Seminar Report on

Virtual Reality

Submitted by : Manu Mathur 09270102810 B.Tech ECE (VII Sem)

Ansal Institute of Technology, GGSIP University

Table of Contents
1. 2. 3. 4. Introduction History Types Of Virtual Reality Virtual Reality Technology a. HMD b. BOOM c. CAVE d. Shared Virtual Environment e. Virtual Reality Modeling Language 5. Applications Of Virtual Reality a. Engineering b. Medicine c. Games 6. Concerns and Challenges.

Introduction
Virtual Reality (VR) is an environment that is simulated by a computer. Most virtual reality environments are primarily visual experiences, displayed either on a computer screen or through special stereoscopic displays, but some simulations include additional sensory information, such as sound through speakers or headphones. Some advanced and experimental systems have included limited tactile, haptic force feedback. Users can interact with a virtual environment either through the use of standard input devices such as a keyboard and mouse, or through multimodal devices such as a wired glove, polhemus boom arm, and/or omnidirectional treadmill. The simulated environment can be similar to the real world, for example, simulations for pilot or combat training, or it can differ significantly from reality, as in VR games. In practice, it is currently very difficult to create a high-fidelity virtual reality experience, due largely to technical limitations on processing power and image resolution. However, those limitations are expected to eventually be overcome as processor and imaging technologies become more powerful and cost-effective over time.

History
Morton Heilig wrote in the 1950s of an "Experience Theater" that could encompass all the senses in an effective manner, thus drawing the viewer into the onscreen activity. He built a prototype of his vision dubbed the Sensorama in 1962, along with five short films to be displayed in it while engaging multiple senses (sight, sound, smell, and touch). Predating digital computing, the Sensorama was a mechanical device, which reportedly still functions today. In 1968, Ivan Sutherland, with the help of his student Bob Sproull, created what is widely considered to be the first Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality (AR) Head Mounted Display (HMD) system. It was primitive both in terms of user interface and realism, and the HMD to be worn by the user was so heavy it had to be suspended from the ceiling, and the graphics comprising the virtual environment were simple wireframe rooms. The formidable appearance of the device inspired its name, The Sword of Damocles. Also notable among the earlier hypermedia and virtual reality systems was the Aspen Movie Map, which was created at MIT in 1977. The program was a crude virtual simulation of Aspen, Colorado in which users could wander the streets in one of three modes: summer, winter, and polygons. The first two were based on photographs the researchers actually photographed every possible movement through the city's street grid in both seasons and the third was a basic 3-D model of the city. In the late 1980s the term "virtual reality" was popularized by Jaron Lanier, one of the modern pioneers of the field. Lanier had founded the company VPL Research (from "Virtual Programming Languages") in 1985, which developed and built some of the seminal "goggles n' gloves" systems of that decade.

Types of Virtual Reality

Virtual Reality is mainly subsumed into 2 categories. 1. Immersive Virtual Reality 2. Non Immersive Virtual Reality.

Immersive VR In Immersive VR, head-referenced viewing provides a natural interface for the navigation in three-dimensional space and allows for look-around, walkaround, and fly-through capabilities in virtual environments. Stereoscopic viewing enhances the perception of depth and the sense of space. The virtual world is presented in full scale and relates properly to the human size. Realistic interactions with virtual objects are done via data glove and similar devices allowing the manipulation, operation, and control of virtual worlds. The convincing illusion of being fully immersed in an artificial world can be enhanced by auditory, haptic, and other non-visual technologies. Non-immersive VR Today, the term 'Virtual Reality' is also used for applications that are not fully immersive. The boundaries are becoming blurred, but all variations of VR will be important in the future. This includes mouse-controlled navigation through a three-dimensional environment on a graphics monitor, stereo viewing from the monitor via stereo glasses, stereo projection systems, and others. Apple's QuickTime VR, for example, uses photographs for the modeling of threedimensional worlds and provides pseudo look-around and walk-through capabilities on a graphics monitor.

Virtual Reality Technology

Head-Mounted Display (HMD) The head-mounted display (HMD) was the first device providing its wearer with an immersive experience. Evans and Sutherland demonstrated a head-mounted stereo display already in 1965. It took more then 20 years before VPL Research introduced a commercially available HMD, the famous "Eye Phone" system (1989). A head-mounted display (HMD):

A typical HMD houses two miniature display screens and an optical system that channels the images from the screens to the eyes, thereby, presenting a stereo view of a virtual world. A motion tracker continuously measures the position and orientation of the user's head and allows the image generating computer to adjust the scene representation to the current view. As a result, the viewer can look around and walk through the surrounding virtual environment. To overcome the often uncomfortable intrusiveness of a head-mounted display, alternative concepts (e.g., BOOM and CAVE) for immersive viewing of virtual environments were developed.

BOOM The BOOM (Binocular Omni-Orientation Monitor) from Fakes pace is a headcoupled stereoscopic display device. Screens and optical system are housed in a box that is attached to a multi-link arm. The user looks into the box through two holes, sees the virtual world, and can guide the box to any position within the operational volume of the device. Head tracking is accomplished via sensors in the links of the arm that holds the box.

The BOOM, a head-coupled display device:

CAVE The CAVE (Cave Automatic Virtual Environment) was developed at the University of Illinois at Chicago and provides the illusion of immersion by projecting stereo images on the walls and floor of a room-sized cube. Several persons wearing lightweight stereo glasses can enter and walk freely inside the CAVE. A head tracking system continuously adjusts the stereo projection to the current position of the leading viewer. CAVE system (schematic principle):

Input Devices and other Sensual Technologies A variety of input devices like data gloves, joysticks, and hand-held wands allow the user to navigate through a virtual environment and to interact with virtual objects. Directional sound, tactile and force feedback devices, voice recognition and other technologies are being employed to enrich the immersive experience and to create more "sensualized" interfaces. A data glove allows for interactions with the virtual world:

Shared Virtual Environments In the example illustrated below, three networked users at different locations (anywhere in the world) meet in the same virtual world by using a BOOM device, a CAVE system, and a Head-Mounted Display, respectively. All users see the same virtual environment from their respective points of view. Each user is presented as a virtual human (avatar) to the other participants. The users can see each other, communicated with each other, and interact with the virtual world as a team.

Virtual Reality Modeling Language Most exciting is the ongoing development of VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language) on the World Wide Web. In addition to HTML (HyperText Markup Language), that has become a standard authoring tool for the creation of home pages, VRML provides three-dimensional worlds with integrated hyperlinks on the Web. Home pages become home spaces. The viewing of VRML models via a VRML plug-in for Web browsers is usually done on a graphics monitor under mousecontrol and, therefore, not fully immersive. However, the syntax and data structure of VRML provide an excellent tool for the modeling of threedimensional worlds that are functional and interactive and that can, ultimately, be transferred into fully immersive viewing systems. The current version VRML 2.0 has become an international ISO/IEC standard under the name VRML97.

VR-related Technologies VR-related technologies combine virtual and real environments. Motion trackers are employed to monitor the movements of dancers or athletes for subsequent studies in immersive VR. The technologies of 'Augmented Reality' allow for the viewing of real environments with superimposed virtual objects. Telepresence systems (e.g., telemedicine, telerobotics) immerse a viewer in a real world that is captured by video cameras at a distant location and allow for the remote manipulation of real objects via robot arms and manipulators.

Applications Of Virtual Reality

As the technologies of virtual reality evolve; the applications of VR become literally unlimited. It is assumed that VR will reshape the interface between people and information technology by offering new ways for the communication of information, the visualization of processes, and the creative expression of ideas. Note that a virtual environment can represent any three-dimensional world that is either real or abstract. This includes real systems like buildings, landscapes, underwater shipwrecks, space crafts, archaeological excavation sites, human anatomy, sculptures, crime scene reconstructions, solar systems, and so on. Of special interest is the visual and sensual representation of abstract systems like magnetic fields, turbulent flow structures, molecular models, mathematical systems, auditorium acoustics, stock market behavior, population densities, information flows, and any other conceivable system including artistic and creative work of abstract nature. These virtual worlds can be animated, interactive, shared, and can expose behavior and functionality. Useful applications of VR include training in a variety of areas (military, medical, equipment operation, etc.), education, design evaluation (virtual prototyping), architectural walk-through, human factors and ergonomic studies, simulation of assembly sequences and maintenance tasks, assistance for the handicapped, study and treatment of phobias (e.g., fear of height), entertainment, and much more.

Applications in Engineering Virtual reality engineering includes the use of 3D modeling tools and visualization techniques as part of the design process. This technology enables engineers to view their project in 3D and gain a greater understanding of how it works. Plus they can spot any flaws or potential risks before implementation. This also allows the design team to observe their project within a safe environment and make changes as and where necessary. This saves both time and money. What is important is the ability of virtual reality to depict fine grained details of an engineering product to maintain the illusion. This means high end graphics, video with a fast refresh rate and realistic sound and movement.

Applications in Medicine In the past decade medical applications of virtual reality technology have been rapidly developing, and the technology has changed from a research curiosity to a commercially and clinically important area of medical informatics technology. Research and development activity is well summarized by the yearly "Medicine Meets Virtual Reality" meetings, and the commercialization of the technology is already at an advanced stage. Diagnostics Initially, algorithms for graphical rendering of anatomy have been used to provide support for three dimensional organ reconstructions from radiological cross sections. For the clinician this method of visualizations provided a more natural view of a patient's anatomy without losing the see through capability of the radiologist. Virtual endoscopy techniques (such as virtual colonoscopy or bronchoscopy) based on the virtual reconstruction and visualizations of individual patient anatomy are rapidly developing. Owing to the potential benefits of patient comfort and cost effectiveness virtual endoscopic procedures could replace real

endoscopic investigations in the foreseeable future in some areas of diagnosis. The most impressive development has been demonstrated in virtual colonoscopy as a screening tool for colon polyps and cancer and which is currently in the clinical validation phase.

Preoperative planning In many areas today the use of computer models to plan and optimise surgical interventions preoperatively is part of daily clinical practice. In some areas, such as conformal radiotherapy and stereotactic neurosurgery, treatment is not possible without preoperative planning with the aid of a computer. In other areas, such as craniofacial neurosurgery and open neurosurgery, the possibility of planning surgery on a computer screen, trying out different surgical approaches with realistic prediction of the outcome (for example, postoperative appearance of the patient), and planning individualised custom made implants have substantial impact on the success and safety of the intervention.

Education and training systems Education and training is one of the most promising application areas for virtual reality technologies. Computerized three dimensional atlases presenting different aspects of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology as a unified teaching atlas are about to revolutionize the teaching of anatomy to medical students and the general public. Systems based on virtual reality offer a unique opportunity for the training of professional surgical skills on a wide scale and in a repeatable manner, in a way similar to the routine training of pilots. Contrary to the preoperative planning systems, which require an extreme level of accurate registration and alignment of tissue (data fusion), medical and surgical education and training rely more on high fidelity visualization and realistic immersion into the virtual scene than on the precise data fusion of the applied models with the specific anatomy of a patient.

Image guided surgery Even the best preoperative planning is of limited use if its implementation in the operating room is not guaranteed. Whereas traditionally these plans are transformed mentally by the surgeon during the intervention, computer assistance and virtual reality technology can substantially contribute to the precise execution of preoperative plans. Image guided surgery is the typical application area where virtual objects (data from the preoperative image and the anatomical objects extracted from them) and real objects (the patient and the surgical tools) must be merged into a single unified scene, calling for augmented reality techniques. The major technical issue to be solved is the registration of the real and virtual objects that is, to make the preoperative data coincide with the actual patient anatomy and the tracking of the movement of real objects such as the surgical instruments.

Applications in Games The gaming industry has helped develop graphics and sound technology that can be incorporated as VR. Several Virtual Reality head mounted displays(HMD)were released for gaming during the early-mid 1990s. These included the iGlasses developed by Virtual I-O, the Cybermaxx developed by Victormaxx and the VFX-1 developed by Forte Technologies. A modern example of VR for gaming would be the Wii where the controller tracks and sends motion input accurately. There is also a new high field of view (FOV) VR headset system in development designed specifically for gaming called the Oculus Rift.[13] The headset provides approximately a 110 degree field of view, absolute head orientation tracking, USB interface and a 1200x800 resolution with the final consumer version aimed at 1920x1080. Some of the future games that will support the Oculus Rift includes Doom 4, Strike Suit Zero, Team Fortress 2, Miner Wars 2081, Minecraft and many more.[3] There has also been recent new development in omnidirectional treadmills such as Virtuix Omni or Cyberith Virtualizer, which can simulate the motion of walking in a stationary environment. These devices do not take up the entire room nor do they have ropes or any other bulky accessories unlike its predecessors.

Concerns and Challenges

Virtual reality technology faces a number of challenges, most of which involve technical matters and Simulation sickness due to virtual reality (Oculus Rift is working to solve simulator sickness). Users might become disoriented in a purely 'virtual' environment, causing balance issues; computer latency might affect the simulation, providing a less-than-satisfactory end-user experience; the complicated nature of head-mounted displays and input systems such as specialized gloves and boots may require specialized training to operate, and navigating the 'real' environment (if the user is not confined to a limited area) might prove dangerous without 'external' sensory information. Virtual Reality technology can represent the next step in the sociological evolution of humanity. A world where you can do anything, you can enjoy everything in virtual world which you cannot even dream in this real world, like you can enjoy the latest model of Mercedes without spending any money and a world where every virtual desire of mankind can be satisfied for the cost of pennies. On the other hand, Virtual Reality could be greatest single threat to society. Imagine an entire modernized civilization leaving the "real" world for the "virtual" one. A nation of empty streets, empty schools as family spend their entire days plugged into a Virtual Reality Machine Everybody will be living in their own world and living their life happily without any tensions & sorrows and above all that world will be according to your taste.