country. This situation may be exacerbated by
the connection of additional generators in the
North Country. Provided the power transfer
from the metropolitan area to the North Country
region is held below the transient stability limits,
local generation in the North Country area will
retain synchronism with the metropolitan system
for system faults that are cleared normally. If the
power transfers are excessive then units may
lose synchronism. Therefore, the connection
of generation in the North Country region will
necessitate significant network reinforcements
to alleviate the network constraints.
25
In addition to the network limitations within

the northern area, the connection of additional
generation sources in this area exposes the network
within the Perth metropolitan region to several
limitations, including an increased requirement for
reactive power support and potential overloading
of the 132 kV transmission lines.
development of new 132 kV transmission

lines within the metropolitan area;
establishment of a 330 kV bulk transmission
network north of Perth to towards the
Geraldton region; and
installation of additional 330/132 kV
transformer capacity in the metropolitan area.
Additional reactive support is needed for two

reasons.
Firstly, the additional generation
provided by the wind farms means that
generation elsewhere in the network is displaced.
Most usually this displaced generation is located
near to the Perth metropolitan area and due to
its proximity to load, it would normally provide
reactive power support to stabilise the network
during faults. When this generation is displaced,
the reactive power support normally provided by
it needs to be sourced from elsewhere. Secondly,
the remoteness of the proposed wind farms and
the long 132 kV transmission lines that connect
them to the load centre means the lines are too
long to transfer any reactive power from the wind
farms to the load centre.
As noted earlier, establishing 330 kV transmission

lines requires a substantial lead-time, with
approval for and acquisition of transmission line
easements taking in the order of three to five
years.
The 132 kV transmission network in the North

Country area was originally designed for load to
be transferred northwards. With the connection
of large sources of generation north of this
region, the power flow is reversed with load
flowing into the Perth region. The network has
not been designed for this scenario and needs
reinforcing as utilisation of the network at its
limits. Installation of additional generation within
the North Country is unviable due to thermal and
synchronous limitations.
Therefore, substantial network augmentation will
be required to enable the connection of additional
generation sources in the area north of Perth.
Some or all of the following work will be required
to accommodate the generation project included
in the 2006 SOO:
installation of additional reactive power
compensation, in the form of static var
compensators, shunt capacitor banks within
the metropolitan area and/or series line
capacitor banks on the major 132 kV infeeds
to the metropolitan area;
imposition of generation scheduling restrictions
(a matter of negotiation between Western
Power and the generation proponent);
26
3.2.3 Metropolitan generation development

scenario
A single project for the connection of a new 320
MW generator in the Perth metropolitan area is
identified in the 2006 Statement of Opportunities.
Beyond this, Western Power is aware of several
proposals for additional generators within the
metropolitan area.
The electricity transmission network within the
Perth metropolitan area is characterised by high
loads and high fault levels. The fault levels on the
132 kV network within the metropolitan region
are nearing design limits and the 132 kV network
between the metropolitan power stations and
terminal stations is loaded to capacity. As a
result Western Power requires that all new
generating sources within the metropolitan area
be connected to the 330 kV network. To facilitate
this requirement, it will be necessary to establish
new 330 kV transmission interconnectors
within the Perth metropolitan area to connect
new power stations with the bulk transmission
network in the future.
Specifically, the development of additional
generation within the Perth metropolitan area
will:
increase fault levels;
increase loading of the 330 kV transmission
network within the metropolitan area (for
some connection locations); and
increase loading of 330/132 kV transformers
The retirement of some generators within the

Perth metropolitan area will:
reduce reactive power support for the network
during faults;
increase demand for reactive power support
due to replacement of metropolitan generation
with remote generation and resultant higher
loading of long 330 kV bulk transmission lines;
and
increase loading of 330/132 kV transformers
Therefore the connection of additional generation
sources within the Perth metropolitan area would
require some network augmentation, but may
also have some beneficial effect on the network
by providing reactive power support. The exact
siting of generation within the metropolitan
areas will significantly affect the timing, type and
location of network development required.
For example:
concentration of new generation in the southern
part of Perth, alongside existing generation,
would increase network loading and fault
levels, requiring some reinforcement; and
the siting of new generation in the northern
part of Perth would initially require the
establishment of a new 330 kV connector
but should minimise any other fault uprates,
network reinforcements or reactive power
support requirements.
3.2.4 Eastern
scenario
generation
development
There are no current generation project proposals

in the SOO for connection to the eastern part
of the SWIS. The inclusion of this generation
development scenario here seeks to provide a
general overview of the existing network and the
constraints that are likely to be encountered with
the connection of generation in this part of the
network. The connection points at Northam and
Kalgoorlie are presented for illustrative purposes.
Generation at Northam
This scenario has been included (even though
there are few convenient fuel sources) to illustrate
the impact of significant generation developments
in the area.
Northam zone substation is interconnected into

the metropolitan area via three 132 kV lines and
a normally open 66 kV transmission line. The
transmission system supplying Northam has
been designed to supply relatively small loads in
the Northam and its surrounding areas. It also
provides back-up capacity to supply loads in the
areas surrounding Merredin.
Given that the network was designed to supply
relatively small loads, there would be significant
thermal, voltage and stability constraints
associated with power transfer from Northam
into the metropolitan area. Further, significant
line losses may result from this power transfer.
Network reinforcement costs to cater for the
connection of significant amounts of generation
in this area are likely to be high due to the absence
of existing 330 kV transmission infrastructure or
strong points of connection at lower voltages.
For example, the straight line distance from
Northam substation to the closest 330 kV
circuit line is approximately 67 km. The network
reinforcements associated with this scenario
are similar to those required for the Northern
generation development scenario.
Generation at Kalgoorlie
Kalgoorlie is located approximately 550 km east
of the Perth metropolitan area and is connected
to the SWIS via a radial 220 kV transmission line.
There is potential for generation proponents to
propose connecting to this system to supply
local load and potentially export surplus power
into the SWIS given that:
there is an existing gas pipeline providing a
readily available source of fuel;
there are existing process industries in the
area; and
there is an existing 220 kV transmission
system.
The interconnection from Muja in the southwest to Kalgoorlie is via a 650 km long 220 kV
transmission line that was originally designed
and constructed in 1984 to supply loads in the
Kalgoorlie area. Due to its length, reactive power
compensation is required along the 220 kV line to
maintain the voltage profile along the line (enabling
power transfer capacity to the Kalgoorlie area).
27
At the time the 220 kV line was designed and

constructed, it was intended that generators
were connected to the network in the Eastern
Goldfields area for emergency stand-by purposes
only, to supply some load when the radial 220 kV
line was out-of-service.
More recently generators have connected in the
Kalgoorlie area to supply local load. A Remedial
Action Scheme (RAS) has been installed at
Kalgoorlie to island this generation for local and
remote faults in the SWIS, which could otherwise
result in synchronous instability. This scheme is
required in service only when power transfer from
Muja exceeds certain thresholds.
Operation of the RAS and subsequent islanding
of the generation in Kalgoorlie can result in
substantial and abrupt changes in power flow
along the 220 kV line from Muja to Kalgoorlie.
The system was not designed to cater for such
large abrupt changes in power transfer. There
are limitations in the dynamic range of fast-acting
reactive power compensation equipment and
therefore while the RAS enhances the transfer
capability of the existing system, it also imposes
limits on the amount of power that can be
exported from generators in the Kalgoorlie area
without undertaking additional reinforcement of
the network.
28
Given that generation in the Kalgoorlie area can

be operated in a synchronously stable mode
if power transfer across the Muja to Kalgoorlie
220 kV interconnection is maintained within a
particular threshold, there is scope for additional
generation to be accommodated within the
Eastern Goldfields system.
Power transfer
limitations imposed by synchronous instability
constraints would need to be managed with
the careful design of power plant to ensure that
the system operates in a synchronously stable
state.
If the amount of generation connected in the
Kalgoorlie area exceeds the local load, then
power would be transferred across the 220 kV
transmission line into the SWIS via Muja. This
has similar effects as the southern generation
development scenario with similar network
reinforcement requirements.
4 Description of load areas

The SWIS is grouped into 13 load areas primarily along geographical lines
Northern Terminal, Muja, Kwinana, Cannington, Bunbury, Western Terminal, East
Perth, Southern Terminal, South Fremantle, East Country, Eastern Goldfields, and
North Country.
A new load area called Guildford has recently been
created with the construction of Guildford Terminal.
A number of existing substations including Midland
Junction, Forrestfield, Darlington and Kalamunda
have been allocated to the Guildford load area.
The bulk transmission network interconnects
these load areas. Figure 4.1 provides a simplified
single line representation of the SWIS.
Historically, these load areas tended to consist
of a number of zone substations centred
on a major terminal station. However, with
increasing numbers of substations being cut into
interconnecting transmission lines to minimise
substation establishment costs, the network is
becoming increasingly meshed.
Each load area has its own unique characteristics
and load growth in the area tends to be influenced
by them. For example, the load areas supplying
the northern and southern coastal areas are
experiencing rapid load growth due to residential
housing developments, whereas growth in the
Eastern Goldfields areas is highly sensitive to
the activities of mining companies in response to
world metal prices. As might be expected, the
greatest distinctions are between load areas that
cover urban and rural load areas.
The maximum demand forecasts for each load
area are shown as a percentage of the total
load for 2006 and 2011 in Figure 4.2. The load
proportions are not expected to drastically
change over the next five years.
Average annual peak demand growth is shown
in Figure 4.3.
4.1.1 Bulk transmission network
Power is transferred over the 330 and 132 kV
bulk transmission networks from five major and a
number of smaller interconnected power stations
to 12 bulk supply terminals for transformation
to lower voltages. Electrical energy is then
distributed to a host of zone substations supplying
localised areas via the sub-transmission networks
operating at 132 and 66 kV voltages.
The bulk transmission network comprises the

330 kV network and major 132 kV links between
power stations and terminal stations. At present
there are four major 330 kV transmission ties
linking the South-West power stations with the
Perth metropolitan area, two major 330/132
kV terminal stations at Northern Terminal and
Southern Terminal and three main 330 kV
transmission lines within the Perth metropolitan
area. There are also a number of major 132 kV
transmission ties that are considered to be part
of the bulk transmission network.
In assessing the adequacy of the bulk transmission
network, generation forecasts are as important
as load forecasts given that the timing, size,
and location of new generation connections
significantly affect the network development.
Consequently, network performance studies have
been conducted assuming that required additional
generation is connected to the bulk transmission
network. However, the generation siting issue is
constantly changing, so the information presented
represents a snapshot only.
The Northern Terminal load area covers the north
of the Perths metropolitan region, extending
from the coast to Osborne Park and Morley in
the south, to Yanchep in the north, and West
Swan in the east. At 833 MW, the load area
represents approximately 26 per cent of the
total load in Western Powers SWIS. There are
presently 14 substations in the load area, all with
summer peaks.
The area contains commercial, light industrial,
residential and semi-rural loads. Parts of the
area are sparsely populated but will be subjected
to intensive residential and some commercial
development in coming years.
Long-term
development plans indicate that heavy industrial
load centres may be developed in the area within
20 years.
The recent trend of high-load growth is expected
to continue for the next ten years.
29
Figure 4.1 Simplified SWIS single-line diagram.
30
Figure 4.2 Peak demand proportions by load area in 2006 and 2011.
Peak demand proportions by load area 2006
Western Terminal 4%
Bunbury 8%
Southern Terminal 11%
Cannington 9%
South Fremantle 6%
East Country 3%
East Perth 10%

Eastern Goldfields 3%
Northern Terminal 23%
Guildford 4%
Kwinana 8%
North Country 6%
Muja 5%
Peak demand proportions by load area 2011

Western Terminal 4%
Bunbury 7%
Southern Terminal 11%
Cannington 8%
East Country 3%
South Fremantle 6%
East Perth 10%

Eastern Goldfields 3%
Guildford 4%
Northern Terminal 22%
Kwinana 9%
North Country 5%
Muja 8%
Figure 4.3 Annual average (over five years) peak demand growth rate, by load area.
Bunbury
Cannington
East Country
East Perth
Eastern Goldfields
Load Area
Guildford
Kwinana
Muja
North Country
Nothern Terminal
South Fremantle
SouthernTerminal
Western Terminal
0.0%
1.0%
2.0%
3.0%
4.0%
5.0%
6.0%
7.0%
Load Growth
31
Beyond this, overall development may moderate,

as vacant land becomes scarce. Even so, there
may be localised growth pockets, particularly
along the North-West coastal strip.
The average load growth for this load area is
forecast to be in the order of four per cent to
seven per cent per annum, almost double the
forecast system average.
If achieved, the forecast load growth would
require the establishment of at least ten new
substations and the construction of two new
transmission lines during the next 10 years. In
addition, a number of existing substations will
need to be uprated.
4.1.3 Muja
The Muja load area supplies predominantly
agricultural loads, with some mining, milling and
light industrial loads. It extends from Muja Power
station to Manjimup and Beenup in the south-west,
Albany in the south-east, Boddington in the north
and Narrogin in the north-east. Due to the large
geographical area, the load areas substations
supply their peak loads at different times:
The substations supplying predominantly
domestic loads normally supply their peak
load during winter.
The substations supplying mining and
agricultural loads normally supply their peak
load during summer.
Local load growth is generally slow, although
there are some developing areas and there have
been some new mining loads connected recently.
Albany, the main population centre, has had the
most significant load growth and is forecast to
grow at a rate of around 2.5 per cent per annum
over the next 10 years. The loads at Narrogin,
Wagin and Katanning substations are forecast to
grow on average 2 per cent per annum, while the
rest of the load area has a forecast load growth
of one per cent or less.
4.1.4 Kwinana
The Kwinana load area roughly follows the
administrative boundaries of the City of Kwinana,
and the towns of Rockingham and Mandurah.
All the substations in this area experience peak
demand during summer.
32
Two infrastructure developments are anticipated

to have a major long-term impact on the area.
These are:
the South-West Metropolitan Railway project
that will extend the South-West Metropolitan
Railway to Rockingham and Mandurah by
2007; and
the Kwinana freeway, which has recently been
extended to Safety Bay and a further section
between the Mandurah bypass and Lake
Clifton is due for completion by 2008. The
section of freeway between Safety Bay and
Mandurah is due for completion by 2011.
Both of these major infrastructure projects are
expected to provide a more attractive environment
for residential development. These projects are
accelerating development and therefore load
growth in the area from Rockingham to south of
Mandurah. The load in the Kwinana load area is
forecast to grow at an average rate of 6 per cent.
4.1.5 Cannington
The Cannington load area covers the south-east
metropolitan area, bounded by the Swan and
Canning rivers and extending east to Mundaring.
The load area supplies a broad mix of load
types ranging from industrial and commercial to
residential and semi-rural. All the substations in
this area supply their peak load during summer.
Commercial and industrial loads in the area are
experiencing strong growth, and overall load
demand in the area is growing at around 4 per cent.
The residential areas in Cannington load area are
fairly well established and domestic load growth
is expected to be relatively subdued but steady.
Urban consolidation and major development
projects, many of which will be located along the
shores of the Swan and Canning rivers, will be
the main drivers for domestic load growth in the
well-developed residential areas. Urban sprawl
will be one of the main drivers for domestic load
growth in the fringe areas.
4.1.6 Bunbury
The Bunbury load area covers a large region
from Pinjarra in the north to Margaret River in
the south. The region supplies a diverse range
of load types, varying from mining and minerals
processing, to timber milling, light industry, food

production, domestic and agriculture.
The
substations within this load area predominantly
supply their peak load during summer. However,
some substation loads are increased by the influx
of tourists during holiday seasons.
The load in this area has grown rapidly, particularly
around Picton, Pinjarra, Busselton and Margaret
River, primarily due to the expansion of the
tourism, wine and food producing industries and
some residential development. This expansion is
expected to continue over the medium term.
Major residential development projects, many
located along the coastal strip south of Bunbury
and spot developments along the LeeuwinNaturaliste line, will be the key drivers for
forecast load growth. Furthermore, expansion of
Mandurah inland towards Pinjarra and the Peel
Deviation is expected to drive load growth in the
Pinjarra region. Large industrial developments are
expected around Kemerton and Marriott Road.
Load growth in the area is expected to be driven

by expansion of existing major commercial loads,
natural growth and the increased uptake of
residential air-conditioning and other appliances.
A number of the areas major commercial
customers, including the University of Western
Australia, Claremont Shopping Village, and
Sir Charles Gardiner and Hollywood Private
hospitals, have indicated they are likely to double
demand over the next ten years. Contributions
from infill developments and re-development of
small pockets of land following re-zoning are
expected to be insignificant.
The forecast average annual load growth for
substations in the Western Terminal Load Area is
about 3 per cent. Cottesloe, Nedlands, Shenton
Park and Wembley Downs, which are the four
largest substations in the area, are growing at more
than 3 per cent per annum, with Cottesloe and
Shenton Park in particular experiencing significant
jumps in peak demand during summer 2004.
Bunbury load growth is expected to be around

4 per cent, driven by the major load centres of
Picton, Bunbury Harbour, Pinjarra and Busselton.
The highest rate of load growth, at 5 per cent, is
forecast at Busselton substation. The forecast
load growth in this area will require additional
capacity between Waterloo, Busselton and
Margaret River.
4.1.8 East Perth
Load growth in the East Perth load area has

been subdued over the last five years. A
lack of any significant new development,
redevelopment of the East Perth precinct, and
redevelopment associated with the Northbridge
tunnel, appears to have shifted load profiles and
temporarily reduced load. With the completion
of these developments, it seems likely that
underlying growth and the connection of block
loads will cause higher levels of load growth
over the short term.
The Western Terminal load area supplies the

western suburbs bound by the Perth CBD to
the east, Swan River to the south, the coast to
the west, and the suburbs of Scarborough and
Yokine to the north. Western Terminal supplies
predominantly commercial and residential
customers.
The western suburbs are generally wellestablished and mature, with above average
socio-economic demographic.
Analysis of
available data and information pertaining to
proposed residential, commercial, industrial and
infrastructure developments in the area indicates
that most of the areas substations are likely
to experience steady growth in load over the
medium to long term.
The East Perth load area includes the CBD,

Town of Vincent, City of Subiaco, and parts of
Maylands. The substations within the East Perth
load area all supply predominantly commercial
loads with peak load during summer. The CBD
load represents around 10 per cent of the total
system peak load.
The potential for future load growth in the East

Perth load area is largely related to the growth
in the economy and the resulting increase in
commercial activity in the CBD. It is recognised
that strong economic growth could lead to a
commercial building boom and significant load
growth with little warning.
33
Perth CBD population growth is reasonably high at

double the Perth metropolitan average. However,
high population growth has not translated into
high load growth. The residential load profile
complements the areas dominant commercial
load profile as population growth has contributed to
energy growth without increasing peak demand.
The forecast load growth for the area is higher
than average for the next five years. This is due
to a number of large new loads including the
Perth Convention Centre, Woodside Building
and East Perth Redevelopment Project.
Substations in the Southern Terminal load area,
from Riverton and Canning Vale in the north, to
Cockburn Cement in the west and Byford in the
south, supply a mixture of commercial, industrial
and residential customers, with the peak load
occurring during summer.
Many substations in the area have experienced
rapid load growth over the last five years due to
increased land development activities. In particular,
the area supplied by Cockburn Cement substation
has seen load growth at close to nine per cent
per annum due to new commercial loads around
Jervoise Bay and local residential subdivisions. As
there is still much vacant land in the area, rapid
load growth appears likely to continue.
The forecast load growth rates for substations in
the Southern Terminal load area range from 3 per
cent to 7 per cent.
The main constraints facing the Southern
Terminal load area during the next 10 years relate
to shortfalls in substation capacity. The forecast
rapid load growth will require five new substations
to be established in the area over the next 10 to
12 years.
The South Fremantle load area is relatively compact
and mainly supplies the city and port of Fremantle.
The load area extends south to Beeliar, east to
the Kwinana Freeway and north to the Swan
River. Substations in the area supply a mixture of
commercial, industrial and residential customers
and supply their peak load during summer.
34
This area is well established and is not expected

to experience rapid load growth in the medium to
long term. Load growth in the area is most likely
to be from redevelopment of small areas of land or
infill developments. The load growth in the area is
forecast to be around four per cent per annum.
4.1.11 East Country
The East Country load area covers extensive,
primarily Wheatbelt areas to the east of the Perth
metropolitan area, bounded by Sawyers Valley in
the west and Southern Cross in the east. The
network supplies a mixture of Wheatbelt, water
pumping and mining loads. The MundaringKalgoorlie water pipeline is a significant portion of
the load in this area. The main population centre
of the region is at Northam and York. The peak
loading for this area occurs during summer.
Analysis of the historic load growth and regional
development information indicates that the
substations in this area will have relatively
low growth rates. The towns in this area are
mostly mature and experiencing little growth.
There is potential for industrial and commercial
development in the region, which may accelerate
demand at any of the substations and this
potential requires close monitoring. The highest
rates of growth in this area are predicted to occur
at the substations in the areas near the coast and
the Perth metropolitan area.
The Eastern Goldfields load area supplies mainly
mining loads in the vicinity of Kalgoorlie. This load
area is supplied by a radial 220 kV line and four
other substations at Narrogin South, Kondinin,
Merredin and Yilgarn.
Over the medium term, the Eastern Goldfields
area has exhibited consistent growth. The
nature of the mining industry means that demand
for electricity is largely dependent on international
commodity prices. Historically, load growth
from year to year has varied with the demand
for output from the mines but, over the medium
term, has continued to grow.
The load growth predicted for the Eastern
Goldfields area is approximately 3.4 per cent.
This trend includes the average growth of

the mining loads. However, the mining loads
potential to change the growth rate suddenly
may necessitate rapid changes to the network
reinforcement plans, and therefore require close
monitoring.
The substations at Narrogin South, Kondinin,
Merredin and Yilgarn supply areas that are mostly
mature and experiencing insignificant growth.
There is some potential for mining, industrial
and commercial development in the region to
accelerate demand at these substations.
The transmission capacity is limited by voltage
and synchronous stability constraints due to
large distances required to transmit power to
this region, although in some cases thermal
constraints may also arise. There are two
interrelated constraints in the Eastern Goldfields:
limiting power exports from local generators
due to risk of voltage collapse; and
limiting power transfer capacity due to risk of
synchronous instability.
The load growth forecast for the substations

supplying Geraldton is in the order of 7 per cent
over the last six years.
The load growth is highest in the coastal areas
of Geraldton, Kalbarri, Dongara, and Jurien.
The load growth forecast for the remaining
substations in the area is expected to be around
one per cent.
The North Country network was designed to
supply relatively small loads distributed over
a large geographical area. It is currently not
capable of transferring large amounts of power
due to thermal, voltage and synchronous stability
limitations. This constraint results in no capacity
to connect large industrial customers and as
such major reinforcement to this system is
planned. Heavy reliance is placed on the use of
generating plant at Mungarra and Geraldton to
top up transmission capacity to meet the load
demand. Western Power plans to continue using
this generating capacity until major transmission
reinforcement works are delivered.
The constraint on power transfer capacity is

the most significant issue facing the Eastern
Goldfields load area over the next five years. A
review of available options to provide a longterm solution to alleviate these critical constraints
is being performed and the preliminary study
results are presently under review.
4.1.14 Guildford
4.1.13 North Country
Many substations in the area have experienced

rapid load growth over the last five years due to
increased land development activity. In particular,
the area supplied by Midland Junction substation
and Forrestfield substation have experienced
higher load growth due to new commercial loads
from Westralia Airport, BCG and local residential
subdivisions. As there is still much vacant land
in the area, rapid load growth appears likely to
continue. The forecast load growth rates for
substations in the Guildford Terminal load area
are around 3.5 per cent.
The North Country region transmission network

is connected to the rest of the SWIS via very long
132 kV transmission lines. The North Country load
area is located north of the Perth metropolitan
region, stretching from Regans Ford and Moora
to Kalbarri. The load area extends into the
Northern areas of the Wheatbelt, around 150 km
east of the coast. The load area supplies a range
of mining and industrial loads, as well as many
rural centres and the main population centre of
Geraldton. All the substations in this area supply
their peak load during summer.
Guildford Terminal station was energised in

December 2006. The substations in the Guildford
Road area are Midland Junction, Darlington,
Kalamunda and Forrestfield, which supply a
mixture of commercial, industrial and residential
customers with peak load during summer.
35
4.1.15 Load area constraints

Over the ten years considered by this report, a
number of network constraints have been identified
based on network planning assumptions. These
are summarised in Table 4.1:
Table 4.1 Summary of Network Constraints.
36
Load area
Immediate network constraints5
Bulk transmission
Largely driven by generation location decisions
Northern Terminal
Muja
Voltage constraints on long lines and distribution network limitations
Kwinana

shortfalls
Cannington
Bunbury

shortfalls
Western Terminal
East Perth
Southern Terminal
South Fremantle
East Country
Voltage constraints on transmission lines and substation capacity shortfalls
Eastern Goldfields
Voltage and stability constraints on transmission lines No further generation

is possible in this region
North Country
Highly sensitive to connection of generation and/or loads

generation is possible in this region
Guildford Terminal
Thermal line constraints
No further
Load areas can exhibit all of these types of constraint the table highlights the most immediate concerns.
5 Projects (Approved, committed or commissioned)

In this chapter, information on major committed projects intended to address
network constraints is presented. This chapter does not include information on
the connection of new generators or major loads.
The definition for committed projects used in the
Statement of Opportunities is broadly used in
this chapter, namely that a project is identified as
committed if the following criteria are met:
The project has purchased/settled/acquired
land (or commenced legal proceedings to
acquire the land) for the construction of the
proposed development.
Contracts for the supply of major components
of plant and equipment have been finalised.
All planning consents, approvals and licences
have been secured.
Business Case Approval has been achieved.
Construction has commenced, or a firm date
for construction has been set.
Please note that while the projects below have met
the criteria, they may still change in timing, scope
and cost prior to commencement as a result of
revised forecasts and other factors. Only projects
expected to cost more than two million dollars are
included in this section. Projects less than two
million dollars are shown in appendix D.
5.1 Committed transmission projects

5.1.1 Bulk transmission
Pinjar to Wanneroo new 132 kV line
construction
At medium to high system loads during 2007, an
outage of two transmission lines supplying the
Northern Terminal load area will have the potential to
cause a cascade failure of numerous transmission
lines in the load area, resulting in disruption of up
to 22 per cent of the SWIS load. By 2009, an
outage of a single transmission line will result in low
voltages at Wanneroo and Yanchep substations.
In response, a 21 km, 132 kV transmission line
will be constructed between Pinjar Power Station
and Wanneroo Zone substation. This 132 kV
transmission line is integral to the interconnection
of the new Neerabup Terminal station with the
132 kV transmission network.
This project will be completed by Q1 2007.
Figure 5.1 Diagram showing approximate location of 132 kV easement.
37
Figure 5.2 Pinjar to Wanneroo new 132 kV transmission line.

Pinjar
Muchea
Yanchep
Clarkson
Existing 330 kV
line section
Wanneroo
Henley Brook
Mullaloo
New 132 kV
line section
Existing 132 kV
line section
Northern Terminal
Landsdale
Shotts to Kemerton stringing second side

on 330 kV
A new generator will connect to the 330 kV
network in the Collie region during 2008.
Subsequent new generators will connect near
Collie during 2009 and 2010.
The operation of the new generators will increase
the loading of the 330 kV transmission lines that
transfer power from the South-West generation
sources to the Perth metropolitan area. As these
lines become more heavily loaded, they become
weaker and lose their ability to provide reactive
support to the network, instead requiring reactive
power for the network to remain stable.
Between Shotts and Kemerton terminal stations, a
spare circuit is available on the existing transmission
towers. This project involves stringing conductor
along this spare circuit to allow the power flows
through the network to be better balanced,
particularly for 330 kV line outages. This will
reduce the impact of particular contingencies on
the network, increase the efficiency of the network
and reduce the need for reactive power support
within the metropolitan area.
By balancing the power flow along existing
transmission lines and therefore reducing the
load on the most heavily loaded line, the new
transmission line will reduce network losses and
greenhouse gas emissions during normal and
contingency situations.
Reactive compensation southern load area

Increased generation connecting into the 330
kV network at Wagerup will increase loading of
the 330 kV network between the South-West
generation sources and Perth (the load centre).
As these lines become more heavily loaded, they
become weaker and lose their ability to provide
reactive support to the network, instead requiring
reactive power for the network to remain stable.
As the new generators will be highly efficient units
entering the competitive generation market it is
anticipated that they will operate at a relatively high
utilisation levels. As a result, generators at Pinjar
and Kwinana will be displaced. The Kwinana and
Pinjar generators provide a vital source of reactive
power support due to their close proximity to the
load centre. These generators work to ensure
secure operation of the network through faults
and without them operating, the network is at
risk of voltage collapse.
To alleviate this risk, capacitor banks will be
installed within five metropolitan zone substations
to increase reactive support levels and therefore
minimise the extent of other, more expensive,
reinforcements. A total of 40 MVAr of capacitor
banks will be installed at Clarkson, Hay Street,
Medina, Mandurah and Mason Rd substations.
This project will be completed by 2008.
38
This project will be completed concurrently with

other projects that will reinforce the network
to enhance network security. Installing these
capacitor banks will not prevent the need for
network reinforcements, but will reduce the
extent of network reinforcement required.
Convert Southern Terminal to Kwinana line
from 132 kV to 330 kV
New generator connections change the loading
of parts of the network, causing a change
in response of the network to contingency
situations. This reduces the ability of the network
to maintain stable operations, thereby reducing
network security.
New generators will connect to the 330 kV
network at Kwinana during 2008 and generators
presently connected to the 132 kV network at
Kwinana will be retired during 2008 and 2009.
This will increase the loading of the 330 kV
transmission lines that transfer power to the major
terminal stations within the Perth metropolitan
area and at the same time the network support
provided by 132 kV generators at Kwinana will
be lost. Under these circumstances, there will
be a risk of voltage collapse within the network.
The network will be reinforced by converting the
KW-ST 82 line from 132 kV to 330 kV. The line
reinforces the 330 kV bulk transmission network
by reducing the impact of the worst-case
contingency by better balancing the load flows
along the available 330 kV transmission lines.
This project is relatively inexpensive to implement
as it takes advantage of an existing transmission
line that presently operates at 132 kV, but is
designed for 330 kV. The retirement of 132 kV
plant at Kwinana releases capacity within the 132
kV network, allowing this line to be reconfigured
to form part of the 330 kV network.
Southern Terminal install third 330/132 kV

transformer
A new 320 MW generator will connect to the
330 kV network at Kwinana and a new 200 MW
generator will connect to the 330 kV network
near Collie during 2008. At the same time, the
Kwinana Stage B generators presently connected
to the 132 kV network will be retired. These
changes to the generation profile will increase the
load transferred across the 330 kV network and
will increase the loading of the 330/132 kV bulk
transmission transformers supplying loads in the
Perth metropolitan area.
The load increase on the bulk transmission
transformers will be such that the failure of
one transformer would result in the overload of
the other transformers remaining in service. A
third 330/132 kV 490 MVA transformer will be
installed at Southern Terminal to ensure that
there is adequate transformer capacity within the
network to securely supply all load.
The installation of the 330/132 kV transformer will
result in increased 132 kV fault levels at Southern
Terminal and the surrounding zone substations.
The resulting fault levels will be greater than the
fault rating of existing plant. Fault limiting reactors
will therefore be installed at Southern Terminal to
mitigate the rise in fault levels and avoid the need
for plant uprates.
Neerabup establish new 330/132 kV
terminal station
A new 320 MW generator will connect to the
330 kV network at Kwinana and a new 200 MW
generator will connect to the 330 kV network
near Collie during 2008. These new generators
will increase the power flow through the 330/132
kV transformers within the Perth region, such
that during an outage of one of the two Northern
Terminal 330/132 kV transformers, the other
transformer would be overloaded.
To cater for connection of the new generation and to
prevent transformer overloading or load shedding,
a new 330/132 kV 490 MVA transformer will be
installed at a new terminal station at Neerabup, as
shown in Figure 5.3.
39
5.1.2 Bunbury
The new terminal station will supply substations

at Yanchep, Wanneroo, Clarkson and Joondalup,
offloading the transformers at Northern Terminal
and the 132 kV transmission lines supplying the
Northern Terminal load area. The new terminal will
provide substantial loss savings for the network.
Margaret River establish 132 kV

transmission line and upgrade substation
Margaret River is an existing substation currently
supplied via a 37 km radial 66 kV transmission
line installed in 1967.
The Neerabup terminal is optimally located to

supply the areas of rapid load growth at the
northern edge of the Perth metropolitan area.
Reliability of supply to Margaret River is expected

to reduce over the next few years due to the rapid
growth in load in this region. When the radial line
to Margaret River fails Western Power is unable
to supply up to half the local load until the line is
returned to service. The transmission line is mostly
of overhead construction with the final 2 km section
underground. The repair time for this line may be
many hours depending on the location and type of
fault. An outage of this nature would be of concern
to Western Power and the local community.

Eastern Goldfields fault clearance time
reduction
Recent system studies have identified that
reducing the existing fault clearance times on a
number of 132 kV circuits in Eastern Goldfields
will improve voltage stability in the region, and
increase power transfers up to a total of 90 MW
on the 220 kV line at West Kalgoorlie Terminal.
Protection relays and circuit breakers on the
following 132 kV circuits need to be upgraded:
Load growth at Margaret River has been

consistently high over the last eight years and
is predicted to remain at a high rate for the
foreseeable future. The Margaret River load
growth is currently around six per cent per year.
By 2010 the expected load that will not be able
to be serviced is expected to approach 10 MW.
The magnitude of expected un-served energy
to the community in the Margaret River area will
be sufficient to justify the establishment of a new
132 kV line by 2010.
West Kalgoorlie Terminal, Boulder circuit;

Boulder, Western Mining Smelter circuit; and
Boulder, Parkeston to Piccadilly Tee circuit.
This project is scheduled for completion by Q3
2007.
Figure 5.3 Neerabup terminal establishment.

To North Country
Pinjar
To Yanchep
To Muchea
New 330 kV
line section
Existing 330 kV
line section
New 132 kV
line section
Neerabup
Existing 132 kV
line section
Wanneroo
To Clarkson
To Mullaloo
40
NorthernTerminal
This project involves the installation of a double

circuit 132 kV line from Busselton to Margaret
River and the installation of a 132/22 kV 33 MVA
transformer at Margaret River. The two 66 kV
transformers at Margaret River are 57 years old
and are considered unreliable for further service.
To maintain the security of the transformer
supply it is necessary to replace the old 66 kV
transformers with a new unit.
Figure 5.4 Diagram showing approximate

location of 132 kV easement.
As part of this project a 132/22 kV 33 MVA

transformer will be installed to utilise the extra
security and capacity of the new 132 kV line.
Land from the adjacent Margaret River Depot
will be reclaimed to expand the existing Margaret
River substation. The two existing old Margaret
River transformers will be removed.
The existing Margaret River to Busselton 66 kV
line will be removed as one side of the new double
circuit 132 kV line will be initially energised at 66
kV. The new double circuit line will run adjacent
to the existing 66 kV line to minimise community
concern on the visual impact.
The establishment of the first 132 kV line to
Margaret River is part of the plan to convert
the 66 kV Margaret River substation to 132 kV.
The complete conversion to 132 kV will not be
undertaken until the existing 66 kV plant reaches
the end of its economic life or has insufficient
capacity to meet the load.
Figure 5.5 Margaret River Substation and

depot aerial photo.
Figure 5.6 Margaret River

substation reinforcement.
To Picton,
Pinjarra
Busselton
remove 66 kV line
New 132 kV
line section
Existing 132 kV
line section
New double circuit
132 kV line, one side
initially energised at 66 kV
Existing 66 kV
line section
Margaret River
41
Pinjarra Substation installation of second

132/22 kV 33 MVA transformer and two new
feeder circuits
Pinjarra substation originally supplied Water
Corporation pumping station, however over time,
several residential loads have been connected
to the substation. As there is only one feeder
connected to Pinjarra substation and no 22 kV
busbar, the ability to connect more loads to
Pinjarra substation is limited. Due to high growth,
driven by coastal developments, Mandurah
substation cannot support the connection of
substantial developments inland.
15 MVA of subdivision load is forecast to come
online within the next five years. Pinjarra substation
will be used to supply this load. Loads originally
connected to Mandurah and Coolup substations
may also be supplied from Pinjarra.
This
requirement has arisen due to existing capacity
constraints on feeders from both Mandurah and
Coolup substations and a need to supply these
loads from a more reliable source.
This project requires installing an indoor
switchboard by Q4 2007 (Stage 1), and installing
a second 132/22 kV 33 MVA transformer by Q4
2008 (Stage 2).
Traditionally Pinjarra has been considered as a
country substation and an outdoor arrangement
has been adopted. With the expansion of the
Mandurah metropolitan area, the installation of an
indoor switchboard at Pinjarra will reduce visual
impact to the community and prepare Pinjarra for
a relatively quick and low cost expansion as the
load growth continues to increase.
Figure 5.7 Pinjarra Substation aerial photo.
42
5.1.3 East Perth CBD

James Street to Milligan Street 132 kV cable
replacement
The CBD loads are projected to continue to grow
steadily and Milligan Street substation will reach
its design capacity by 2008. The existing 132 kV
cables supplying the Milligan Street substation will
be upgraded. The new cables are expected to
provide sufficient capacity to at least 2025.
This project is split into three stages:
Stage one involves the replacement of cables
from James Street Substation to a point just
south of the railway line;
Stage two involves the replacement of cables
from a point just south of the railway line to a
joint close to Murray Street; and
Stage three will see the replacement of cables
from a joint close to Murray Street to Milligan
Street.
The Perth Rail Project required that stage one
of the works be completed by June 2005. To
minimise the number of cable joints, stage two
was completed at the same time. Stage three
will be completed by Q4 2007.
James Street Terminal, which is to be established
by Q4 2016, will require strong 132 kV links with
CBD substations which will strengthen supply to
CBD. The replacement cables will provide some
of this additional capacity.
Figure 5.8 Routing of existing cables and

approximate demarcation points showing
three stages of their replacement.
5.1.4 Cannington Terminal

Rivervale Substation conversion to 132 kV
This project is necessitated by anticipated
shortfalls in 132/22 kV transformer capacity at
Belmont substation as well as shortfalls in the
capacity at Cannington Terminal. The project
is to be implemented in two stages. Stage one
involves the installation of the first 33 MVA,
132/22 kV transformer, conversion of Rivervales
load from 6.6 kV to 22 kV and decommissioning
of the 66 kV substation plant; stage two involves
the installation of a second 33 MVA transformer
and transference of load from Belmont substation
to Rivervale substation.
Stage one of the project is nearly completed and
stage two will be completed in Q2 2007.
It is forecast that the 132 kV two-transformer
Rivervale substation will have enough capacity
to meet the areas forecast load growth to about
2011, at which time a third transformer will be
installed.
Cannington to Rivervale 132 kV line uprate
The conversion of Rivervale substation to 132 kV
required the establishment of a new Cannington
to Rivervale 132 kV line. The line is currently
rated for 166 MVA. In the event of an outage of
the supporting Cannington to Welshpool 132 kV
line, it is forecast that the thermal capacity of the
Cannington to Rivervale line will exceed capacity
by summer 2007. It is therefore planned to
uprate the Cannington to Rivervale line to 242
MVA by upgrading the overhead conductor.
This project will be completed in Q4 2007.
Reinforce Cannington 132 kV transmission
network
This project reinforces the Cannington Terminal
132 kV network via the establishment of a
Cannington Terminal to Belmont 132 kV line
and Welshpool-to-Belmont/Rivervale 132 kV
lines. The project will ensure the continued
secure operation of the transmission network as
generation and demand grow.
All Cannington transmission lines operate within
their thermal ratings under normal operating
conditions.
However, as load increases, some of the lines will

need reinforcement to prevent them operating
outside their designed ratings during certain
contingencies.
The project will involve reinforcement and reconfiguration of the network. As the work will
be completed at the same time that Kewdale
substation is commissioned, the new transmission
lines will incorporate the connection of the new
substation. The project will form the Cannington
Terminal to Kewdale, Kewdale to Belmont and the
Welshpool to Belmont/Rivervale 132 kV lines.
This project will have the added advantage of reenforcing system security for Cannington and East
Perth terminal load areas, including Perth CBD.
Without the network reinforcements proposed,
the security of the 132 kV supply to the CBD
and the rest of the East Perth and Cannington
Terminal load areas will be jeopardised under
certain contingencies, possibly resulting in loadshedding or voltage collapse.
Kewdale establish new substation
The establishment of Kewdale substation is
required to meet the areas forecast demand for
electricity. The area to be supplied by the future
Kewdale substation consists largely of industrial
loads and is currently supplied from Belmont and
Welshpool substations. With an estimated load
growth rate of about four per cent, it is forecast
that the areas demand for electricity will exceed
Belmont and Welshpool substations capacity by
summerr 2008/09.
Analysis of a number of options determined the
establishment of a new substation at Kewdale
to be optimal. Western Power already owns a
site in the area about 200m from an existing 132
kV line, which minimises transmission costs for
the establishment of the new substation. Also,
the new substation site is located about halfway
between Belmont and Welshpool substations,
which would enable it to effectively offload
demand from either of the substations. This
has the added advantage of circumventing
considerable expenditure on adding new feeders
to Welshpool substation. The substation will
contain one 33 MVA transformer, with capacity
for two more 33 MVA transformers.
43
Figure 5.9 Future transmission line layout with Kewdale substation.

Northern Terminal
East Perth
Belmont
New 132 kV
line section
Kewdale
Existing 132 kV
line section
Rivervale
Welshpool
Cannington Terminal
Bentley: establish new substation
Load forecasts have shown that the Cannington

66 kV supply will reach its limit in 2011 with Collier
Street and Clarence Street substations also
forecast to exceed capacity. The establishment of
a new 132/22 kV Bentley substation next to Curtin
University will relieve the capacity shortfall. The
substation will contain two 33 MVA transformers,
with capacity for a third 33 MVA transformer (Refer
to Figure 5.10).
Piccadilly Substation installation of third

transformer
The new Bentley substation will be supplied by

two one km, 132 kV cables that cut into the
existing Southern Terminal to East Perth 132 kV
line. The location of the new substation allows it
to supply Curtin University, the areas major load.
About 10 MVA of Curtin load will be transferred
from Collier Street substation to the new Bentley
substation. Up to 20 MVA of additional load
from planned developments at Curtin and in
surrounding areas is forecast to come on line
between 2007 and 2010. It is also planned to
transfer some load from Tate Street substation to
Bentley in 2009.
The Bentley substation will be completed in Q3
2007 to meet the University requirements.
44
Projected load growth indicates that Piccadilly

substation will exceed capacity by December
2008. This substation is located in a high load
growth area with a large number of residential
and commercial developments in the Kalgoorlie
CBD. This will contribute to a higher than
expected deficit of capacity and increased risk of
power supply interruptions to customers if a third
transformer is not installed by summer 200809. Any loading above the firm capacity would
expose the Piccadilly load to an increased risk of
shedding.
This project requires:
installation of a third transformer;
installation of a new 11 kV switchboard; and
distribution
reinforcement
and
other
associated works.
The estimated completion date for this project is
Q4 2008.
Figure 5.10 Bentley substation establishment.

East Perth
Bentley
New 132 kV
line section
Existing 132 kV
line section
SouthernTerminal
5.1.6 Kwinana
Waikiki establish zone substation
The electrical demand in the Rockingham area
has increased substantially over the recent
past. With two major infrastructure projects
due for completion in the near future, the PerthMandurah railway and the extension of Kwinana
freeway to Mandurah, it is expected that load
growth will be sustained at the same rate and
may increase in the future.
The load forecast indicates that Rockingham
substation will reach its capacity during summer
2007-08. Studies have confirmed that a new
substation at Waikiki will best accommodate the
increase in power demand.
Western Power commissioned an external
engineering consultant to undertake a siting
study on five different sites, investigating the
potential environmental, economic, technical and
social issues associated with this substation.
This project will include the establishment of
a new substation with one 132/22 kV 33 MVA
transformer at Waikiki and line works to cut into
the Rockingham to Mandurah 132 kV line as
shown in Figure 5.11.
Much of the new loads are expected to be around

residential development areas of Baldivis, Port
Kennedy and Secret Harbour. These suburbs
are located more than 10 km from the existing
Rockingham substation. It is therefore preferable
to establish a new substation at Waikiki to meet
this demand.
Mason Road Substation install second
transformer
Mason Road zone substation supplies
predominantly industrial load and demand has
been steady in the last few years. A number
of new large industrial loads are scheduled to
commence early in 2007 and others are planned
for end of 2007.
Detailed studies have shown that the most
effective and economical long term solution
for Mason Rd is to install an additional 132/22
kV 33 MVA transformer and an indoor 22 kV
switchboard.
Project completion is expected by Q4 2008.
45
5.1.7 Muja
Muja to Bridgetown/Manjimup construct

new 132 kV line
Katanning Substation fourth transformer

installation
Due to the limited capacity of the 66 kV network

to provide backup supply to the 132 kV network,
a project is presently underway to construct a
second 132 kV line from Muja to Bridgetown and
Manjimup. This line will use part of the existing
66 kV line routes and has already resulted in
decommissioning of the 66 kV substations at
Yornup and Quinninup.
The load at Katanning substation has been

steadily growing at a rate of around 2.4 per cent
annually and the peak load has been near to
the substation capacity for a number of years.
During 2001, the transformers at Katanning were
fitted with additional cooling fans to increase the
substation capacity. During 2003, Katanning
substation was loaded to 87 per cent of its
capacity. It is forecast that the substation load
will exceed capacity by summer 2007/08.
This project includes the following scope of work:

line route investigation, approval, easement
acquisition and line route preparation;
construction of around 45 km of new 132
kV line and conversion of around 90 km of
existing 66 kV line to 132 kV;
construction of new 132 kV circuits at Muja,
Bridgetown and Manjimup substations;
installation of new 22 kV feeder circuits at
Bridgetown and Manjimup substations; and
distribution works to transfer load from Yornup
and Quinninup substations to Bridgetown and
Manjimup substations.
The scope of works includes the installation of a

new 66/22 kV 33 MVA transformer, installation
of associated secondary plant including required
protection equipment and rearrangement of the
22 kV busbar at Katanning to accommodate the
new transformer.
Following the installation of the new transformer,
the substation will normally operate with the new
transformer supplying the load. The three existing
5 MVA transformers will be used as back-up to
supply the load in the event of a failure of the new
transformer.
This project will be completed in Q4 2007.
Figure 5.11 Waikiki substation establishment.

Rockingham
New 132 kV
line section
Existing 132 kV
line section
Waikiki
Meadow Springs
Mandurah
46
5.1.8 North Country
Rangeway establish new substation
Landsdale Substation
transformer
The Geraldton CBD is presently supplied from

the Durlacher Street 33/11 kV substation. During
summer 2004-05, the CBD load exceeded the
substation firm capacity. As there is no space to
extend this substation, a new 132/33 kV substation
located at Rangeway is under construction.
The new substation is located in a high-load
growth area where there is a dramatic increase
in load demand particularly from the Geraldton
Port. It will also supply the Geraldton Port until a
new, dedicated substation to accommodate the
increasing Port load is established.
This project involves the establishment of a new
Rangeway 132/11 kV substation about 2 km
south of Durlacher Substation (Refer to Figure
5.12). The substation comprises a single 132/11
kV 33 MVA transformer supplied via a new 132 kV
double-circuit line from Geraldton, about 7 km in
length. Initially only one Geraldton-Rangeway line
circuit will be energised. The second circuit will
be required in the future as part of the integrated
reinforcement plan for the Geraldton area. This
plan involves the use of the second circuit to
create a future Geraldton-Rangeway-ChapmanGeraldton 132 kV ring when a second 132/11 kV
transformer is required at Chapman substation.
This new zone substation will be completed in
Q1 2007.
install
third
Landsdale Substation was commissioned

with a single transformer in Q4 2001 and a
second transformer was commissioned in
Q4 2003. Load was originally transferred to
Landsdale from Arkana, Malaga, Mullaloo and
Beechboro substations for the summer of 200102. Additional load was transferred from North
Beach and Mullaloo Substations to Landsdale
during 2003.
The forecast load growth rate for Landsdale
Substation is high due to rapid residential
development in the area. The load at Landsdale
is forecast to reach the substation capacity by
2006. A third 132/22 kV 33 MVA transformer will
be completed in Q4 2006.
By 2011, it is forecast that the load supplied by
Landsdale Substation will exceed the substation
capacity. At this time it will be necessary to either
expand the capacity of Landsdale Substation or
to transfer load to an adjacent site.
As Landsdale will be fully developed and the
existing substations in the area are also heavily
loaded, the preferred option is to establish a new
substation in the area. It is planned to establish
Wangara Substation to offload Landsdale
Substation by 2011.
Figure 5.12 Geraldton Rangeway substation establishment.

Chapman
132 kV line proposed for 2010
Durlacher St
New 132 kV
line section
Geraldton
To WWF and
MGA
Rangeway
New 132 kV line in 2006
Existing 132 kV
line section
Existing 33 kV
line section
47
Morley Substation - install third transformer

The forecast demand at Morley Substation will
exceed capacity by 2008. To expand capacity,
a third 132/11 kV 33 MVA transformer at Morley
Substation will be installed. Following installation
of the third transformer, the substation will have
sufficient capacity until around 2019. This project
will be completed by Q1 2008.
Clarkson establish new substation
Clarkson Substation is required by Q4 2006 to
provide additional capacity to offload Wanneroo
Substation and will supply load to the area around
the suburbs of Clarkson and Quinns Rocks.
The load will be primarily residential but may
include some light industrial loads located around
the Flynn Drive industrial estate.
Wanneroo and Yanchep substations presently
supply the load in this area and transmission
forecasts indicate that these substations have
sufficient capacity to supply the area until 2007.
The substation will initially consist of a single
132/22 kV 33 MVA transformer with capability for
future expansion. Once established, the capacity
of Clarkson Substation will be gradually expanded
by installing the second and third 132/22 kV 33
MVA transformers in 2010 and 2014.
The new substation will require a 132 kV line cut
in along the existing Wanneroo to Yanchep 132

kV line as shown in Figure 5.10.
The load at Clarkson Substation is forecast to
again reach its capacity by 2023. At this point,
a new substation will be required. The new
substation will be established in the Two Rocks
area. Load will be transferred from Yanchep to
Two Rocks, releasing capacity at Yanchep to
offload Clarkson Substation.
Joondalup establish new substation
Joondalup Substation (with a single 132/22 kV
33 MVA transformer) will be required by 2010 to
provide additional capacity to offload Mullaloo
and Wanneroo substations.
The site for Joondalup Substation is located adjacent
to the Joondalup city centre and this substation is
proposed to supply a mixture of commercial, light
industrial and residential load in the immediate
vicinity. The establishment of Joondalup Substation
may be brought forward if any large block loads
require connection before 2010.
As shown in Figure 5.13, the new substation will
require a 132 kV line cut in along the existing
Mullaloo to Wanneroo 132 kV line. Forecasts
predict that once the substation is established
load growth at Joondalup will require the second
transformer by 2012 and the third transformer by
2016.
Figure 5.13 Joondalup substation establishment.

To Pinjar
Yanchep
Clarkson
Wanneroo
New 132 kV
line section
Existing 132 kV
line section
Joondalup
Mullaloo
48
Yokine Substation install third transformer

Yokine Substation supplies a relatively mature
load area, however the historical and forecast load
growth rate is very high for an established area.
Residential lot development projections predict
that demand will reach substation capacity by
2006.
Load was transferred from Yokine substation
to Morley substation in 2005. This will relieve
overloading of Yokine until 2008. By 2008, it will
be necessary to either transfer additional load
from Yokine substation or to expand the capacity
of Yokine Substation. Recent investigations have
determined that although Yokine is a small site,
a third 132/11 kV 33 MVA transformer can be
accommodated, and the plan is to install this
transformer by Q4 2008.
Henley Brook establish new substation
The northern suburbs of Perth have been
developing rapidly over the past decade. This
development has included residential, commercial
and light industrial and reflects population growth
of around 3.5 per cent and electricity growth of
over 6 per cent per year.
Beechboro Substation is located on the fringe
of the metropolitan area and has been supplying
loads across a broad geographical area.
Residential developments have increased load
at Beechboro over the last few years and this
forecast is set to continue.
Figure 5.14 Henley Brook new substation.
Muchea
Pinjar
Henley Brook Substation, with a single 132/22

kV 33 MVA transformer, will be required by
Q4 2008 to provide additional capacity to
offload Beechboro Substation. It is anticipated
establishing Henley Brook Substation will not
only relieve overloading at Beechboro Substation
but will also substantially benefit distribution
development on existing heavily loaded, long
feeders that supply the Beechboro area.
Load forecasts indicate that a second transformer
will be required at Henley Brook by 2013 and the
third transformer will be required by 2019. In order
to establish Henley Brook Substation, a 4.4 km
double circuit line to cut into Northern Terminal to
Muchea will be required as shown in Figure 5.14.
Padbury establish new substation
The northern suburbs of Perth have experienced
strong growth in residential, commercial and light
industrial load resulting in electricity growth of 6 per
cent per year. Load forecasts demonstrate that the
load at Mullaloo will exceed substation capacity
by 2007 and the load at North Beach will exceed
substation capacity by 2009. Therefore additional
capacity in this area is required before 2007.
Analysis has shown that the most effective way to
supply additional load in the Mullaloo and North
Beach areas is to establish a new substation in
Padbury. The substation will initially consist of
a single 132/22 kV 33 MVA transformer with
capacity for future expansion.
Figure 5.15 Padbury new substation.

Mullaloo
New 132 kV
line section
Existing 132 kV
line section
Henley
Brook
Padbury
Landsdale
New 132 kV
line section
Northern
Terminal
Existing 132 kV
line section
North
Beach
Northern
Terminal
49
Due to the magnitude of load that needs to be

transferred from North Beach and Mullaloo, the
second transformer will be required at Padbury
by Q4 2008. Load forecasts indicate that the
third transformer will be required at Padbury by
2009 and that the load at Padbury will exceed the
full design capacity of the substation by 2015.
The new Padbury substation will require a 132
kV line cut in along the existing North Beach to
Mullaloo 132 kV line as shown in Figure 5.15.
This project is scheduled for completion in
Q4 2006.
Amherst Substation third transformer
installation
Load growth in the area surrounding Amherst
Street substation is expected to increase beyond
the existing Amherst 132/22 kV substation
capacity during 2008. To meet customer demand,
the installation of a third 33 MVA transformer is
expected to be completed by Q4 2007.
South Fremantle Terminal to Kwinana
Terminal line conversion to double circuit
If an outage of the South Fremantle Terminal to
Kwinana Terminal line occurs, the line may be
overloaded. To ensure this does not happen, the
South Fremantle Terminal to Kwinana Terminal
split phase line will be converted to a double
circuit. This project will be completed in 2007.
Bibra Lake establish new substation

The forecasted load in the area supplied by
the existing Australian Paper Mills Substation
is increasing as a result of new residential and
commercial developments. Load forecasts show
that this substation will be unable to supply the
maximum summer demand in 2007-08. There
is no space available at this substation for future
expansion to increase capacity.
To supply the increased demand, Bibra Lake
Substation will be established to support the
Australian Paper Mills substation. The substation
will cut into the existing 132 kV line from Kwinana
to South Fremantle. The site will consist of a
single 33 MVA transformer with potential for
additional capacity.
Project completion is scheduled for Q4 2007.
Byford Substation install third transformer
Byford Substation supplies predominantly
residential and commercial customers. The load
has increased rapidly over the last two years due
to numerous commercial/industrial developments
and new residential lot releases in the area. Two
new shopping centres will be operational over the
next two years and the Metropolitan Development
Program (published by Department for Planning
and Infrastructure) has indicated that the area
supplied by Byford Substation will have one of the
Figure 5.17
Bibra Lake substation
establishment.
Figure 5.16 SF-KW 82.
South Fremantle
South Fremantle
Terminal
Bibra Lake
New 132 kV
line section
Existing 132 kV
line section
Kwinana Terminal
50
New 132 kV
line section
Substation cut into
KW-SF 132 kV line
Existing 132 kV
line section
Kwinana
highest number of new residential developments

among Perth suburbs. By December 2007,
the substation may not be able to support the
summer peak demand for the area.
Detailed studies have shown that the most
effective and economical long term solution for
the Southern area is to install an additional 132/22
kV 33 MVA transformer at Byford Substation and
an indoor 22 kV switchboard.
Murdoch establish new substation
The existing Riverton Substation has experienced
rapid growth with an average of 9 per cent
per year over the last five years. Increasing
population as a result of higher housing density,
new developments at Murdoch University and
the surrounding commercial areas is likely to
continue in the foreseeable future. Riverton
substation is approaching its capacity and based
on load forecasts will be exceeded by summer
2006-07. A new substation is needed to support
this increase in electrical demand.
The new Murdoch Substation will be situated on
the north-eastern corner of Murdoch Drive and
Farrington Road. This project will require the
establishment of a new substation at Murdoch
with one 33 MVA transformer and line works to
cut into the Southern Terminal to Riverton 132
kV line.
The project will be completed in Q4 2006.
Southern River establish new substation

Gosnells and Canning Vale substation load areas
have experienced rapid growth over the past two
years. Load supplied by these substations has
increased by about 30 per cent and 20 per cent
respectively since summer 2001-02. With increasing
population and a relatively large amount of vacant
land available for developments, it is expected that
growth in this region will continue for the foreseeable
future, with the substations approaching their
capacity limit by summer 2006-07 and summer
2007-08 respectively. A new substation is needed
to support this electrical demand.
The new Southern River substation is strategically
placed to offload both Gosnells and Canning
Vale substations, and also to supply future load
growth in the area.
The substation was completed in Q3 2006 and
is situated approximately 4 km south-west of the
Gosnells substation and 5.5 km south-east of
the Canning Vale substation. The substation site
is also near the existing Gosnells-Byford 132 kV
transmission line.
This new substation comprises one 33 MVA
transformer and is supplied from a cut into the
into the Gosnells-Byford 132 kV line (Refer to
Figure 5.18).
Latest demand forecasts predict that Southern
River Substation will be overloaded by summer
2007-08. This future demand will require the
installation of a second 132/22 kV 33 MVA
transformer at Southern River Substation by Q4
2007.
Figure 5.18 Murdoch substation establishment.

Southern Terminal
Riverton
New 132 kV
line section
Substation cut into ST-RTN 132 kV line
Murdoch
Existing 132 kV
line section
51
Southern River Substation cut into

Southern Terminal to Wagerup/Alcoa
Pinjarra 132kV line
The capacity of the Southern Terminal to
Cannington Terminal 132 kV line will be exceeded
by summer 2008-09 with a single outage of either
the Southern Terminal to Kenwick Link 330 kV line,
Kenwick Link 330/132 kV transformer or Kenwick
Link to Cannington Terminal 132 kV line.
Southern River Substation is approximately 1.3
km from the Southern Terminal to Wagerup/
Alcoa Pinjarra 132 kV line. By cutting this line

into Southern River Substation, the loading of
the Southern Terminal to Cannington Terminal
132kV line will be reduced as power will be
flowing into Cannington Terminal from Gosnells
substation (Refer to Figure 5.19). This will ensure
the Southern Terminal to Cannington Terminal
132kV line will have sufficient capacity until other
planned reinforcements are implemented.
2008.
Figure 5.19 Southern River establish new substation.

Riverton
Murdoch
Cannington Terminal
Kenwick
Link
Canning Vale
Gosnells
Existing 330 kV
line section
New 132 kV
line section
Southern Terminal
Existing 132 kV
line section
Southern
River
Cockburn Cement
Byford
To Pinjarra and Wagerup
Southern River cut into ST-WGP/APJ line

Riverton
Murdoch
Cannington Terminal
Kenwick
Link
Canning Vale
Gosnells
Existing 330 kV
line section
New 132 kV
line section
Southern Terminal
Existing 132 kV
line section
Southern
River
Cockburn Cement
Byford
To Pinjarra and Wagerup
52

Cottesloe upgrade existing substation to
132 kV
The upgrade of the 66/6.6 kV Cottesloe
Substation to 132/11 kV is required to increase
the substations capacity as well as the local
distribution network capacity to meet forecast
local demand.
Forecasts predict that the
Cottesloe areas demand will exceed the existing
substation capacity by December 2008.
This project requires the conversion of Cottesloes
operating voltages from 66/6.6 kV to 132/11 kV
and replacement of the substations existing
transformers with higher capacity transformers
by Q4 2009. The substation will contain two 33
MVA transformers, with provision for a third 33
MVA transformer.
The project has the additional advantage of avoiding
expenditure on maintenance of aged 66 kV plant.
Most of Cottesloes 66 kV plant is more than 35
years old and would require extensive maintenance
or replacement within the next 10 years.
Wembley Downs increase substation
capacity
This project is required to increase Wembley
Downs Substation and the associated distribution
network capacity in order to meet forecast local
demand. Demand is expected to exceed the
existing substation capacity by Q4 2008.
The
conversion
of
the
Wembley
Downs
Figure 5.20 Cottesloe convert to 132kV

substation.
distribution network to 11 kV and replacement

of existing transformers with 32 MVA 66/11 kV
transformers will increase system capacity. This
project will make use of ex-North Perth 66/11 kV
transformers. It also has the advantage of avoiding
major expenditure on new transmission lines.
This project will be staged and the total work to
be completed by Q4 2009.
5.1.13 Guildford Terminal
Forrestfield Substation install second
transformer
Forrestfield Substation supplies predominantly
industrial and commercial customers. Growth has
been low, until recently when loads were transferred
from Midland Junction and Kalamunda.
Major commercial and industrial developments
are in progress within the Perth Airport land
holding and it is therefore necessary to expand
substation capacity to cater for this increase in
demand.
Studies have shown that the most effective and
economical solution to support the Guildford
Terminal area in the long term is to install an
additional 132/22 kV 33 MVA transformer at
Forrestfield Substation by Q4 2007.
Westralia Airports Corporation has indicated that
an extra 40-50 MVA will be required over the
next eight to ten years. A new substation will be
required at the airport to cater for the growth.
Figure 5.21 Guildford Terminal to Midland
Junction substation construct second
132kV line.
To Northern Terminal
Western Terminal
To Cook St
Guildford
Terminal
Nedlands
Cottesloe
Tee
Cottesloe
New 132 kV
line section
Existing 132 kV
line section
Existing 66 kV
line section
To North
Fremantle
Amherst St
New 132 kV
line section
Existing 132 kV
line section
Midland Junction
53
Guildford Terminal to Midland Junction

Substation construct second 132 kV line
Major commercial and industrial developments
within Perth Airport land holding are the main
drivers of this project. With the forecast of extra
40 MVA for Perth Airport in the next 10 years, it is
necessary to reinforce the transmission system,
which is currently supplying the substations in
the areas.
Studies have shown that the most effective and
economical solution to support the Guildford
Terminal area in the long term is to build an
second 132 kV line between Guildford and
Midland Junction Substation.
2007.
Kalamunda Substation
transformer
install
third
Kalamunda Substation supplies predominantly

residential customers.
Load growth has
increased steadily at 2.4 per cent per annum due
to new residential lot releases in the area and it is
forecast that Kalamunda substation will reach its
capacity by December 2009.
Detailed studies have shown that an additional
132/22 kV 33 MVA transformer at Kalamunda
Substation is the optimal reinforcement option.
Project completion date is scheduled for Q4
2009.
Darlington Substation
transformer
install
third
Darlington Substation supplies predominantly

residential customers.
Load growth has
increased steadily at 3.4 per cent per annum
due to new residential lot releases in the area.
Darlington Substation is forecast to reach its
capacity limit by Q4 2009.
Detailed studies have shown that it will be costly
and inconvenient for Darlington Substation
to offload to other substations because of its
surrounding parks, rivers and bushland. The area
will be supported with an additional 132/22 kV
33 MVA transformer at Darlington Substation.
5.1.14 East Country
No major projects have been committed.
54
5.2 Committed distribution projects

Due the large number of distribution assets, the
total list of individual projects is too extensive to
detail in the annual planning report. The following
information covers only the major distribution
programs initiated by Western Power to improve
overall system reliability and to provide network
reinforcement.
Distribution capacity capital expenditure
Distribution capacity capital expenditure includes
all demand-driven reinforcement of the distribution
system. The reinforcement is essentially required
to increase distribution network capacity to
supply ongoing load growth. The growth in load is
across most areas of the network with significant
increases in inner city redevelopment areas, in
outer metropolitan residential development areas
and in country coastal regions.
The budget provision is divided into HV distribution
capital expenditure and LV distribution capital
expenditure. HV distribution capital expenditure
primarily includes all expenditures relating to
distribution feeder reinforcement to supply load
growth and to interconnect new zone substation
developments. Feeder reinforcements may
include new feeders, feeder capacity upgrades,
optimisation of network configuration, the
installation of voltage regulators, reactive
compensation, and automated network switching
devices.
LV distribution capital expenditure includes
upgrade of distribution transformers and
transformer LV exit circuits. High network
load growth creates network capacity, voltage
and reliability constraints. Distribution capital
expenditure projects are developed to reinforce
the system to overcome these constraints.
Reinforcements are planned in accordance with
satisfying distribution planning criteria as outlined
in the technical rules.
The reinforcement projects specifically address
the following network constraints:
the presence of small cross-section conductor
or cable in close proximity to zone substations,
which impose thermal constraints on feeder
ratings or cannot sustain the fault levels at that
location;
distribution feeder thermal overloading due

to customer load growth in specific areas,
resulting in either the construction of additional
feeders or increasing the HV distribution
feeder voltage from 6.6 kV to 11 kV or 22 kV;
distribution feeder voltage constraints due
to load growth in rural areas, resulting in
either the installation of voltage regulators,
capacitors, or the construction of additional
feeder sections;
the exceeding of distribution planning
guidelines requiring feeder exit cable loads to
be kept below 80 per cent of their background
normal cyclic rating (NCR), so that one feeder
can be offloaded to four other feeders;
the need to interconnect new greenfields zone
substations in the distribution network. Each
new greenfields zone substation requires
three or four feeders to be constructed and
commissioned;
increasing fault levels in the metropolitan area
due to the penetration of underground cables
and the integration of new zone substations.
The existence of underrated conductors can
also cause under voltage situations which
impact on power quality;
the need to construct new distribution feeders
to supply new developing subdivisions in the
outer areas of the network;
reinforcement of feeder interconnections
and reconfiguration of networks to improve
reliability and backup performance; or
overloaded distribution transformers and LV
circuits.
Table 5.1 lists the notable distribution capacity
expansion projects over the next two years. This
is not a comprehensive list of all Western Powers
distribution projects.
5.2.1 State Underground Power Program
(SUPP)
In 1994, severe storm damage to the overhead
distribution system left many thousands of
customers in the metropolitan area and the
southwest region without power for several days.
As a result, the State Government established a
Steering Committee comprising representatives
of the Office of Energy, Western Power and the
WA Local Government Association, to investigate
undergrounding the overhead distribution system.
Undergrounding of the transmission system was

not included in this due to the very high costs
and robustness against damage. A pilot program
of 4 projects started in 1996 established the
technical and financial viability of undergrounding
local power lines.
In 1998 the Government established two strands
to the program major residential projects and
the smaller localised enhancement projects
with a commitment to having half the Perth
metropolitan area serviced by underground
power by the year 2010. This target is to be
achieved by the combination of the program and
new property subdivisions that must only use
underground power.
Each major residential project is funded jointly by
the State Government, Western Power (25 per
cent each) and 50 per cent by the relevant local
government. For low socio-economic localities,
the local government funds 35 per cent of the total
cost. The base cost is around $7,000 - $8,000
per electrical meter for 1,000 to 1,500 meters in
a typical project. Local governments usually fund
these projects through rates on property owners.
For localised enhancement projects the cost is
about $500/metre and the State Government and
Western Power equally fund up to $250,000 on a
dollar per dollar basis with the local government.
The program has now completed 28 major
residential projects, costing $167 million and
undergrounding power to 56,000 electrical
meters about 10 per cent of the original
overhead distribution system. This has been
achieved through the pilot (four projects), round
one (eight projects), round two (12 projects) and
round three (four projects). Some 18 localised
enhancement projects have now also been
completed, involving $6.8 million expenditure
and undergrounding 15 km of overhead lines in
focal areas of communities.
There are five major residential projects in round
three now in progress (Port Hedland, Nedlands
East, Fremantle, Highgate East and Wembley
Downs), with Como East due to commence in early
2007. In 2005 the Minister for Energy approved
nine localised enhancement projects for round
three (Balingup, Boddington, Bunbury, Geraldton,
Lake Grace, Manjimup, Mt Barker, Nannup and
Waroona) with Bunbury, Mt Barker and Balingup
now complete and Nannup under construction.
55
Figure 5.22 Before and after undergrounding

of overhead distribution lines.
Seven major residential projects were announced

for round four, by the Minister for Energy in
March 2006 after 89 applications from local
governments (Mt Pleasant North, Palm Beach,
Gosnells South, Wilson West, Withers (Bunbury),
Balcatta & Greenwood West). Round four will run
from 2007 to 2010.
5.2.2 Reliability Improvement Program
Western Powers reliability improvement plan was
established in 2004-05. The plan established
solid and robust business rules and processes for
the effective, practical, cost effective and efficient
delivery of reliable power to all Western Power
customers. To ensure that reliability performance
is constantly monitored and improved, it needs to
be recognised that governance and management
systems must be established to
identify process/systems gaps;
introduce and manage change; and
develop and enhance systems, processes,
procedures and resources.
The reliability improvement plan is applicable
to all processes that fit within the Key Process
of Delivery of Electricity to Western Powers
customers. The Key Process Map for the Delivery
of Electricity is represented in Figure 5.23.
The plan establishes management and
governance frameworks for issues relating
to power reliability, including, but not limited
to, processes, measurements, equipment,
structures, communication systems and
customer/stakeholders expectations.
Figure 5.23 Key process map for delivery of electricity.
Maintain
Plan
Design
Procure
Build
Manage
& Monitor
Operate
56
Reliability performance over the past three years

has improved by approximately 16 per cent since
June 2004, including an 11 per cent improvement
over the past 12 months. This is indicative of
the impact that recent reliability driven initiatives
are having on the network as well as favourable
weather conditions over the past 12 months.
Targeted network reinforcement
The reliability improvement program consists of

a number of a number of distribution projects as
described below:
This strategy targets reinforcement activities

on poor reliability areas across the SWIS and
includes feeders within and outside the 40
worst feeders list. This is a recently developed
strategy where considerable work is taking place
to finalise the scope of work, processes and
procedures. Progress in this strategy has varied
between country and metropolitan regions due
to the nature of the reinforcement activities being
applied as well as the resource skills involved.
40 Worst Feeders Program
Distribution automation
The 40 Worst Feeders Program targets feeders

that contribute the most towards SAIDI across
the South-West Interconnected System.
The intention is to inspect every indentified feeder
to validate asset conditions and suspected root
causes of unreliability and to have them fixed
within agreed times for specific asset severity
conditions.
A dedicated Reliability management team is
responsible for the program. It analyses the
performance of the feeders and recommends
solutions to existing problems. The team
monitors the program of works on the feeders to
ensure that issues are identified and addressed
promptly.
Rogue Feeder Program
The intention of this strategy is to engage
dedicated and experienced resources to
continuously monitor the performance of feeders
and conduct regular line patrols to ensure that
obvious or potential fault situations are detected
prior to a fault occurring.
A total of 20 feeders were selected as part of
this program for 2005-06. These feeders have
all been inspected and subsequent inspection
cycles (in accordance with the program) are
being planned. Corrective action has been fully
implemented on all critical asset conditions. A
further 20 feeders have been selected for the
2006-07 financial year. Inspection of these
feeders is scheduled for Q4 2006.
Distribution is in the midst of a multi-year roll out

of distribution automation equipment that will
assist in improving the network reliability. The
equipment includes remotely controlled and
monitored reclosers, pole-top switches, fault
indicators, voltage controllers and capacitor
banks. The distribution automation equipment
allows operators in East Perth Control Centre
to quickly identify faults, and remotely operate
switches to isolate the faulted line section
and reconfigure the network to restore power
around the faulted line to minimise the extent
of the outage. The operators can also remotely
monitor and adjust line voltage and by changing
capacitance values and transformer settings.
Western Power is rolling out radio-based
infrastructure to allow data communications to
these distribution automation devices. Radio
bases are being installed at strategic locations
in both metro and country locations to provide
coverage to the pole mounted distribution
automation devices. The radio bases poll the
remote data to retrieve the line voltage and
current information and also issue commands
to open and close pole-top switches or change
capacitor or transformer settings.
57
Faulted equipment repair
Regional Power Improvement Program
This strategy aims to establish a governance

framework, process, guidelines and supporting
systems to manage the implementation of repair
works on faulty operational assets in the network.
Considerable progress has been achieved in the
following areas:
This program targets work that provides

measurable improvements in electricity supply
in rural areas where reliability is unsatisfactory
and not likely to be addressed through any other
Western Power program of work.
Faulted equipment repair.

Establishment of
prioritisation framework
100 per cent

complete
Establishment of works
management process
100 per cent

complete
Implementation of work
instructions, training and
procedures
90 per cent
complete
Backlog management
process implementation
100 per cent

complete
Implementation of
corrective works
10 per cent
complete
All faulted pole-top switches, cables and ring

main units will be repaired by Q1 2007.
Emergency response generators
A total of 6.6 MVA of emergency response
generation has been secured for the 2006-07
summer period. This complements the existing
6.7 MVA used for daily business operations and
is estimated to be sufficient to respond to any
increased fault activity during hot summer months
as well as providing contingency coverage for
capacity or reliability enhancement projects that
do not meet their scheduled implementation
date.
58
$20 million of reliability improvement projects

across rural networks in North Country and South
Country regions have been identified for phase 3
of the project. Construction work will commence
in Q1 2007 (2007-08 to 2008-09). RPIP phase
one and (two conducted from May 2005 to
May 2006) has resulted in an average 14.5 per
cent improvement for the feeders involved. This
compares favourably to an improvement of only
6.7 per cent across the entire rural network over
the same period.
Enabling strategies
In addition to the above programs a number of
strategies that enable the effective management
of reliability performance on a day to day basis
have also been addressed as part of the Reliability
Improvement Plan. These strategies include
system enhancement projects, protection reviews,
reliability complaints and issues management,
statistical analysis and load-forecasting models.
Table 5.1 Committed large distribution projects (2007 2009).

Load area
Substation
Committed projects
Project
drivers
Scheduled
completion
Bunbury
Bunbury
Harbour
Reinforcement of the distribution

network. This project involves
reinforcement of the feeder network to
provide for ongoing load growth.
Capacity,
voltage,
reliability
Q4 2007
Cannington
Terminal
Rivervale &
Vic Park
Distribution network upgrade from

6.6 kV to 22 kV. Upgrade the local
distribution network from 6.6kV to
22kV. This will also increase capacity
and provide for ongoing load growth.
Capacity
Q4 2008
Cannington
Terminal
Sawyers
Valley
Reinforcement of 22 kV network
to improve reliability and capacity.
This project is a targeted network
reinforcement and network
reconfiguration to improve network
capacity and reliability performance.
Capacity,
reliability,
voltage
Q4 2008
Kwinana
Waikiki
Distribution works for new Waikiki

Substation connection. The new
feeders will provide for load growth in
the Rockingham and Baldivis areas.
Capacity,
reliability
Q4 2007
North
Country
Chapman
New feeder to off load Waggrakine

feeder cable. This feeder is required to
support the load growth arising from
new residential subdivisions.
Capacity,
voltage,
reliability
Q4 2007
Northern
Terminal
Henley
Brook
Distribution works for new Henley Brook

Substation connection. Establishment of
Henley Brook 132/22kV substation, new
feeders will provide for load growth in
the Henley Brook area.
Capacity,
reliability,
voltage
Q4 2007
Northern
Terminal
Joondanna
Distribution works for new Joondanna

Substation connection. Establishment
of Joondanna 132/22kV substation,
distribution works to create 4 feeders
to interconnect with Joondanna
substation, provide for load growth in
Osborne Park area.
Capacity
Q4 2009
Southern
Terminal
Pinjarra
New Murray Lakes Feeder. This new

feeder is required to support load
growth and improve reliability in the
Pinjarra area.
Capacity,
voltage,
reliability
Q4 2007
South
Fremantle
Australian
Paper Mills
North Lake Rd Feeder Interconnection. Capacity,

Reconfiguration of North Lake feeder
reliability
to balance feeder loads and provide
for load growth.
Q4 2007
59
Table 5.1 Committed large distribution projects (2007 2009) (continued).
60
Load area
Substation
Committed projects
Project
drivers
Scheduled
completion
South
Fremantle
Bibra Lake
Distribution works for new Bibra Lake

substation connection. Distribution
works to create 4 feeders to
interconnect with Bibra Lake substation.
The new feeders provide for load growth
in the Bibra Lakes and Cockburn areas.
Capacity,
reliability
Q4 2007
South
Fremantle
Bibra Lake
New Success/Thomsons Lake

Feeder. New feeder required to
provide for load growth associated
with new residential and commercial
developments in the Success area.
Capacity,
reliability
Q4 2007
South
Fremantle
Medina
Installation of new Wellard Feeder stage

one. New feeder required to provide
for load growth associated with new
residential and commercial developments
in Wellard and Highbury Park.
Capacity,
voltage,
reliability
Q2 2007
Western
Terminal
Cottesloe

distribution network from 6.6kV to 11kV
to increase capacity and provide for
ongoing load growth in the Cottesloe.
Capacity
Q4 2008
Western
Terminal
Wembley
Downs

distribution network from 6.6kV to
11kV and increase capacity and
provide for ongoing load growth in the
Wembley Downs.
Capacity
Q4 2009
5.3 Commissioned projects

The table below identifies some key projects that were energised by Western Power in 2006. Projects
are classed as commissioned when they are energised. However, they may not be fully complete.
Table 5.2 Commissioned projects 2006.
Load area
Location
Project description
Project
driver
Energised
date
Southern
Terminal
Bibra
Lake to
Cannington
New 330 kV transmission line from

Southern Terminal to Cannington
Terminal
Capacity
Q1 2006
Muja
Narrogin
Install fourth transformer at Narrogin

substation
Capacity
Q1 2006
Northern
Terminal
Malaga
Install new line circuit, new capacitor

circuit and uprate capacitor circuits at
Northern Terminal
Voltage,
reliability
Q1 2006
Northern
Terminal
Hadfields
Replace transformer at Hadfields

substation
Reliability,
safety
Q1 2006
Muja
Collie
Worsley substation augmentation,

stage one
Customer
Q1 2006
Muja
Collie

stages two and three
Customer
Q1 2006
Kwinana
Meadow
Springs
Establish new substation
Capacity
Q1 2006
East Perth
Hay and
Milligan St
Fire system upgrade at Hay and

Milligan Street substation
Safety
Q2 2006
Kwinana
Kwinana
Install two reactors at Kwinana 132 kV

switchyard
Safety
Q2 2006
Muja
Collie

stage four
Capacity
Q2 2006
Muja
Collie Bridgetown
- Manjimup
New 132 kV transmission line from

Muja power station to Bridgetown and
to Manjimup substations
Capacity
Q2 2006
Kwinana
Kwinana
Install cable from Kwinana desalination

plant substation to transmission
line from Kwinana to Mason Road
substations
Capacity
Q2 2006
Kwinana
Kwinana
Install cable from Kwinana desal. plant

substation to transmission line from
Kwinana to Mason Rd substations
(unregulated works)
Capacity
Q2 2006
North
Country
Emu Downs
Regulated works required to connect

Emu Downs Wind Farm to Western
Powers network
Capacity
Q3 2006
61
Table 5.2 Commissioned projects 2006 (continued).
62
Load area
Location
Project description
Project
driver
Energised
date
General
Multiple
Replacement of 92 voltage
transformers
Reliability,
safety
Q3 2006
General
Multiple
Purchase spare 132/22/11 kV

transformer
Reliability
Q3 2006
Northern
Terminal
Yanchep
Replace 10 MVA transformer with

33 MVA transformer at Yanchep
substation
Capacity
Q3 2006
Southern
Terminal
Bibra Lake
Install two reactors at Southern

Terminal
Safety
Q3 2006
General
Multiple
Install capacitor banks in substations

to enable wind farm operation
Reliability,
voltage
Q3 2006
Northern
Terminal
Malaga
to East
Perth and
Belmont
Connect the line from Northern

Terminal to East Perth Terminal with
the line from Northern Terminal to
Belmont substation
Capacity
Q3 2006
Southern
Terminal
Southern
River
Establish new substation
Capacity
Q3 2006
Bunbury
Oakley
Transmission works required for

connection of Alintas second cogeneration unit at the Alcoa Pinjarra
refinery.
Capacity
Q4 2006
Guildford
Terminal
Forrestfield
Construct an additional 132/22 kV 33

MVA transformer and a second 132
kV line
Capacity
Q4 2006
Guildford
Guildford
Terminal
Establish 330/132 kV terminal station
Capacity
Q4 2006
Northern
Terminal
Padbury
substation
Construct a new 132/22 kV substation

with one transformer
Capacity
Q4 2006
Cannington
Terminal
Kenwick
Link
Establish 330/132 kV transformer

station
Capacity
Q4 2006
6 Network development options

The network development options identified in this section only provide an
indication based on information available at the time of network performance
assessment and of Western Powers favoured network augmentation solution
in response to committed and proposed generation and load growth.
Different load and generation scenarios (location,
size, timing etc) may significantly change the
timing and/or nature of network development.
All proponents (load or generator) of new
connections or expanded existing loads or
generators are encouraged to contact Western
Powers Access Services Section for advice.
These solutions are in addition to the committed
projects in chapter 5. Changes in load forecasts,
generation forecasts and other factors will
significantly affect the plans presented. Further
detailed technical and economic assessments of
each option are carried out before committing to
a particular project.
Following such
option selected
constraints may
described here.
a detailed investigation, the

to address identified network
or may not involve the solution
Clearly, the options selected to
address the network constraint are selected on

their technical and economic merits at the time.
Furthermore, all projects over $15M are required
to satisfy a Regulatory test under the Access
Code. This process may include a formal period
of public consultation, at the ERAs discretion.
In particular, if interested parties are able to
identify DSM or distributed generation options
that would address these constraints, the need
for these projects may be deferred or obviated.
Major transmission network development
options expected to cost more than five million
dollars are detailed in Table 6.1 below. Projects
less than five million are shown in appendix D.
For commercial-in-confidence reasons, Western
Power does not publish any information about
potential generation developments.
Table 6.1 Proposed network development options.

Load area
Network development
Drivers
Proposed
completion
Bulk
transmission
Establish South-East Terminal: cut in to

Muja to Northern Terminal 330 kV and
Kwinana to Northern Terminal 330 kV
Reactive reserve shortfall
Q4 2010
Kemerton to South-East Terminal:

construct a double circuit 330 kV line
Q4 2010
330 kV Transmission lines: convert to

HSSPAR
To improve reliability
Q4 2011
Muja to Northern Terminal: cut into

Shotts Terminal
Q4 2011
Shotts to Southern Terminal/Oakley: cut

into Landwehr Terminal
Q4 2012
Southern Terminal to Guildford Terminal:

construct overhead earth wire on 330
kV line
To improve reliability
Q4 2013
Northern Terminal: install third

transformer
Bulk supply transformer

capacity shortfall
Q4 2014
Northern Terminal: install 132 kV series

reactors
To limit potential fault

levels to within plant
ratings
Q4 2014
Northern Terminal: install 200 MVAr SVC
Q4 2014
63
Table 6.1 Proposed network development options (continued).

Load area
Network development
Drivers
Proposed
completion
Bunbury
Busselton Substation: Install first 132/22

kV 33 MVA transformer, feeder circuit,
3 MVAr capacitor bank
Capacity shortfall due to

load growth
Q4 2008
Busselton Substation: install second

132/22 kV 33 MVA transformer and
switchboard

load growth
Q4 2012
Busselton Substation: establish 132

kV line from Picton to Busselton
Substation.
Voltage support during

N-1 contingency
Q4 2012
Capel Substation: upgrade to 132 kV

load growth
Q4 2014
Preston Park Substation: establish a

new substation with two 132/22 kV
33 MVA transformers

load growth
Q4 2014
Cannington Terminal: establish 330 kV

switchyard

capacity shortfall
Q4 2013
Belmont to Rivervale: uprate to 132 kV

line
Transmission network
capacity shortfall
Q4 2009
Victoria Park: establish new 132/22 kV

substation
Capacity shortfall
Q4 2013
East County
Sawyers Valley Substation: convert to

132 kV
Capacity shortfall
at Sawyers Valley
Substation
Q4 2010
East Perth /
CBD
Northern Terminal to East Perth:

construct new 330 kV line
Supply shortfall in the

East Perth and Western
Terminal load areas
Q4 2016
Joel Terrace: 132 kV conversion stage

one
Shortfall in NCR capacity
Q4 2008
East Perth to Belmont: rebuild

transmission line
Shortfall in N-2 capacity

to E. Perth load area and
CBD
Q4 2010
James Street: establish new substation
Capacity shortfall at
N. Perth, Joel Terrace,
Forrest Avenue
Q4 2015
James Street: establish new 330/132

kV terminal
Shortfall in N-2 capacity

Q4 2016
to E. Perth load area and
CBD; 132 kV supply point
for new CBD substations
Cannington
Terminal
64

Load area
Network development
Drivers
Proposed
completion
Eastern
Goldfields
West Kalgoorlie to Black Flag: construct

second 132 kV line
Need to meet reliability.

Load exceeds 20 MW.
Q4 2011
Guildford
Terminal
Munday: establish new substation
Rise in Westralia Airports Q4 2009

corporation bulk loads
Hazelmere: establish new substation
Midland Junction
Substation capacities
exceeded
Q4 2015
Mason Road Substation: fault level

uprate
Connections expected
to increase fault levels at
Mason Road substation
Q4 2012
Clifton: establish new zone substation
Needed to supply
residential, commercial
developments south of
Mandurah
Q4 2013
Baldivis: establish new zone substation
Need to supply
residential, commercial
developments in Baldivis
areas
Q4 2013
Hopeland: establish new 330 kV

terminal station
Supply shortfall in
developing Rockingham/
Mandurah areas
Q4 2013
Kwinana: install 330/132 kV transformer

capacity shortfall
Q4 2010
Kojonup to Albany: transmission line

uprate
Line overload for loss of

Q4 2009
Kojonup to Mt Barker line
Kojonup to Wagin: reconductor line
Support for 66 kV
contingencies
Q4 2010
Kojonup to Albany: transmission line

construction 132 kV
Shortfall in firm capacity

at Albany
Q4 2011
Kwinana
Muja
65
66
Load area
Network development
Drivers
Proposed
completion
North
Country
Pinjar to Geraldton: 330 kV line

construction and establishment of new
330 kV Moonyoonooka Terminal
Shortage of supply
capacity by summer
2008-09. Required to
provide capacity to the
Geraldton load area
under contingency. Risk
of major load shedding
or voltage collapse
Q4 2010
Chapman Substation: installation of

second transformer with second line
conversion to 132 kV
Shortage of supply
capacity by summer
2010-11. Without
reinforcement, a risk of
customer load shedding
Q4 2010
Rangeway Substation: installation of

second transformer with second 132
kV line
Shortfall in DTC to provide Q4 2010

backup from the Durlacher
Street Substation for N-1
transformer contingency.
Without reinforcement,
risk of customer load
shedding
Chapman to Northampton: new 132

kV line
Shortfall in distribution
capacity
Q4 2010
Jurien Bay: establish new substation

and 132 kV line
Forecasted shortfall in
distribution capacity
Q4 2011
Wongan Hills: new substation and line

conversion to 132 kV
capacity and improve
supply reliability to
Koorda area
Q4 2011
Rudds Gully: establish new substation
Shortage of supply
capacity by 2011 driven
by new land releases in
South Geraldton.
Q4 2011
Rangeway to Rudds Gully to

Moonyoonooka: new 132 kV line
construction
Capacity shortfall in
lines to Geraldton
area forecast by 2012.
Supply at risk under
certain contingencies.
Q4 2011
Regans re-supply: construction of 132

kV double -circuit line
Required before second

330 kV circuit Pinjar
to Geraldton can be
energised at 330 kV.
Q4 2012
Badgingarra Terminal and 330 kV line

upgrade
Terminal needed for

connection of prospective
wind farms in the waiting
in the Cataby area.
Q4 2014

Load area
Network development
Drivers
Proposed
completion
North
Country
Dongara: new substation
capacity by about 2016
Q4 2016
Northampton: new substation,

Chapman to Northampton line upgrade
to 132 kV
capacity by about 2018
Q4 2018
Joondanna: establish new substation
Osborne Park Substation
Q4 2009
Wangara: establish new substation
Mullaloo and Landsdale
substations
Q4 2010
Wanneroo to Hocking to Wangara: build

new 132 kV line
Transmission line
capacity shortfall
Q4 2010
Warwick: establish new substation
Q4 2010
Arkana, North Beach and
Padbury substations
Northern Terminal to Mount Lawley: 132

kV line uprate
Lines overloaded
Q4 2011
Guildford to Hadfields: construct new

132 kV line
Transmission line
capacity shortfall
Q4 2012
Flynn Drive: establish new substation
Clarkson, Wanneroo
substations
Q4 2015
Bayswater: establish new substation
Hadfields substation
Q4 2015
Hocking: establish new substation
Mullaloo, Wangara and
Wanneroo substations
Q4 2016
Stirling: establish new substation
Q4 2017
Arkana, North Beach and
Manning St substations
OConnor Substation: replace with

132/22kV substation
Substation capacity
exceeded
Q4 2014
Myaree Substation: replace with 132/22

kV substation
Substation capacity
exceeded
Q4 2016
Aust. Paper Mills Substation: replace

with 132/22 kV substation
Substation capacity
exceeded
Q4 2017
Southern Terminal to South Fremantle:

line conversion to double circuit
Transmission line
capacity shortfall
Q4 2013
Northern
Terminal
South
Fremantle
67

Load area
Network development
Drivers
Proposed
completion
Southern
Terminal
Thornlie: new substation
Gosnells Substation
capacity exceeded
Q4 2010
Willeton: new substation
Canningvale Substation
capacity exceeded
Q4 2010
Jandakot: new substation
Cockburn Cement
Substation capacity
exceeded
Q4 2013
Kwinana to Southern Terminal:

construct new 132 kV line
Transmission line
capacity shortfall
Q4 2014
Medical Centre Substation: new 66/11

kV substation to replace 66/6.6 kV
substation
Substation and
distribution network
capacity shortfall
Q4 2010
Western Terminal to Cook Street: install

second 132kV line
Transmission capacity
shortfall in some cases
Q4 2014
Nedlands Substation: new 132/11 kV

substation to replace existing 66/6.6 kV
substation
Substation and
capacity shortfall
Q4 2014
Shenton Park Substation: 132/11 kV

substation to replace existing 66/6.6 kV
substation
Substation and
capacity shortfall
Q4 2015
University Substation: new 66/11 kV

substation to eventually replace 66/6.6
kV substation
Substation and
capacity shortfall
Q4 2016
Herdsman Parade substation: replace

existing 66/6.6 kV with a new 66/11 kV
substation.
System security, primary

plant due for retirement
Q4 2016
South Fremantle to Amherst: rebuild line

as double circuit with one side strung
with venus conductor.
Transmission network
capacity shortfall during
certain contingencies
Q4 2024
Western
Terminal
68
7 Other Planning Issues

Western Power follows a rigorous consultative approach to obtaining approvals
for all infrastructure projects.
7.1 Sustainability
Western Power follows a rigorous consultative
approach to selecting its preferred options and in
obtaining approvals for all infrastructure projects.
This approach supports Western Powers
commitment to ensuring that line routes and
other asset locations, such as substations, are
regarded by the business, the community and
other stakeholders as socially, environmentally
and economically sustainable options.
The Environment and Land Management
Section (ELMS) manages the approval process
for Western Power. ELMS aim is to facilitate an
ethical and sustainable works program on behalf
of Western Power.
ELMS is responsible for obtaining all necessary
environmental
and
planning
approvals,
negotiating land easements where required, and
engaging with all impacted stakeholders as part
of the planning process.
7.1.1 Planning checklist
Western Power considers many issues when
selecting its projects and suitable line routes
or sites for other electricity infrastructure.
These include economic, technical, social and
community, and environmental factors:
Economic this involves assessing the cost
of various options.
Technical this considers the impact of issues
such as losses, energy efficiency, demand
side options, access, hydrology, river crossing,
and existing and planned infrastructure.
Social and community this addresses visual
impact, proximity of homes and businesses,
cultural issues and impact on land use.
Environment this looks at proximity to
environmentally sensitive areas or areas of high
conservation value (for example, national parks,
nature reserves), existence of rare, protected
or threatened flora, impact on fauna and their
habitats, and issues related to watercourses,
water catchment areas and wetlands.
These issues are examined by Western Power

staff, consultants and regulatory authorities.
This information is used in submissions to
obtain mandated approvals such as those
required under the Access Arrangement, the
Environmental Protection Act and the Planning
and Development Act.
7.1.2 Environmental management
Western Power is committed to protecting
the environment and continuing to improve its
environmental performance.
To deal with its many and varied environmental
impacts, Western Power has established an
Environmental Management System (EMS).
An EMS is a structured process for achieving
continuous improvement in environmental
performance. It also helps to prevent
environmental incidents from occurring.
The foundation of Western Powers EMS is its
environmental policy. To coincide with the launch
of the new business, Western Power developed,
and has adopted, a new environmental policy,
which sets the level of responsibility and
performance. It builds on the successes of
previous policies and establishes a range of
strategies and actions, many of which go beyond
standard environmental compliance.
Following the assessment of environmental issues
identified in the planning process, a thorough
environmental management process is followed
to ensure that all issues related to the environment
are fully considered and addressed.
This process involves liaising with stakeholders
regarding environmental issues that have been
identified and commissioning necessary surveys
to address environmental and heritage uses.
An Environmental Management Plan is then
developed to manage the identified issues.
All construction activities are required to comply
with the Environmental Management Plan. A
post-construction audit of any environmental
conditions is undertaken, and if required,
remediation work carried out.
69
7.1.3 Stakeholder engagement

Western Power aims to meet its obligations
and responsibilities to the people who live, and
businesses that operate, near its assets.
In planning large transmission projects, Western
Power consults with local communities and other
stakeholders to identify and address potential
issues. For all its projects, Western Power seeks
to inform affected stakeholders of its business
activities and where possible, involve them in
the decision-making process. For example,
residents and local governments provide input
into line route selection and landscaping plans
surrounding new substations sites.
Stakeholders that may be affected by Western
Power projects vary, but typically include:

relevant government agencies;

local government;
community and special interest groups;
Indigenous groups;
environment groups;
local Members of Parliament; and
residents, landowners and businesses.
The method Western Power uses to engage

with its stakeholders varies depending on the
type of stakeholder and the nature of the issues
surrounding a project. Communications used to
inform and/or engage with stakeholders include:
information briefings (by invitation or open
forms);
individual briefings, for example, to local
Members of Parliament;
regular newsletters;
newspaper advertising;
door knocking at individual residents and
businesses;
website updates; and
displays at local shopping centres, libraries
and other community centres.
7.1.4 Environmental initiatives
A range of new innovative environmental initiatives
has been developed that reflect Western
Powers commitment to promoting sustainable
development across the business. Some are
listed below:
70
Landcare Australia Ltd engaged in community

consultation in the States South-West.
Landcare Australia partnership

Landcare Australia Limited (LAL) is responsible
for promoting and sponsoring the Landcare
movement that is working to protect and repair
the environment. It assists businesses to work
with local communities on environmental and
sustainable agriculture repair projects, providing
corporate funds, staff and resources.
Western Power is developing a partnership with
LAL to link into the state-wide network of local
Landcare groups to facilitate contact with local
communities, individual landowners and other
stakeholders impacted by the construction
and operation of the electricity network. This
partnership is an important tool being used by
Western Power to ensure that new capital works
are planned, designed and constructed in a
sustainable manner.
Environmentally Sensitive Area Program
(ESA)
Established in 1996, the ESA program was
developed to ensure Western Power and
its activities did not compromise existing
conservation values of an area. The program
addresses environmental issues such as declared
rare flora, threatened ecological communities,
biosecurity threats such as dieback, weeds and
diseases, and more recently organic farms. This
program ensures that Western Power employees
and contractors are made aware of any special
environmental considerations prior to attending a
site and undertaking works, ensuring compliance
with environmental legislation and stakeholder
requirements.
Environmentally Sensitive Area sign.
Carbon Neutral Program

Western Power is developing a major new
sustainability initiative that will involve planting
93,000 tree seedlings in 2007 to offset the
carbon emissions produced by fleet vehicles and
mobile generating facilities. The planting will also
increase the amount of habitat for local fauna.
The program will be carried out the through the
Carbon Neutral Program, a Men of the Trees
initiative established in 2001 to involve the
community and industry in responsibly offsetting
greenhouse gas emissions from their business
activities. Future planting in subsequent years is
expected.
Planting for tomorrow.
When new infrastructure is designed to traverse

an environmentally sensitive area, management
strategies are developed and included in the
projects Environmental Management Plan.
These strategies ensure that conservation values
will not be compromised during construction
works. Once the infrastructure is operational, the
area of conservation value is included in the ESA
program for protection.
Threatened ecological community near
Western Powers Cannington Substation.
71
7.2 Communications Network

7.2.1 Western
technologies
Power
communication
Western Power is committed to providing a

robust, flexible communications network. The
recently introduced regulatory and electricity
market framework places higher reliance on
available, accurate and timely data. Western
Power has correspondingly improved stringency
in design to ensure:
high circuit availability;
provision for redundant paths;
a fibre-optic cabling-based solution as the
first preference; and
a suitable environment for communications
equipment.
Development of the communications network
is primarily driven by transmission network
augmentation, however the communications
network is heavily influenced by rapid changes
in communications technology and the relatively
short asset life of communications equipment.
Communications are necessary to ensure the
safe, efficient and reliable operation of the electrical
network. The communications requirements
flow from three basic areas, Protection, SCADA
and Operations.
7.2.2 Protection
Protection of Western Powers electricity
network requires the fast detection and isolation
of electrical short circuits. In order to minimise
damage to transmission lines and transformers
in the event of an electrical fault on the network,
a means of isolating the fault is necessary. On
critical lines, the fault has to be precisely identified
and cleared to maintain network stability. Only
the line affected must be taken out of service
to avoid unnecessary interruption to Western
Power customers.
To enable the protection scheme to quickly identify
and clear faults on two-ended lines, protection
relays at opposite ends of the line are connected
with one or more analogue or digital communication
links. Except for very long lines, the protection
systems are typically duplicated, using two
72
completely independent systems. This physical

duplication extends to the communications links at
the site. Each site must be connected by at least
two physically diverse bearers.
A growing number of Teed line configurations
in Western Powers network has increased the
use of digital differential protection schemes.
This type of protection requires each site to
compare current and voltage waveforms with the
other sites. High-speed digital communications
links in a mesh configuration are required to
achieve adequate protection. Duplicated digital
differential protection on a Teed line places
special requirements on the communications
network. In addition to the two physically diverse
bearers required in a two-ended line, a Teed line
arrangement requires a third physically diverse
bearer path between two of the three sites.
7.2.3 SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition)
SCADA functions as the monitoring system used
by operators. Without SCADA, operators would
have to be dispatched for every switch operation
and to check the status of every item of plant
at Western Powers substations and terminals.
SCADA remote terminal units (RTUs) are installed
at sites to monitor plant status, report alarms,
record current and voltage and to operate circuit
breakers and other plant. RTUs are connected
back to the SCADA Master Station at East Perth
Control Centre and to the backup master stations
at the head office and Southern Terminal.
A dedicated analogue or digital circuit is required
for SCADA, and RTUs at critical sites require a
physically diverse duplicate communications
connection.
7.2.4 Operations
Telephones are required for safe operation of
electricity sites. Remote condition monitoring
and work efficiency are driving the requirement
for corporate LAN at substations and terminals.
Fault recorders that store large quantities of
power quality data require LAN access for
quick data retrieval. The engineering officers
need access to email, electronic drawings and
software databases while on site.
7.2.5 Choice of bearer

WP has a number of bearer options to use to
support the communication requirements of a
project. The decision as to which bearer to use is
influenced by a several factors. These include:
the cost of the bearer;
the nature of the project;
proximity of existing communications facilities;
and
requirements of other projects in the vicinity.
Where possible the communications bearer
is selected to form a strategic link in the
communications network that creates a platform
for connecting related or future projects.
Western Powers most common bearer options
are detailed below:
Optical fibre
Optical fibre is the preferred communications
bearer for a number of reasons. It is intrinsically
dielectric and is immune from electrical
disturbances and magnetic fields, making it ideal
for electricity sites. Optic fibre is immune to radio
frequency interference and weather anomalies
that affect microwave radio communications.
Fibre offers virtually unlimited bandwidth and can
be buried or installed on overhead power lines.
Including fibre during new line works is the least

expensive option for installation. Western Power
has installed buried optical fibre while distribution
undergrounding works are underway. Including
optical ground wire (OPGW) in a new line build
incurs only an incremental increase over the
cost of the overhead earth wire (OHEW). The
disadvantage of optical fibre is the cost when the
installation cannot be leveraged off works that
are underway.
Microwave
While Western Power still maintains an extensive
microwave radio network, the reliance of microwave
has been reduced over recent years. This is
because of limitations inherent in the technology.
Experience has shown that Perths weather
exhibits two characteristics that degrade the
viability of microwave:
the presence of dense rain micro cells where
rainfall is concentrated at much higher
densities than average figures would indicate.
In combination with the typical south-west
orientation of incoming storm fronts this results
in regular rain fade outages for microwave
links oriented on a north-west to south-east
line; and
Figure 7.1 Western Powers optical fibre network, existing and proposed, and detail of the
metropolitan area.
73
the known tendency for sub-refractive ducting

along the coast from Perth to Carnarvon.
This weather anomaly regularly takes the
microwave out of service for periods ranging
from minutes to hours.
Both these outages tend to occur at times of
maximum stress for the electricity network, and
for that reason a weather immune bearer such as
optical fibre is the preferred solution for at least
one of the bearers into each critical site.
There is also increased difficulty in obtaining planning
approval for microwave towers. Environmental
Land Services reports ever-increasing community
resistance to siting microwave towers. This is due
to the increasing public sensitivity to the proliferation
of towers initiated by the mobile phone rollouts,
and to the concern about the health effects of
electro-magnetic radiation from the antennas.
Microwaves main advantage is that the hardware
is required only at the ends of the link so intervening
easements or right-of-ways are not required.
Figure 7.2 Western Powers microwave
network, existing and proposed.
Sectionalising transformers are required at each

node for each circuit, requiring substantial wall
space in substation control rooms. The cable also
supports only very low bandwidth requirements
and will not reliably run even minimal digital
services further than 10 km.
The intrinsic hazards entailed mean that specific
inductions and qualifications are required to
work in the pilot enclosures, qualifications that
only a small number of WP employees possess.
At present there is an extensive pilot network
installed connecting most metro substations.
Power line carrier
Western Power has only one power line carrier,
on the Merredin Terminal to West Kalgoorlie 220
kV line. Power line carrier uses the transmission
line as the communications bearer to provide a
small number of low speed voice or data services
and protection. A power line carrier link is roughly
the same cost as a microwave link, and a single
link can span a much greater distance compared
with microwave technology.
However, this
technology offers only half a dozen circuits rather
than the hundreds offered by microwave and
thousands offered by fibre.
Existing practices allow two independent power
line carrier systems to carry duplicate protection
over the same transmission line, but this practice
is under review, and it appears likely to be
deemed unacceptable for future installation.
Carrier services (such as Telstra and Optus.)
Western Power makes wide use of carrierleased lines for voice services and for connection
to SCADA RTUs where no communications
bearer exists. Carriers provide circuits on a best
efforts basis that do not meet the availability
requirements adopted by the National Electricity
Rules in the Eastern states. Best effort service
delivery means:
Pilot cable
The Western Power pilot network is a legacy
of early protection relays. Pilot cable is typically
40-core copper with a steel armour jacket. This
poses a number of concerns.
It requires elaborate and costly treatment at each
electricity site to avoid earth loops and inducted
voltages damaging equipment.
74
Carriers do not provide a guaranteed

availability of service.
Carriers do not guarantee a minimum
restoration time.
Carriers do not announce or coordinate
scheduled circuit outages.
Carriers do not guarantee or even release
details of circuit routing (in the instances where
physical diversity is required).
7.2.6 Communication projects

Table 7.1 Communication projects.
Load area
Project
Drivers
Technology
choice
Reason
Bulk
transmission
Kenwick
Link:
Establish
330/132 kV
transformer
station
Duplicated digital
diff protection on all
lines, LAN access
for fault recorder,
SCADA RTU circuit
to EPCC, dial-up
for sub phone
and SCADA data
recorder
Fibre optic using

OPGW for both
physically diverse
bearers
OPGW included in STQ4 2006

KNL91 line build. Second
bearer direction provided
by cutting in to existing STCT83 OPGW that passes
through KNL
Pinjar to
Wanneroo:
new 132
kV line
construction
Duplicated digital
diff protection, LAN
access for fault
recorder
Fibre optic using

OPGW for one
physically diverse
bearer, existing
WNO-MUL buried
optic fibre for other
physically diverse
bearer
OPGW included in
PJR-WNO81 line build.
Communications funded
WNO-MUL buried optic
fibre eliminated need for
microwave at WNO and
NBP
Q4 2006
Shotts to
Kemerton:
stringing
second side
on 330 kV
Duplicated digital
diff protection on
new line
Existing
communications
optic fibre bearer
and microwave
Existing bearer adequate

to support new
requirements.
Q4 2007
Convert
Southern
Terminal to
Kwinana line
from 132 kV
to 330 kV
Line reconfiguration
requires two
new digital diff
and two new
POR protection
schemes
Existing
communications
optic fibre bearer
and microwave.
Existing bearer adequate

to support new
requirements.
Q4 2008
Neerabup:
establish
new
330/132
kV terminal
station
Duplicated digital
diff protection
on all lines, LAN
access for two
fault recorders,
two SCADA RTU
circuits to EPCC,
dial-up for sub
phone and SCADA
data recorder
OPGW on NBT to
WNO-MUL81 DC
line build. OPGW
on NBT to NT-PJR
81&82 line DC line
build
This project creates NBTQ4 2008

WNO81 and NBT-PJR81 by
building a DC from NBT to
cut in to the WNO-PJR81
line. Also NBT-PJR81 and
NBT-NT91 by building a DC
from NBT to cut in to the
NT-PJR81 line. Establish
HBK provided OPGW on
the NT-PJR81 line most
of the way to NBT. By
installing OPGW the rest of
the way to PJR and on the
DC line builds, physically
diverse optical fibre
connectivity is created from
NBT to WNO, PJR and NT
Fibre optic cable in

trench or conduit
between buildings
Proposed
completion
75
Table 7.1 Communication projects (continued).
76
Load area
Project
Drivers
Technology
choice
Reason
Proposed
completion
Bunbury
Margaret
River
Substation:
establish
132 kV
transmission
line and
132/22 kV
33 MVA
transformer
Digital diff and

time- step distance
protection on
BSN-MR81 and
BSN-MR71 lines,
SCADA RTU
circuit to EPCC,
LAN access for
fault recorder and
terminal server, dialup for sub phone.
OPGW on line
build, only one
bearer required.
OPGW was chosen over

microwave radio because
of concerns over negative
community reaction to
siting a mast in Margaret
River.
Q4 2009
Communications
required for SCADA trench or conduit
between existing 66 between buildings
kV control room and
new transportable
control room
Chosen to avoid
equipment damage from
voltage transients and
earth loops
Pinjarra
Substation:
installation
of second
132/22 kV
33 MVA
transformer
and two
feeder
circuits
Communications
required between
existing control
room and new
transportable
switch room for
SCADA

trench or conduit
Chosen to avoid
earth loops
Q4 2008
Eastern
Goldfields
Piccadilly
Substation:
installation
of third
transformer
Communications
required between
trench or conduit
control room and
transportable switch
room for SCADA
Chosen to avoid
earth loops
Q4 2008
Kwinana
Waikiki:
establish
zone
substation
Duplicate highspeed protection,

SCADA RTU circuit
to EPCC, dial-up
for sub phone
and SCADA data
recorder
Council refused WPs

request for a microwave
tower. Waikiki, Golden
Bay and Meadow Springs
substations are planned in
response to load growth.
Rather than implement
multiple microwave
solutions, money was
used to create an optic
fibre loop from Pinjarra
to Kwinana, passing
through these sites and
Rockingham.
Q2 2008
Optical fibre in
the form of a ring,
to provide two
physically diverse
bearer paths

Load area
Project
Drivers
Technology
choice
Reason
Proposed
completion
North
Country
Rangeway:
establish
new
substation
Digital diff
protection and POR
distance protection,
SCADA RTU circuit
to EPCC, dial-up
for sub phone
Fibre optic using

OPGW for one
physically diverse
bearer and radio
for the other
OPGW included on
GTN-RAN81 line build.
Radio selected as the
least expensive option for
second bearer.
Q4 2006
DPNGP
analogue
radio
replacement
Protection and
SCADA for
GTN, TS, RAN
substations and
WWF and MGA
power stations
Microwave
The existing microwave

radio equipment is at end
of life. Optical fibre is not
expected to be installed
north of Eneabba until
2012
Q4 2008
Joondalup:
establish
new
substation
Duplicated high
speed protection,
SCADA RTU circuit
to EPCC, LAN
access, dial-up for
sub phone
Buried optical fibre

to cut into existing
Perth fibre network
Existing Perth fibre

network optical fibre less
than 500m away. Nearest
pilot cable 4.5 km away.
Q4 2009
Henley
Brook:
establish
new
substation
Duplicated high
speed protection,
SCADA RTU circuit
to EPCC, LAN
access, dial-up for
sub phone
Fibre optic using

OPGW for one
physically diverse
bearer and
microwave radio
for the other
NT-HBK OPGW provided

Q4 2007
the first part of the OPGW
link later to be used by NBT.
Microwave radio was the
least expensive option for
the second bearer
Padbury:
establish
new
substation
Duplicated high
speed protection,
SCADA RTU circuit
to EPCC, LAN
access for fault
recorder, dial-up for
SCADA datastore
and sub phone
Optic fibre using

connections to the
Perth fibre network
and existing
microwave radio.
Optic Fibre required for

LAN access. Perth Fibre
Network access located
near Padbury. Physically
diverse route uses existing
microwave.
Communications
required between
existing control
room and new
room for SCADA

trench or conduit.
Chosen to avoid
earth loops
Duplicated high
speed protection,
SCADA RTU
circuit to EPCC,
dial-up for SCADA
datastore and sub
phone
Buried optical fibre
Cost allocated for

microwave mast and
relocation of CLK-YP
pilot used for WNO-CLKYP underground optic
fibre, eliminating need for
microwave at CLK, WNO
and NBP
Northern
Terminal
Clarkson:
establish
new
substation
Q4 2006
Q4 2006
77

Load area
Southern
Terminal
78
Project
Drivers
Technology
choice
Reason
Proposed
completion
Reinforce
Cannington
132 kV
transmission
network
Duplicated digital
diff protection on
new lines WEBEL/RVE81 and
CT-BEL81
Optical fibre, using

the Perth fibre
network
Protection configuration
unable to be met with pilot
on Teed line. All sites are
in close proximity to Perth
fibre network. Optical
fibre has value for related
project in the same area
(see Kewdale establish
new substation)
Q4 2008
Kewdale:
establish
new
substation
Duplicated high
speed protection,
SCADA RTU
circuit to EPCC,
dial-up for SCADA
datastore and
sub phone, LAN
access for fault
recorder
Optical fibre, using

the Perth fibre
network
Related approved Project

CT-circuit reinforcement in
the area provides most of
the required OF bearer
Q4 2008
Bentley:
establish
new
substation
High speed
protection on
BTY-EP81, BTYEP-ST81 and EPST81, SCADA RTU
circuit to EPCC,
LAN access for fault
recorder, dial-up for
SCADA datastore
and sub phone
Buried optical
fibres cut in to
EP-ST81 and 82
OPGW to get two
directions out
Substation cable cuts into

ST-EP81 and 82 that has
OPGW on it. Buried fibre
will share trench with 132
kV electrical cables to BTY
substation
Q4 2007
Murdoch:
establish
new
substation
Duplicated high
speed protection,
SCADA RTU circuit
to EPCC, dial-up
for sub phone
and SCADA data
recorder
Pilot cable using

pilot protection and
digital line drivers
for voice or FXO/
FXS cards if that
doesnt work
Substation cuts into line

between two sites with
pilot protection. Pilot
cable runs past the
sites. Nearest Perth fibre
network too distant to be
practical.
Q4 2006
Southern
River:
establish
new
substation
Duplicated high
speed protection,
SCADA RTU circuit
to EPCC, dial-up
for sub phone
and SCADA data
recorder
Microwave radio
Site is near to an existing

WP microwave site with
adequate path. No new
line builds to leverage
OPGW installation
Q3 2006

Load area
Project
Drivers
Technology
choice
Reason
Proposed
completion
South
Fremantle
Amherst
Substation:
third
transformer
installation
Communications
required between
existing control
room and new
room for SCADA

trench or conduit
Chosen to avoid
earth loops
Q4 2007
Establish
Bibra Lake
substation
Duplicated digital
diff protection,
SCADA RTU circuit
to EPCC, LAN
access for fault
recorder, dial-up
for sub phone
Fibre optic using

OPGW for both
physically diverse
bearers
This substation cuts into

the existing KW-SF81 line
that has OPGW installed,
providing two directions
out. OPGW option is less
expensive than microwave
alternative
Q2 2008
79
8 Abbreviations
APR
Annual Planning Report
CBD
Central business district
DNSP
Distribution network service provider
DSM
Demand Side Management
DUOS
Distribution use of system charge
EPA
Environmental Protection Authority
ERA
Economic Regulation Authority
ERTF
Electricity Reform Taskforce
Firm Capacity
A substation designed to the N-1 reliability criteria must be capable of

withstanding the loss of any single transmission plant item comprising
the substation transformer circuits at any load level without loss of load
IMO
Independent market operator
IPP
Independent power producers
kA
Kilo Amperes (measure of electrical current)
kV
Kilo Volts (measure of electrical potential)
MDP
Metropolitan Development Plan
MVA
Mega Volt Ampere (measure of electrical demand)
MW
Mega Watts (measure of the active component of electrical demand)
N0
For a substation to be designed to N reliability criteria means all load

supplied by the substation may be lost as the result of an outage on any
single transmission plant item comprising the substation
N 2 at 80 per cent
Peak Load
N-2 criteria means the consequences of the coincidence of one planned

and one unplanned outage of transmission elements, at or below 80 per
cent of peak load, will normally result in supply being maintained without
loss of load, provided generation is rescheduled prior to the second
outage
NCR Criteria
A zone substation designed to the Normal Cyclic Rating (NCR)

reliability criteria allows for the loss of an amount of load equivalent to a
transformers pre-outage loading at any load level ensuring the outage of
any single transmission plant item comprising the substation transformer
circuits. Loss of load is permitted for the period required to install the
Rapid Response Spare Transformer (RRST)
OHEW
Overhead earth wire
OOE
Office of Energy
OPGW
Optical ground wire
PoE
Probability of Exceedance
SECWA
State Energy Commission of Western Australia
SOO
Statement of Opportunity Report
SWIS
South-West Interconnected System
TNSP
Transmission Network Service Provider
81
9 Appendix A Introduction to Network Issues

9.1.1 Planning and operating electricity
networks
Electricity networks are used to transport
electricity from the power station to the
customer. The transmission network allows the
bulk transport of power across long distances at
high voltages. The distribution network delivers
electricity from the transmission substation to the
end customer, usually over shorter distances and
at lower voltages.
The planning, design, operation, maintenance
and augmentation of electricity networks must
ensure that each individual piece of network
equipment is operated within its design limits.
This requires voltage and power transfer for
each asset to be assessed under a wide range
of potential conditions, including for example
modelling the effect of faults on the network. This
is illustrated in Figure 9.1. Failure to meet voltage
design limits can result in malfunction or damage
to customer equipment, while exceeding power
transfer limits creates potential safety and
reliability hazards;
The network can withstand credible faults
and unplanned outages. A fault is considered
credible if it is considered likely given the prevailing
circumstances. For example, a simultaneous
fault on two adjacent circuits might be considered
credible in a severe storm, but not in normal
weather conditions. If there is a credible fault
or unplanned outage, all plant must still operate
within its design limits and the network must
continue to deliver its required performance.
Required performance will be related to underlying
economics:
In the CBD, for example, a fault or unplanned
outage on the transmission system should not
result in a loss of supply. The large number of

customers connected to the system justifies
back-up systems.
In a rural distribution network, however, a fault
may result in a loss of supply but this should
be for a limited load and a limited time. There
will be contingency plans to restore supplies
after a fault. The smaller number of customers
connected to a rural system is unlikely to justify
(economically) extensive back-up systems.
The quality of supply should be maintained to
the appropriate standards. Quality of supply
is a term that embraces voltage, frequency
and other technical aspects of power supply.
The potential for future growth should also be
adequately provided for, where economically
viable to do so, ensuring that Western Powers
electricity networks do not impede Western
Australias economic development.
This
may mean, in some circumstances, installing
larger plant than is immediately required, to
cater for expected load growth over the next,
say, ten years.*
Environmental impacts must also be
responsibly managed.
In planning and operating the system, it is

important to distinguish between system security
and supply to individual customers. For example,
the system is insecure, even if all customers are
currently being supplied, if there is a credible fault
that would lead to widespread loss of supply.
The system is secure, even if some customers
are currently without power, if the system can
withstand a credible fault. The most famous
example of this paradox was in California in early
2001 where suburbs were subjected to rolling
black-outs to maintain overall system security.
Overall, a secure system is likely to lead to more
reliable supplies to customers.
Figure 9.1 Need for back-up facilities.
* Western Powers development plans are subject to regulatory tests which balance cost and benefit in ensuring
prudent network augmentation work only.
83
9.1.2 Faults on electricity networks

A fault on the electricity network may be caused
by, among other things, lightening strikes,
catastrophic failure of equipment, debris falling
on lines or vegetation touching lines. A fault will
tend to result in:
a very high current flowing towards the
location of the fault, many times the normal
rating of the network equipment, known as
the fault current; and
a very low voltage (tending towards zero) near
the location of the fault.
If a network fault is not addressed immediately,
it could eventually black out the whole system.
As such, networks are designed to immediately
isolate the faulted network element from the rest
of the network. For example, if a crane were to
stray too close to a distribution line and cause a
fault, the distribution line would be automatically
switched out of service.
Short-lived faults are known as transient faults. For
example, a lightening strike will cause a temporary
fault on the network. To ensure that equipment is not
needlessly out of service, transmission equipment
will automatically reenergise the network element
after a short delay. This is known as reclosing.
If the fault is still present, the network element will
be automatically isolated once more. The network
element will remain isolated until the fault has been
investigated and repairs made.
Circuit breakers are used to switch out the
faulted elements.
Clearly, circuit breakers
must be capable of interrupting the very high
currents safely. To this end, circuit breakers (and
associated equipment) have fault current ratings.
Complex calculations are carried out to identify
the potential fault currents at different locations
on the network, and the circuit breakers installed
must have a fault current rating that is greater
than the potential fault current.
Similarly, all other network equipment must have a
fault withstand capability greater than the potential
fault current at its network location. That is, it
must be able to safely carry fault current, albeit for
a very short time. The extremely short-lived nature
of fault current explains why plant can carry fault
current many times its rating in normal use.
generation and the impedance of the local network.

Fault current is fed by generation, and so the
nearer the network element is to a power station,
the greater the potential fault current. Impedance
can be described as an objects opposition to the
flow of electric current. A low impedance network
will therefore give rise to a high fault current, where
a high impedance network will limit fault currents.
The isolation of faulted equipment will, generally,
increase flows on other network elements. If this
contingency would overload another network
element, so-called pre-contingent action will
be taken. This means that the network will be
operated less efficiently to allow for the possibility
of a contingency or fault.
9.1.3 Meshed and radial networks
An electricity network is described as highly
meshed when each substation is connected to
a number of other substations, as illustrated in
Figure 9.2.
Figure 9.2 Highly meshed network.
The main advantage of a highly meshed network

is clear if line 1 were taken out of service,
substation A would still supplied by three other
lines. The meshed network provides a secure
supply. However, a network as highly meshed as
that in the figure above would also be extremely
expensive to develop. This expense is often
justified on the transmission network, only.
A radial network is illustrated in Figure 9.3.
Figure 9.3 Radial network.
Two things primarily affect the potential fault

current at a point on the network: the proximity to
84
A radial network is inherently less secure if

line 2 is lost, substation B would lose its supply.
Nonetheless a radial network is much cheaper
than a meshed network and so is more suitable
for distribution networks. Furthermore, a meshed
distribution network could give rise to very high
fault currents.
Inter-tie feeders are used to provide fast
restoration of supplies following faults. Following
a fault, the affected network will be switched
out of service, and the normally open switch
energised. The switch is normally open as to
have it energised before the fault would give rise
to very high fault currents.
9.1.4 Peak demand, weather and diversity
Peak electricity demand may last for only a few
hours. However, the network must be capable
of supplying the maximum load that occurs.
The extent of simultaneous consumer demand
affects peak demand significantly. For example,
a bakerys peak demand may occur overnight
when it is in full production. During the day, its
demand is likely to be low. On the other hand,
an office building would normally operate during
business hours and shut down overnight.
Maximum demand in an office building tends to
occur during the mid-afternoon.
This load diversity is helpful to Western Power, as

it tends to reduce demand peaks and increases
asset utilisation.
The figure below shows typical load demand
profiles for substations supplying mostly
residential, mixed residential/commercial and
mostly commercial load. Residential loads tend
to peak later in the evening towards 8pm whereas
commercial loads tend to peak in mid-afternoon
at approximately 3pm. The mixed residential/
commercial profile is a reasonable composite of
the residential and commercial profiles, where
the peak depends on the mix of residential and
commercial loads.
While the underlying trend in peak demand may
be steady, peak demand in any particular year
is very sensitive to prevailing weather conditions.
Heating loads in winter and air-conditioning loads
in summer are the two main influences on peak
demand. On a particularly hot (or cold) day,
everyone turns on the air-conditioner (or heater)
at roughly the same time. This simultaneous
consumption behaviour drives peak demand.
Moreover, most air-conditioners are turned on
during the hottest part of the day and turned off
as the temperature declines in late afternoon,
exacerbating peak demand air-conditioning
loads are described as having low diversity.
Figure 9.4 Typical SWIS load profiles for different load types during summer substation peak.
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0005
0040
0115
0150
0225
0300
0335
0410
0445
0520
0555
0630
0705
0740
0815
0850
0925
1000
1035
1110
1145
1220
1255
1330
1405
1440
1515
1550
1625
1700
1735
1810
1845
1920
1955
2030
2105
2140
2215
2250
2325
2400
Normalised Demand
1.0
Commercial
Mixed Residential/Commercial
Residential
Time of day
85
10 Appendix B Substation load forecasts

10.1.1 Load
points
forecasts
for
connection
This appendix presents detailed tables of load

forecasts at each of Western Australias SouthWest Interconnected System (SWIS) major nodes.
The load forecasts are for the peak demand at
each major node and are grouped based on the
bulk injection points for the geographic area.
Western Power prepared these load forecasts,
in MW and MVA.
Where a major customer is associated with a node
then the total of the load forecasts is summarised
in the Contract Customer group (Refer to Table
10.14) irrespective of the geographic area where
the customer is connected to the SWIS.
The forecasts do not represent maximum

demands that are coincident with overall SWIS
peak demand but rather the expected maximum
demand at each major node. Where there is
embedded generation connected, then the load
forecast is on the basis that this generation is not
operating at the time of maximum demand.
The real maximum demand at any connection
point in any year may vary from these load
forecasts due to socio-economic factors,
weather conditions (particularly temperature) and
changes in network connectivity.
87
88
47.70
30.90
16.90
8.10
9.40
23.40
40.40
6.90
183.70
Bunbury Harbour
Busselton
Capel
Coolup
Margaret River
Marriott Road
Picton
Pinjarra
Total Load
200.96
7.34
45.19
24.63
9.49
8.71
17.60
32.53
55.47
MVA
203.96
6.73
47.18
26.97
11.44
10.18
17.58
31.57
52.31
MW
2007
MW
48.50
n/a
26.90
40.30
n/a
25.00
54.90
4.30
76.60
276.50
Substation
Belmont
Bentley
Clarence Street
Collier
Kewdale
Rivervale
Tate Street
Victoria Park
Welshpool
Total Load
2006
MVA
317.75
89.07
5.31
63.84
28.74
n/a
45.80
29.89
n/a
55.11
311.90
82.65
4.30
57.40
25.83
n/a
50.23
33.48
n/a
58.02
MW
2007
Table 10.2 Cannington load area Load forecast
MW
Substation
2006
Table 10.1 Bunbury load area Load forecast
358.04
96.10
5.31
66.74
29.68
n/a
57.09
37.20
n/a
65.93
MVA
223.19
7.16
52.78
28.39
11.56
10.94
18.31
33.23
60.82
MVA
327.36
85.28
4.30
58.35
26.65
n/a
38.47
34.64
20.00
59.67
MW
2008
212.38
7.30
49.39
27.47
12.03
10.43
18.25
33.08
54.43
MW
2008
375.69
99.16
5.31
67.85
30.63
n/a
43.72
38.49
22.73
67.80
MVA
232.43
7.77
55.25
28.92
12.15
11.22
19.01
34.82
63.29
MVA
330.82
67.91
4.30
49.31
32.48
20.00
39.71
35.80
30.00
51.32
MW
2009
220.81
7.87
51.60
27.97
12.61
10.69
18.93
34.59
56.55
MW
2009
379.50
78.96
5.31
57.34
37.33
23.26
45.12
39.78
34.09
58.32
MVA
241.66
8.37
57.72
29.45
12.74
11.49
19.72
36.41
65.76
MVA
341.99
69.84
4.30
50.10
33.51
20.70
40.95
31.96
37.66
52.97
MW
2010
229.23
8.44
53.81
28.48
13.19
10.94
19.60
36.10
58.67
MW
2010
392.40
81.21
5.31
58.26
38.51
24.07
46.53
35.51
42.80
60.19
MVA
250.89
8.98
60.19
29.98
13.33
11.77
20.42
38.00
68.22
MVA
350.76
71.77
n/a
55.50
34.54
21.40
42.18
32.92
37.82
54.62
MW
2011
237.69
9.01
56.03
28.98
13.78
11.20
20.28
37.62
60.79
MW
2011
402.13
83.45
n/a
64.54
39.70
24.88
47.94
36.58
42.98
62.07
MVA
260.14
9.59
62.67
30.51
13.92
12.04
21.13
39.59
70.69
MVA
89
1.20
7.10
2.80
7.00
8.50
4.40
22.10
11.50
3.40
8.90
0.20
14.60
91.70
Carrabin
Cunderdin
Kellerberrin
Kondinin
Merredin
Mundaring Weir
Northam
Sawyers Valley
Southern Cross
Wundowie
Yerbillon
Yilgarn
Total Load
99.86
16.04
0.24
9.08
3.40
12.11
26.22
4.94
8.85
7.00
2.98
7.55
1.45
MVA
MW
56.30
27.60
69.70
28.20
83.30
38.60
16.90
320.60
Substation
Cook Street
Forrest Ave
Hay Street
Joel Terrace
Milligan Street
North Perth
Wellington Street
Total Load
2006
368.76
18.99
39.79
95.75
30.65
87.13
32.47
63.98
MVA
Table 10.4 East Perth load area Load forecast
MW
Substation
2006
381.89
20.17
53.15
105.18
33.32
82.37
30.56
57.14
MW
2007
103.94
16.46
0.19
9.74
3.40
15.25
24.61
4.40
9.31
7.58
3.33
7.86
1.81
MW
2007
Table 10.3 East Country load area Load forecast
436.42
22.66
54.79
120.89
36.22
102.97
33.95
64.94
MVA
111.05
18.09
0.23
9.94
3.40
16.06
27.04
4.94
9.69
7.58
3.54
8.36
2.18
MVA
389.43
20.58
54.65
107.22
34.42
83.16
31.41
57.99
MW
2008
108.04
16.62
0.20
9.93
4.40
16.05
25.36
4.40
9.42
7.77
3.36
8.70
1.83
MW
2008
444.86
23.12
56.34
123.24
37.41
103.95
34.90
65.90
MVA
115.35
18.27
0.24
10.14
4.40
16.89
27.86
4.94
9.81
7.77
3.58
9.25
2.20
MVA
397.06
20.99
56.15
109.26
37.52
83.95
30.36
58.83
MW
2009
110.37
16.79
0.21
10.12
4.40
16.84
26.11
4.40
9.53
7.95
3.40
8.77
1.85
MW
2009
453.38
23.58
57.89
125.59
40.78
104.94
33.74
66.86
MVA
117.81
18.45
0.25
10.33
4.40
17.72
28.69
4.94
9.92
7.95
3.61
9.33
2.22
MVA
404.62
21.40
57.65
111.31
38.69
84.74
31.15
59.68
MW
2010
112.69
16.95
0.22
10.31
4.40
17.63
26.86
4.40
9.64
8.14
3.43
8.85
1.86
MW
2010
461.84
24.05
59.44
127.94
42.05
105.93
34.61
67.82
MVA
120.33
18.63
0.27
10.52
4.40
18.56
29.51
4.94
10.04
8.14
3.65
9.42
2.25
MVA
2011
412.23
21.81
59.16
113.35
39.86
85.53
32.00
60.52
MW
2011
121.02
17.11
0.23
10.51
4.40
18.42
27.61
10.40
9.75
8.32
3.46
8.93
1.88
MW
468.42
24.51
60.99
130.29
43.32
106.91
33.62
68.78
MVA
129.55
18.81
0.28
10.72
4.40
19.39
30.34
11.69
10.15
8.32
3.68
9.50
2.27
MVA
90
16.40
22.70
29.20
23.50
91.80
Black Flag
Boulder
Piccadilly
West Kalgoorlie Terminal
Total Load
MVA
99.53
23.98
33.95
24.15
17.45
19.60
18.30
39.10
61.40
138.40
Forrestfield
Kalamunda
Midland Junction
Total Load
MW
Darlington
Substation
2006
156.00
71.40
42.97
20.33
21.30
MVA
Table 10.6 Guildford load area Load forecast
MW
Substation
2006
152.97
68.35
44.28
20.14
20.20
MW
2007
127.88
38.53
36.08
26.38
26.89
MW
2007
Table 10.5 Eastern Goldfields load area Load forecast

MVA
172.47
79.48
48.66
22.38
21.95
MVA
137.95
39.32
41.96
28.06
28.61
157.33
69.80
41.93
24.81
20.79
MW
2008
132.23
40.86
36.93
27.06
27.38
MW
2008
177.40
81.16
46.07
27.56
22.60
MVA
142.56
41.70
42.94
28.79
29.13
MVA
161.74
57.75
43.14
39.46
21.39
MW
2009
136.59
43.20
37.77
27.74
27.88
MW
2009
MVA
181.65
67.16
47.41
43.84
23.25
MVA
147.17
44.08
43.92
29.51
29.66
166.12
58.85
44.35
40.93
21.98
MW
2010
140.93
45.53
38.61
28.42
28.37
MW
2010
186.54
68.43
48.74
45.48
23.89
MVA
151.78
46.46
44.90
30.24
30.18
MVA
170.50
59.95
45.57
42.41
22.57
MW
2011
145.30
47.87
39.46
29.11
28.86
MW
2011
191.44
69.71
50.07
47.12
24.54
MVA
156.38
48.84
45.88
30.96
30.70
MVA
91
14.20
60.40
15.30
16.70
31.50
72.50
n/a
210.60
British Petroleum
Mandurah
Mason Road
Meadow Springs
Medina
Rockingham
Waikiki
Total Load
230.51
n/a
78.80
34.24
17.40
17.59
64.95
17.53
MVA
MW
33.20
4.80
22.60
15.90
10.80
1.90
14.50
5.90
14.40
14.30
4.10
142.40
Substation
Albany
Beenup
Bridgetown
Collie
Katanning
Kojonup
Manjimup
Mount Barker
Narrogin
Wagerup
Wagin
Total Load
2006
152.54
4.32
15.54
15.32
6.08
16.11
1.96
11.13
17.67
25.68
4.85
33.88
MVA
Table 10.8 Muja load area Load forecast
MW
Substation
2006
Table 10.7 Kwinana load area Load forecast
154.84
6.17
14.80
14.88
6.44
12.72
2.70
14.03
16.38
25.25
6.25
35.22
MW
2007
232.57
n/a
73.75
37.64
21.64
20.50
64.84
14.20
MW
2007
164.85
6.49
16.09
15.82
6.64
14.13
2.79
14.46
18.20
28.70
6.31
35.22
MVA
254.42
n/a
80.16
40.91
22.54
23.56
69.72
17.53
MVA
158.83
6.31
15.30
15.35
6.76
12.95
2.80
14.37
16.85
25.38
6.42
36.34
MW
2008
251.81
24.00
57.39
38.79
22.79
26.10
68.54
14.20
MW
2008
169.06
6.64
16.63
16.33
6.97
14.39
2.88
14.82
18.73
28.84
6.49
36.34
MVA
275.60
26.09
62.38
42.16
23.74
30.00
73.70
17.53
MVA
162.86
6.45
15.80
15.83
7.08
13.18
2.89
14.72
17.33
25.51
6.60
37.47
MW
2009
267.53
26.15
59.96
39.94
23.94
31.10
72.24
14.20
MW
2009
173.28
6.78
17.18
16.84
7.30
14.65
2.98
15.17
19.26
28.98
6.67
37.47
MVA
292.90
28.42
65.17
43.41
24.94
35.75
77.68
17.53
MVA
166.86
6.59
16.30
16.30
7.40
13.41
2.99
15.06
17.81
25.63
6.78
38.59
MW
2010
278.24
28.30
62.52
41.09
25.09
31.10
75.94
14.20
MW
2010
177.49
6.93
17.72
17.34
7.63
14.90
3.08
15.53
19.79
29.13
6.85
38.59
MVA
304.45
30.76
67.96
44.66
26.14
35.75
81.65
17.53
MVA
170.90
6.73
16.80
16.78
7.72
13.65
3.09
15.41
18.29
25.76
6.96
39.71
MW
2011
292.94
30.44
65.08
42.24
41.24
35.10
64.64
14.20
MW
2011
181.71
7.08
18.26
17.85
7.96
15.16
3.18
15.89
20.32
29.27
7.03
39.71
MVA
320.08
33.09
70.74
45.91
42.96
40.34
69.51
17.53
MVA
92
24.90
24.00
62.40
3.60
11.40
n/a
11.20
7.30
Durlacher Street
Eneabba
Geraldton
Kalbarri
Moora
Rangeway
Regans
Three Springs
157.30
12.50
Chapman
Total Load
MW
Substation
2006
MVA
167.93
7.30
11.55
n/a
11.40
3.60
65.00
26.09
28.95
14.04
166.68
8.06
12.64
6.00
12.65
3.69
61.69
24.48
22.72
14.75
MW
2007
Table 10.9 North Country load area Load forecast

MVA
178.23
8.06
13.03
6.95
12.65
3.69
64.26
26.61
26.41
16.57
172.35
8.24
13.78
6.00
13.16
3.79
63.55
24.96
23.54
15.33
MW
2008
184.27
8.24
14.21
6.95
13.16
3.79
66.19
27.13
27.37
17.23
MVA
178.03
8.43
14.92
6.00
13.67
3.89
65.40
25.44
24.36
15.92
MW
2009
MVA
190.32
8.43
15.39
6.95
13.67
3.89
68.13
27.65
28.32
17.89
177.72
8.62
16.07
12.00
14.18
4.00
61.26
25.92
19.17
16.50
MW
2010
190.09
8.62
16.56
13.91
14.18
4.00
63.81
28.17
22.30
18.54
MVA
183.38
8.80
17.21
12.00
14.69
4.10
63.11
26.40
19.99
17.08
MW
2011
196.13
8.80
17.74
13.91
14.69
4.10
65.74
28.70
23.25
19.20
MVA
93
MW
65.80
66.50
n/a
54.10
n/a
n/a
n/a
53.90
29.00
28.60
44.40
16.30
76.60
73.90
53.10
n/a
n/a
69.00
29.70
42.00
702.90
Substation
Arkana
Beechboro
Clarkson
Hadfields
Henley Brook
Joondalup
Joondanna
Landsdale
Malaga
Manning Street
Morley
Muchea
Mullaloo
North Beach
Osborne Park
Padbury
Wangara
Wanneroo
Yanchep
Yokine
Total Load
2006
783.00
46.67
31.94
75.82
n/a
n/a
63.21
81.21
85.11
18.52
51.63
31.43
32.33
58.27
n/a
n/a
n/a
62.18
n/a
70.74
73.93
MVA
844.66
50.97
26.53
74.13
n/a
30.00
64.18
72.73
67.57
20.91
50.22
37.05
41.22
72.56
n/a
n/a
n/a
60.20
24.95
83.16
68.29
MW
2007
Table 10.10 Northern Terminal load area Load forecast
940.06
56.63
28.52
81.46
n/a
32.97
76.41
79.92
75.08
23.76
58.39
40.71
45.96
78.44
n/a
n/a
n/a
69.19
27.42
88.47
76.73
MVA
888.96
53.01
28.39
78.78
n/a
31.38
66.74
75.30
72.09
21.97
51.63
38.49
43.83
78.19
n/a
n/a
22.40
61.68
27.97
66.94
70.17
MW
2008
988.99
58.89
30.52
86.58
n/a
34.48
79.46
82.75
80.10
24.97
60.04
42.30
48.87
84.53
n/a
n/a
23.83
70.89
30.73
71.21
78.85
MVA
932.06
55.04
30.25
83.44
n/a
62.75
69.31
67.88
66.60
23.03
53.04
39.94
46.44
83.83
n/a
n/a
24.50
63.16
30.99
69.81
62.05
MW
2009
1036.27
61.16
32.52
91.69
n/a
68.96
82.51
74.59
74.00
26.18
61.68
43.89
51.77
90.63
n/a
n/a
26.07
72.59
34.05
74.26
69.72
MVA
975.16
57.08
32.11
76.10
n/a
65.42
56.87
70.09
60.46
24.10
54.45
41.38
49.05
89.47
15.00
22.00
26.61
64.64
34.01
72.68
63.66
MW
2010
1083.78
63.42
34.52
83.63
n/a
71.89
67.70
77.03
67.18
27.38
63.32
45.48
54.68
96.72
17.86
24.18
28.31
74.29
37.37
77.32
71.52
MVA
1017.26
59.12
33.97
68.10
15.00
68.09
58.01
72.31
63.70
25.16
55.87
42.83
51.66
80.10
15.42
23.27
28.71
66.12
49.02
75.55
65.26
MW
2011
1130.22
65.69
36.52
74.83
16.22
74.82
69.06
79.46
70.78
28.59
64.96
47.07
57.59
86.60
18.36
25.57
30.54
76.00
53.87
80.37
73.33
MVA
94
41.20
42.90
n/a
26.30
39.40
15.00
32.80
1.90
199.50
Amherst
Australian Paper Mills
Bibra Lake
Edmund Street
Myaree
North Fremantle
OConnor
South Fremantle
Total Load
227.62
2.16
37.27
17.44
44.27
30.23
n/a
50.47
45.78
MVA
216.97
1.98
34.28
13.38
44.38
26.85
n/a
48.50
47.60
MW
2007
MW
40.00
81.50
51.40
74.30
n/a
72.70
n/a
n/a
n/a
319.90
Substation
Byford
Canning Vale
Cockburn Cement
Gosnells
Murdoch
Riverton
Southern River
Thornlie
Willeton
Total Load
2006
MVA
356.16
n/a
n/a
n/a
80.78
n/a
82.56
55.27
92.61
44.94
380.35
n/a
n/a
36.80
70.35
15.00
70.30
52.80
84.43
50.67
MW
2007
Table 10.12 Southern Terminal load area Load forecast
MW
Substation
2006
Table 10.11 South Fremantle load area Load forecast
422.98
n/a
n/a
40.39
78.16
16.67
78.11
56.77
95.95
56.93
MVA
247.44
2.25
38.95
15.55
49.87
30.87
n/a
57.06
52.89
MVA
390.56
n/a
n/a
39.98
72.41
22.45
72.07
43.23
87.98
52.44
MW
2008
229.41
2.05
35.75
13.75
49.00
27.30
26.50
28.34
46.72
MW
2008
434.74
n/a
n/a
43.88
80.46
24.94
80.08
46.49
99.97
58.92
MVA
259.12
2.33
40.63
15.99
55.05
31.38
28.49
33.34
51.91
MVA
405.22
n/a
n/a
43.16
74.48
23.18
73.85
44.82
91.52
54.21
MW
2009
237.43
2.13
37.23
14.13
50.70
27.75
27.48
29.25
48.76
MW
2009
451.04
n/a
n/a
47.37
82.76
25.76
82.05
48.19
104.00
60.91
MVA
268.14
2.42
42.30
16.42
56.97
31.90
29.55
34.41
54.17
MVA
424.87
n/a
n/a
51.34
76.55
23.91
75.62
46.41
95.06
55.98
MW
2010
245.42
2.20
38.70
14.50
52.41
28.20
28.46
30.16
50.79
MW
2010
472.81
n/a
n/a
56.35
85.06
26.57
84.02
49.90
108.02
62.89
MVA
277.15
2.50
43.98
16.86
58.88
32.41
30.60
35.49
56.43
MVA
439.53
20.00
20.00
54.52
58.62
44.64
57.39
48.00
78.61
57.75
MW
2011
253.44
2.28
40.18
14.88
54.11
28.65
29.44
31.07
52.83
MW
2011
489.10
22.73
22.22
59.84
65.13
49.60
63.77
51.61
89.32
64.88
MVA
286.19
2.59
45.66
17.30
60.80
32.93
31.66
36.56
58.69
MVA
95
28.10
11.50
16.50
22.00
23.30
16.10
22.80
140.30
Cottesloe
Herdsman Parade
Medical Centre
Nedlands
Shenton Park
University
Wembley Downs
Total Load
158.88
25.62
18.51
26.78
25.00
18.97
12.78
31.22
MVA
161.50
28.04
16.78
26.69
25.84
17.65
13.44
33.06
MW
2007
182.77
31.50
19.28
30.68
29.36
20.28
14.94
36.73
MVA
MW
200.84
200.84
Substation
Contract Customers
Total Load
2006
218.05
218.05
MVA
256.55
256.55
MW
2007
279.37
279.37
MVA
Table 10.14 Contract Customers in all load area Load forecast
MW
Substation
2006
Table 10.13 Western Terminal load area Load forecast
259.02
259.02
MW
2008
162.22
28.85
17.11
23.72
26.66
17.95
13.67
34.26
MW
2008
281.98
281.98
MVA
183.53
32.42
19.67
27.26
30.30
20.64
15.18
38.06
MVA
462.69
462.69
MW
2009
166.83
29.67
17.44
24.63
27.49
18.26
13.89
35.45
MW
2009
498.64
498.64
MVA
188.75
33.34
20.05
28.31
31.24
20.99
15.43
39.39
MVA
464.24
464.24
MW
2010
171.46
30.49
14.78
25.54
28.32
18.57
14.11
39.65
MW
2010
500.29
500.29
MVA
193.85
34.26
16.98
29.35
32.18
21.34
15.68
44.06
MVA
464.71
464.71
MW
2011
176.07
31.31
15.02
26.45
29.15
18.87
14.33
40.94
MW
2011
500.78
500.78
MVA
199.06
35.18
17.26
30.40
33.12
21.69
15.92
45.49
MVA
11 Appendix C Estimated maximum short circuit levels

11.1.1 Maximum short circuit levels
This appendix presents tables of maximum
forecasted short circuit levels at each of Western
Australias South-West Interconnected System
(SWIS) major nodes.
Western Power has prepared these fault levels for

three-phase and single-phase to earth faults. This
information should be taken as an approximate
guide only. The short circuit level calculations were
determined using AS 3851-1991: The calculation of
short-circuit currents in three-phase AC systems.
Bunbury
2007 Fault Current ( kA )
Substation
Three Phase One Phase
Barrack Silicon Smelter 132 kV
8.28
7.76
8.59
8.14
Bunbury Harbour 132 kV
8.19
8.27
8.13
8.27
Busselton 132 kV
2.27
2.34
2.09
2.55
Busselton 66 kV
3.87
4.92
3.18
4.24
Capel 66 kV
4.45
3.99
3.16
2.66
Coolup 66 kV
1.03
0.62
1.03
0.62
Kemerton 132 kV
9.86
10.81
10.52
11.51
Kemerton 330 kV
11.20
11.89
17.02
17.53
Kemerton Power 330 kV
10.93
11.58
15.85
16.25
Margaret River 132 kV
n.a.
n.a.
1.48
1.66
Margaret River 66 kV
1.36
0.97
1.42
1.27
Marriott Road 132 kV
8.90
8.86
9.08
9.24
Marriott Road 132 kV
8.90
8.86
9.08
9.24
Picton 132 kV
9.49
9.99
9.47
10.00
Picton 66 kV
8.05
10.54
7.81
10.24
Pinjarra 132 kV
10.54
8.72
10.46
9.09
Wagerup Terminal 330 kV
n.a.
n.a.
16.09
16.07
Westralian Sands 66 kV
4.28
3.99
3.18
2.98
Cannington
Substation
Beckenham 132 kV
23.51
26.36
23.63
26.88
Belmont 132 kV
18.26
17.06
19.10
18.46
Bentley 132 kV
n.a.
n.a.
16.09
19.57
Cannington Terminal 132 kV
25.07
28.14
25.21
28.75
Cannington Terminal 66 kV
11.43
13.97
11.97
14.61
Clarence Street 66 kV
7.23
5.82
7.04
6.59
Collier 66 kV
7.12
5.82
7.09
6.19
Darlington 132 kV
10.78
9.83
12.69
12.13
Forrestfield 132 kV
11.01
9.68
12.22
11.32
Kalamunda 132 kV
9.02
8.22
11.31
10.36
97
Cannington (continued)
Substation
Kenwick Link 132 kV
22.72
23.74
22.95
24.25
Kenwick Link 330 kV
11.92
11.72
14.06
13.61
Kewdale 132 kV
n.a.
n.a.
17.89
16.99
Manning Street 132 kV
15.01
14.88
15.63
15.47
Rivervale 132 kV
16.67
14.61
17.02
15.37
Tate Street 66 kV
10.03
10.98
10.06
10.69
Tomlinson Street 66 kV
7.90
6.99
7.67
6.50
Victoria Park 66 kV
9.55
9.90
n.a.
n.a.
WEB Forge 66 kV
8.69
7.90
9.12
8.42
Welshpool 132 kV
19.51
19.62
19.62
20.03
East Country
98
Substation
Baandee 66 kV
1.20
1.29
1.71
1.67
Bounty 132 kV
0.61
0.74
0.62
0.74
Carrabin 66 kV
0.88
0.95
0.96
1.01
Cunderdin 66 kV
1.05
1.15
1.67
1.71
Kellerberrin 66 kV
0.90
1.08
1.53
1.69
Kondinin 132 kV
1.32
1.59
1.34
1.61
Kondinin 220 kV
2.29
2.32
2.36
2.36
Merredin 132 kV
2.92
3.59
3.26
4.14
Merredin 66 kV
1.75
2.38
2.18
2.90
Merredin Terminal 132 kV
3.23
4.38
3.43
4.62
Merredin Terminal 220 kV
2.19
2.81
2.30
2.93
Mundaring Weir 66 kV
2.57
1.64
3.51
2.53
Northam 132 kV
4.28
4.80
5.97
6.72
Northam 66 kV
3.66
4.77
5.15
6.42
Sawyers Valley 132 kV
n.a.
n.a.
7.19
5.78
Sawyers Valley 66 kV
2.08
1.30
3.12
2.33
Southern Cross 66 kV
0.51
0.41
0.53
0.42
Wundowie 66 kV
1.46
1.76
2.81
2.99
Yerbillon 66 kV
0.83
0.86
0.90
0.91
Yilgarn 220 kV
1.85
1.87
1.90
1.91
East Perth
Substation
Cook Street 132 kV
19.35
21.57
19.55
22.41
East Perth 132 kV
20.32
22.66
20.60
23.80
East Perth 66 kV
4.99
6.48
4.99
6.49
Forrest Ave 66 kV
4.63
5.20
4.63
5.21
Hay Street 132 kV
18.39
19.96
18.62
20.72
Joel Terrace 132 kV
n.a.
n.a.
20.33
22.75
Joel Terrace 66 kV
4.95
6.40
4.94
6.41
North Perth 132 kV
17.99
17.63
18.18
18.22
Summers Street 132 kV
20.03
21.89
20.30
22.90
Wellington Street 132 kV
18.41
19.94
18.64
20.72
Wellington Street 66 kV
4.77
5.49
4.76
5.52
Eastern Goldfields
Substation
Black Flag 132 kV
2.22
2.48
2.23
2.49
Boulder 132 kV
3.76
4.94
3.79
4.98
Boulder 132 kV
3.76
4.94
3.79
4.98
Jan 132 kV
1.79
1.99
1.80
1.99
Jan 66 kV
2.01
2.62
2.01
2.62
Parkeston Sub 132 kV
3.72
4.69
3.75
4.72
Piccadilly 132 kV
3.68
4.83
3.72
4.87
West Kalgoorlie Terminal 132 kV
3.67
5.06
3.71
5.11
West Kalgoorlie Terminal 220 kV
2.09
2.74
2.12
2.76
Western Mining Kambalda 132 kV
2.46
2.83
2.47
2.84
Western Mining Smelter 132 kV
3.49
4.06
3.51
4.07
Guildford Terminal Station

Substation
Munday 132 kV
n.a.
12.22
n.a.
11.32
Kwinana
Substation
ALCOA Kwinana 132 kV
30.56
34.71
22.21
24.17
ALCOA Pinjarra 132 kV
10.60
10.89
10.84
11.14
ALCOA Pinjarra 330 kV
11.99
11.75
14.48
13.44
Australian Fused Materials 132 kV
18.00
15.84
16.07
14.71
B.P. Refinery 132 kV
24.47
25.21
20.50
21.84
99
Kwinana (continued)
Substation
British Petroleum 66 kV
5.90
6.42
5.75
6.29
Broken Hill Kwinana 66 kV
5.96
6.43
5.80
6.31
CSBP 132 kV
22.97
22.15
19.43
19.41
Hismelt 132 kV
22.75
22.18
19.25
19.42
Kerr McGee Kwinana 132 kV
27.10
29.45
22.30
24.81
Kwinana 132 kV
31.44
36.47
23.59
26.85
Kwinana 330 kV
13.84
15.12
19.72
22.59
Kwinana 66 kV
6.18
7.23
6.02
7.42
Kwinana Desalination Plant 132 kV 25.44
27.78
21.44
23.56
Kwinana Power Partnership 132 kV
25.27
26.58
21.06
22.85
Mandurah 132 kV
8.43
7.76
8.24
7.74
Mason Road 132 kV
27.10
29.45
22.30
24.81
Meadow Springs 132 kV
8.85
7.99
8.59
8.17
Medina 132 kV
17.98
15.93
16.52
15.00
Rockingham 132 kV
16.76
15.19
15.29
14.47
Tiwest Pigment Plant 132 kV
27.10
29.45
22.30
24.81
Waikiki 132 kV
n.a.
n.a.
11.18
9.55
Western Mining 132 kV
19.95
18.04
17.51
16.48
Muja
Substation
Albany 132 kV
1.45
1.93
1.75
2.28
ALCOA Boddington 132 kV
3.53
3.19
9.01
10.26
Beenup 132 kV
1.14
1.27
1.13
1.27
Bluewaters Power Station 330 kV
n.a.
n.a.
18.83
21.23
Boddington 132 kV
3.53
3.19
9.01
10.26
Boddington Reynolds 132 kV
3.53
3.19
9.01
10.26
Bridgetown 132 kV
4.25
4.50
4.06
4.71
Collie 66 kV
2.01
2.44
1.99
2.42
12.19
18.32
20.56
Collie
Power
Terminal 330 kV
100
Station 11.60
Katanning 66 kV
1.82
2.01
1.82
1.99
Kojonup 132 kV
3.79
3.79
3.64
3.77
Kojonup 66 kV
2.92
3.63
2.90
3.62
Manjimup 132 kV
2.84
2.99
2.75
2.95
Mount Barker 132 kV
1.53
1.65
1.65
1.74
Muja 132 kV
18.81
23.33
15.48
18.45
Muja (continued)
Substation
Muja 220 kV
7.12
8.53
7.19
8.55
Muja 330 kV
14.42
17.32
18.54
21.46
Muja 66 kV
3.48
3.96
3.41
3.89
Narrogin 66 kV
1.78
2.32
1.81
2.34
Narrogin South 220 kV
3.15
2.59
3.20
2.61
Narrogin South 66 kV
1.81
2.38
1.83
2.41
Shotts 330 kV
12.13
12.81
18.89
21.34
Wagerup 132 kV
7.23
5.91
7.23
5.91
North Country
Substation
Cataby 132 kV
3.84
3.70
3.86
3.71
Chapman 132 kV
2.35
2.70
2.41
2.99
Eneabba 132 kV
3.49
3.38
3.51
3.39
Geraldton 132 kV
2.61
3.21
2.61
3.33
Golden Grove 132 kV
0.83
0.54
0.83
0.54
Kerr McGee Cataby 132 kV
3.81
3.67
3.83
3.69
Moora 132 kV
2.33
2.03
2.33
2.21
Mungarra 132 kV
3.74
4.59
3.73
4.58
Rangeway 132 kV
2.35
2.73
2.41
3.01
Regans 132 kV
3.46
3.49
3.48
3.52
Three Springs 132 kV
3.26
2.98
3.27
3.00
Walkaway Windfarm 132 kV
3.23
3.99
3.23
4.00
Wongan Hills 132 kV
n.a.
n.a.
1.01
1.12
Northern Terminal
Substation
Arkana 132 kV
16.34
16.93
16.91
17.38
Beechboro 132 kV
17.67
17.08
18.28
17.53
Clarkson 132 kV
10.67
9.73
12.29
11.51
Edgewater 132 kV
14.67
14.28
16.52
16.41
Guildford Terminal 132 kV
18.76
20.43
20.15
22.14
Guildford Terminal 330 kV
11.62
11.78
13.79
13.79
Hadfields 132 kV
14.39
13.61
14.79
13.93
Henley Brook 132 kV
n.a.
n.a.
11.89
9.39
James Street 132 kV
15.74
16.12
16.23
16.05
Joondalup 132 kV
n.a.
n.a.
15.97
15.70
101
Northern Terminal (continued)

Substation
Joondanna 132 kV
n.a.
n.a.
16.59
16.63
Kerr McGee Muchea 132 kV
11.98
9.30
12.12
9.54
Landsdale 132 kV
15.81
15.36
16.79
16.23
Malaga 132 kV
25.30
31.96
26.63
33.78
Midland Junction 132 kV
15.31
15.28
18.54
20.60
Milligan Street 132 kV
15.72
16.16
16.21
16.34
Morley 132 kV
15.64
16.45
16.13
17.04
Mount Lawley 132 kV
18.55
20.52
19.30
21.31
Muchea 132 kV
14.60
12.41
14.83
12.86
Mullaloo 132 kV
14.67
14.28
16.52
16.41
Neerabup Terminal 132 kV
n.a.
n.a.
19.00
21.75
Neerabup Terminal 330 kV
n.a.
n.a.
9.39
8.50
North Beach 132 kV
15.57
15.67
16.36
16.76
Northern Terminal 132 kV
25.38
32.06
26.71
33.87
Northern Terminal 330 kV
11.78
12.36
14.53
15.34
Osborne Park 132 kV
16.29
16.95
16.94
17.66
Padbury 132 kV
13.61
12.24
14.59
13.68
Pinjar 132 kV
21.55
23.52
22.91
25.39
Wangara 132 kV
n.a.
n.a.
15.53
14.66
Wanneroo 132 kV
13.21
12.87
17.83
18.90
Warwick 132 kV
n.a.
n.a.
16.03
15.81
Yanchep 132 kV
10.78
9.77
11.81
10.75
Yokine 132 kV
16.41
16.87
17.02
17.65
South Fremantle
102
Substation
Amherst 132 kV
17.22
14.38
16.58
14.88
Australian Paper Mills 66 kV
8.96
7.77
9.03
8.36
Bibra Lake 132 kV
n.a.
n.a.
17.06
15.92
Edmund Street 66 kV
10.29
9.91
8.98
9.03
Myaree 132 kV
n.a.
n.a.
12.32
11.83
Myaree 66 kV
8.20
6.72
8.24
9.19
North Fremantle 66 kV
9.55
8.47
8.43
7.83
OConnor 132 kV
n.a.
n.a.
15.49
15.97
OConnor 66 kV
9.33
8.56
n.a.
n.a.
South Fremantle 132 kV
24.38
24.46
22.28
24.31
South Fremantle 66 kV
13.16
16.88
11.08
14.49
Southern Terminal
Substation
Byford 132 kV
9.88
8.97
10.78
10.01
Canning Vale 132 kV
16.53
16.03
16.51
16.08
Cockburn Cement 132 kV
18.74
17.19
17.94
16.77
Cockburn Cement Ltd 132 kV
18.74
17.19
17.94
16.77
Glen Iris 132 kV
25.97
28.47
22.18
24.77
Gosnells 132 kV
17.37
16.65
19.44
18.94
Murdoch 132 kV
21.20
18.78
20.36
18.69
Riverton 132 kV
18.21
15.57
18.03
15.61
South-East Terminal 330 kV
n.a.
n.a.
18.04
18.50
Southern River 132 kV
13.51
12.06
17.86
16.65
Southern Terminal 132 kV
30.57
35.63
27.30
32.60
30.57
35.63
27.30
32.60
14.87
16.39
19.03
21.49
Thornlie 132 kV
n.a.
n.a.
20.03
18.51
Willeton 132 kV
n.a.
n.a.
22.70
20.50
Western Terminal
Substation
Cottesloe 132 kV
n.a.
n.a.
15.92
13.74
Cottesloe 66 kV
8.57
7.31
n.a.
n.a.
Herdsman Parade 66 kV
7.68
5.87
6.25
4.12
Medical Centre 66 kV
9.42
8.70
9.35
8.60
Nedlands 66 kV
10.05
9.74
9.76
9.13
Shenton Park 66 kV
10.42
11.06
10.30
10.86
University 66 kV
9.28
8.36
9.17
8.17
Wembley Downs 66 kV
8.77
7.31
8.25
6.43
Western Terminal 132 kV
19.17
19.12
19.22
19.54
Western Terminal 66 kV
11.97
15.27
11.94
15.26
103
12 Appendix D Proposed transmission capacity

expansion projects
12.1.1 Major committed and uncommitted projects less than $5m and gretaer than $0.5m,
10 year forecast
Load area
Project
Required in
service date
Bunbury
Bunbury: Uprate line section limitations
Q2 2010
Busselton S/S: Install 132/22 kV transformer
Q4 2008
Picton: Augment 22 kV busbar
Q4 2009
Bunbury Harbour: Augment 22 kV busbar
Q4 2010
Pinjarra Alcoa Pinjarra: Line uprate
Q4 2011
Busselton S/S: Install 2nd transformer
Q4 2012
Marriot Rd S/S: Install 3rd transformer
Q4 2013
Muja Western colleries limited: Line uprate
Q4 2014
Picton Preston Park: New 132 kv line
Q4 2014
Picton S/S: Install capacitor bank
Q4 2014
Pinjarra S/S: Install 3rd transformer
Q4 2014
East Perth S/S: Earthing system works
Q2 2008
Hay St S/S: Install capacitor bank
Q4 2012
East Perth, Joel Terrace, Wellington St: 66 kV fault uprate
Q4 2012
Wellington Street Hay Street: Line uprate
Q4 2013
Bentley S/S: Install 3rd transformer
Q2 2013
Cannington: 132 kV fault uprate
Q2 2013
Kewdale S/S: Install 2nd transformer
Q2 2013
Rivervale S/S : Install 3rd transformer
Q3 2010
Belmont Rivervale: Line uprate
Q4 2009
Kewdale S/S: Install 3rd transformer
Q4 2013
Cannington S/S: 66 kV fault level uprate
Q4 2015
Cannington Northam Merredin: Install new lines
Q2 2007
Northam S/S: Install 2nd transformer
Q3 2008
Merredin Terminal Merredin construct new 132 kV line
Q3 2012
Sawyers Valley and Wundowie: Install cap banks
Q4 2008
Boulder S/S: Install 4th transformer
Q3 2017
Black Flag S/S: Install 3rd transformer
Q4 2011
West Kalgoorlie: Install 3rd transformer
Q4 2012
CBD
CT
ECR
EGF
105
Load area
Project
Required in
service date
Kwinana
Rearrange Kwinana southern terminal 132 kV
Q4 2008
Meadow Springs S/S: Install 2nd transformer
Q4 2010
Medina S/S: Install of 3rd transformer
Q4 2010
Waikiki S/S: Install 2nd transformer
Q4 2010
Rockingham-Waikiki line: Uprate to 244
Q4 2013
Waikiki S/S: Install capacitor bank
Q4 2013
Kwinana-Mason Rd: Line uprate
Q4 2016
Western Mining-Rockingham: Line uprate
Q4 2016
Kojonup S/S: Install 66/22 kV transformer
Q2 2009
Muja Kojonup: Line uprate
Q2 2014
Wagin S/S: Install 3rd transformer
Q3 2013
Beenup S/S: Install 3rd transformer
Q3 2016
Katanning S/S: Install capacitor bank
Q4 2007
Mt barker S/S: Install 2nd transformer
Q4 2008
Bridgetown S/S: Install 3rd transformer
Q4 2012
Padbury S/S: Install 2nd transformer
Q2 2008
Manning St S/S: Install 2nd lv switchboard
Q3 2008
Mount Lawley Morley: Line uprate
Q3 2009
Henley Brook S/S: Install 2nd transformer.
Q3 2010
Northern Terminal Beechboro: Line uprate
Q3 2010
Joondalup S/S: Install 2nd transformer
Q3 2011
Joondanna S/S: Install 2nd transformer
Q3 2012
North Beach Warwick: Line uprate
Q3 2012
Clarkson S/S: Install 3rd transformer
Q3 2013
Wannerooo Neerabup terminal: Convert to double cct line
Q3 2014
Stirling S/S: Install 2nd transformer
Q3 2016
Clarkson S/S: Install 2nd transformer
Q4 2008
Padbury S/S: Install 3rd transformer
Q4 2008
Muchea S/S: Install 3rd transformer
Q4 2009
North Beach Padbury: Line uprate
Q4 2010
Northern Terminal: Fault rating uprate
Q4 2010
Malaga S/S: Install 3rd transformer
Q4 2011
Morley S/S: Install lv switchboard & reactors
Q4 2011
Wangara S/S: Install 2nd transformer
Q4 2012
Warwick S/S: Install 2nd transformer
Q4 2014
Yanchep S/S: Install new transformer
Q4 2016
Wangara S/S: Install 3rd transformer
Q4 2016
Muja
NT
106
Load area
Project
Required in
service date
SF
Amherst S/S: Install 3rd transformer
Q4 2007
Bibra Lake S/S: Install 2nd transformer
Q4 2008
Oconnor S/S: Install 3rd transformer
Q4 2010
Uprate OconnorMyaree, Myaree-APM and

South Fremantle-APM 66 kV lines
Q4 2010
OConnor S/S: Install capacitor bank
Q4 2010
Bibra Lake S/S: Install 3rd transformer
Q4 2011
Gosnells S/S: Uprate fault rating of circuit breakers
Q2 2010
Southern Terminal Kwinana: Upgrade to 33 0kV
Q3 2008
Southern River S/S: Install 2nd transformer
Q4 2007
Murdoch S/S: Install 2nd transformer
Q4 2010
Southern River S/S: Install 3rd transformer
Q4 2012
Willetton S/S: Install 2nd transformer
Q4 2013
Medical Centre Western Terminal: Line uprate
Q2 2010
Herdsman Parade S/S: New lv switchboard
Q4 2011
ST
WT
107
363 Wellington Street Perth WA 6000

GPO Box L921 Perth WA 6000
T: (08) 9326 4911 F: (08) 9326 4595
www.westernpower.com.au
ELECTRICITY NETWORKS CORPORATION
ABN 18 540 492 861

Transmission and Distribution Planning in Australia

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Transmission and Distribution Planning in Australia

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Transmission and Distribution Planning in Australia

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

20

Transmission and Distribution

safe reliable efficient

2007 Transmission and Distribution Annual Planning Report

Network development planning process

Network planning assumptions

Description of load areas

Projects (Approved, committed or commissioned)

Network development options

Other planning issues

Appendix A Introduction to network issues

Appendix B Substation load forecasts

Appendix C Estimated maximum short circuit levels

12 Appendix D Proposed transmission capacity expansion projects

2007 Transmission and Distribution Annual Planning Report

Network planning assumptions

For example, the bulk transmission networks

underpinning this Annual Planning Report.

Table 1. Summary of network constraints.

Immediate network constraints1

Largely driven by generation location decisions

Thermal capacity of transmission lines and substation capacity shortfalls

Voltage constraints on long lines and distribution network limitations

Thermal and voltage constraints on transmission lines and substation capacity

Substation capacity shortfalls

Thermal and voltage constraints on transmission lines and substation capacity

Substation capacity shortfalls

Thermal capacity of transmission lines and substation capacity shortfalls

Substation capacity shortfalls

Thermal capacity of transmission lines and substation capacity shortfalls

Voltage constraints on transmission lines and substation capacity shortfalls

Voltage and stability constraints on transmission lines No further generation

Highly sensitive to connection of generation and/or loads No further

Thermal line constraints

2007 Transmission and Distribution Annual Planning Report

Depending on the nature of the network

Approved or committed projects

Network development options

Invitation to provide feedback

The reports structure is as follows:

1.1 Purpose of this document

Chapter 2 describes Western Powers

The purpose of this document is to provide

The remainder of this introduction describes

Any existing or prospective user may also

1.2 Interaction with the Statement

1.3 Role of Western Power

This report complements the role of the 2006

Western Power is responsible for the safe, reliable

Where applicable, the generation and demand

Until recently, Western Power Corporation was

Network planning is based on the predicted

Verve Energy, a generation corporation,

2007 Transmission and Distribution Annual Planning Report

Horizon Power, a regional power corporation

The Network Access Code 2004 establishes a

2 Network development planning process

technical requirements for plant connected to

Figure 2.1 Overview of network planning process.

12 Appendix D Proposed transmission capacity expansion projects