Chapter 4: Mathematical Reasoning 4.1 Statements 4.1.

1 Determine whether a given sentence is a statement A statement is either true or false but not both simultaneously. Statement in the form of questions, command and instructions are not statements because we cannot determine their validity whether they are true or false. Statements Non-statements A snake is a reptile. How old are you? A triangle has three sides. Close the door, please. A cube is solid with 6 square faces. Help! 34 is a positive integer. 81 4 3 is a factor of 39. 4 x2 + 3 5+ 25 =30 p2-q2 36 -4 = 5 9- 2x = 17 Ex 1:Determine whether the following are statements or not a statement. 1. How many teachers are there in SM Teknik Bintulu? 2. 2 is a prime number. 3. 8 {6,7,8,9,10) 4. Find the difference between 9 and 12 5. The square of 16 is 4 6. 5 mm = 385 cm 7. Myvi cars are products of Japan. 8. (4.4 x 10-2)2 Exercise 4.1 pg 82 text book: Question 1)a, b, c, d and e. 4.1.2 Determining whether a statement is true or false A statement is either true of false. It cannot be both true or false. Ex 2:Determine whether the following sentence is true of false. Statements True or False 21 is a prime number 9 is an odd number 10 (9-4)=50 all the animals can live in water (2-3)2 = 2 -6 Exercise 4.1 pg 82 text book: Question 2 )f, g, h, i and j 4.1.3 Constructing statements using numbers and mathematical symbols. Statements can be written in 3 ways: a) Statement consisting of words only. Ex: Twelve plus seven is equal to nineteen. b) Statement consisting of numbers and words. Ex: 12 plus 7 is equal to 19

c) Statement consisting of number and mathematical symbols. Ex:12+7=19. Numbers and symbols are used in simplifying mathematical statements. Ex 3: Construct true of false statements using given numbers and mathematical symbols below. No. Numbers and symbols True statements False statements 1 1 1. , , >,
4 2

2. 3.

4,9,36, X , = 252,300,585, -, >

Exercise 4.1 pg 82 text book: Question 3 )a, b, and c. 4)g, h and i. 4.2 Quantifiers All and Some 4.2.1 Constructing statements using quantifiers Quantifiers All All even numbers are divisible by 6

All

is a quantifier that indicates every object or case satisfies a certain condition. Its the same meaning as every, any, Quantifiers Some

Some students are left-handed. Some is a quantifier that indicates at least one case satisfies a certain condition.
Ex 4: a) Construct 2 statements about triangles using he qsuantifier all

b) Construct 2 statements about odd numbers using the quantifier some

Exercise 4.2A pg 84 text book: Question 1 and question 2. 4.2.2 Determine whether a statement that contains the quantifier all is true or false. Ex 5:Determine whether each statement is true or false.Give your reasons. Statement True/Fals Reason e All squares are four-sided figures

All fractions are less than one. All multiples of 6 are divisible by 24. All cubes have 4 square faces Exercise 4.2A pg 84 text book: Question 3 a, b, c, and d. 4.2.3 Determine whether a statement can be generalised to cover all cases by using the quantifier all When All add on the left of a true statement, itu may remain true or become false. If the statement becomes false, it cannot be generalized to cover all cases. Ex 6:
Determine whether statements below can be generalised to cover all cases by using the quantifier all Statements After generalised (Add all) True/False Can/Cannot be generalised A negative integer is less than All negative integer is less than 0 0 An isoceles triangle has 2 equal sides Even number 14 has 2 prime number Quadratic expression y2-y -6 has only one unknown Pyramid VABCD has square shape base

Exercise 4.2B pg 86 text book: Question 1a, b, c, and d.Draw table as Ex 6 above. 4.2.4 Construct true statements using the quantifier all or some. When object and its property is given, we can write a true statement using the quantifier all or some. Ex 7: Write a true statement using quantifier all or some given the object and property.
Object hexagon integer Empty sets Multiply of 3 Property Six sides positive Do not have any elements Odd numbers True statement

Exercise 4.2B pg 86 text book: Question 3 4.3 Operations on Statements 4.3.1 Change the truth value of a given statement by placing the word not into the original statement

The negation of a statement, by placing the word not or no to it, changes the statement form true to false and vice versa Ex 8: Form a negation for each statement using the word not. State whether the negation is true of false. True/False 1. p 81 is a prime number ~p 2. p All pentagon has 5 equal sides ~p 3. p 56 can be exactly divided by 9. ~p 4. P The product of 3 and 7 is 21. ~p 5. P 8 4 is equal to 2. ~p Exercise 4.3A pg 89 text book: Question 1.Draw table as Ex 8 above. 4.3.2 Identify two statements from a compound statement that contains the word and. Ex 9: Identify two statements from each compound statement that contains the word and. Compound statements Statement 1 Statement 2 1. 2 + 3 = 5 and 2 + 3 > 4 2. -34 is divisible by 2 and 17 3. 48 is a multiple of 4 and 8 4. 8 - 3 = 5and 13 - 3 = 10 Exercise 4.3A pg 89 text book: Question 3. Draw table as Ex 9 above 4.3.3 Forming compound statements using the word and Ex 10: Form compound statements using two statements Statement 1 Statement 2 Compound statement 1. 27 is an odd 27 is divisible by number 3 2. A rectangle is a A square is a quadrilateral quadrilateral 3. 1 km = 1000 m 1 m = 100 cm 4. 2 is an element of {2,4,8} 8 is an element of {2, 4, 8}

Exercise 4.3A pg 89 text book: Question 4. Draw table as Ex 10 above 4.3.4 Identifying statements from a compound statement containing the word or Ex 11:
Compound statements Statement 1 Statement 2

1. 2. 3. 4.

Do you like to drink coffee or tea?

3 1 = 3% or = 0.25 100 4
15 is a multiply of 5 or multiply of 10. 5 + 2 = 7 or 5 2 = 3

Exercise 4.3B pg 91 text book: Question 1. Draw table as Ex 11 above. 4.3.5 Forming compound statements using the word or Ex 12: Form compound statements using two statements
1. 2. 3. 4. Statement 1 23 = 8 4 is a factor for 40 6 x 2 = 12 2 is an element of {2,4,8} Statement 2 3 0.008 =0.2 16 is a factor for 40 {3 , 4} 8 is an element of {2, 4, 8} Compound statement

Exercise 4.3B pg 91 text book: Question 2. Draw table as Ex 12 above. 4.3.6 The truth value of a compound statement that contains the word and The word and gives an idea of both. Read situations of Samad and Ah Peng in textbook page 91. For a compound statement that contains the word and to be true, both statements must be true.

p True True False False True

q False True False

p and q True False False False

Ex 13: Determine whether the following statements are true of false

Exercise 4.3C pg 94 text book: Question 1 e, f, g, h. Draw table as Ex 13 above. 4.3.7 The truth value of a compound statement that contains the word or The word or gives an idea of either. Read page 92.

For a compound statement that contains the word or to be true, either one statement is true or both statements are true.

p True True False False True

q False True False

p or q True True True False

Ex 14:
Statements a) 36 is a multiple of 3 or 6 b) Perodua is Malaysias car and Toyota is Singapores car. c) 0.006 or 0.104 has four significant numbers. d) Mohd Shazwandie or Karensky is in 4PKE1 Truth

Exercise 4.3C pg 94 text book: Question 2 a, b, c and d. Draw table as Ex 14 above. 4.4 Implication 4.4.1 Antecedent and consequent of an implication In the implication If p, then q p is called the antecedent and q is called the consequent. Ex 15: Identify the antecedent and the consequent in each implications below. Implication Antecedent(p) Consequent(q) 2 2 If 8 = 64, then 8 -4 = 60. If x is an even number, then x is divisible by 2. If cosackie attacks bintulu, then the kindergardens will be closed. Exercise 4.4A pg 96 text book: Question 1 a, b and c. Draw table as Ex 15 above. 4.4.2 Writing two implications from if and only if A compound statement containing if and only if has two implications.

The sentence p if and only if q implies that If p, then q If q, then p Ex 16: Write two implications from the following compound statements. a)
Compound statement Implication Implication b) Compound statement Implication Implication c) Compound statement Implication Implication The area of square is 9 cm3 if and only if its sides are 3 cm 1 2 x = 6 if and only if x2 = 36 1 2 A 1 2

B if and only if A

B=A

Exercise 4.4A pg 96 text book: Question 2 a, b and c. Draw table as Ex 16 above. 4.4.3 Constructing mathematical statements I If p , then q Ex:17:Write a mathematical statement based on the following information. Antecedent(p) Consequent(q) Compound statement 3x = 5 x=5 m > 10 m + 2 > 12 x is multiple of 4 x can be divided by 2 II p if and only if q Ex 18: Write a mathematical statement based on the implications given below. a)
Implication 1 Implication 2 Compound statement A polygon is a polygon It has six sides

b)
Implication 1 Implication 2 Compound statement y = 13 y2 = 169

c)
Implication 1 Implication 2 p and q are even numbers the product of p and q is an even number

Compound statement

Exercise 4.4B pg 98 text book: Question 1 and 2. Draw table as Ex 16 and 17 above. 4.4.4 The converse of an implication If q, then p is the converse of the implicaion if p then q. Ex 19: Determine the converse of each implication given below. a) If x is a negative integer, the x is less than 0. b) If n is multiple of 6, then n is multiple of 3 c) If it is raining , then she is holding an umbrella. Exercise 4.4B pg 98 text book: Question 3 a and b. 4.4.5 Determining whether the converse of an implication is true of false. Ex 20: Determine whether the converse of an implication is true or false. a) If x = 13, then x3 =2197 b) If A is 35 % of B, then B is 35% c) I f s is a prime number greater than 2, then x is an odd number. Exercise 4.4B pg 98 text book: Question4 a and c. 4.5 Arguments 4.5.1 Identifying the premises and conclusion of a given simple argument Study situations in page 99 text book about a CAREER SEMINAR.Complete premises and conclusion below. Premise 1: Premise 2: Conclusion: An argument is made up of premises and a conclusion Ex 21: Identify the premises and conclusion in the following arguments. a) All fishes can swim. Nemo is a type of fish. Nemo can swim.
Premise 1 Premise 2

Conclusion

b) All mammal are warm blooded. Fox are mammals. Fox are warm blooded.
Premise 1 Premise 2 Conclusion

c) All even numbers can be divided by 2. 4 is an even number. 4 can be divided by 2.

Exercise 4.5 Question 1 a,c and e 4.5.2 Make a conclusion based on two given premises
Argument

Form I
All A are B C is A C is B

Form II
If p, then q p is true q is true

Form III
If p, then q Not p is true Not q is true

Premise 1 Premise 2 Conclusion

a) Argument Form I Ex 22: A B i) Premise 1: All herbivors eat plants.

Premise 2: Elephants are herbivors. Conclusion: Elephants eat plants.

ii)

Premise 1: All students of 4KFL pass the test.

Premise 2: Augustine is a student of 4KFL. Conclusion: iii)

Premise 1: All children love toys. Premise 2: Tommy is a child.

Conclusion:

b) Argument Form II Ex 23: i) Premise 1: If today rains then football match will be postponed.
p p q

Premise 2: Today rains. Conclusion: football match will be postponed.

ii)

Premise 1: If x>0 then x >0. Premise 2: 5>0 Conclusion: 52>0.

iii)

Premise 1: If y is a multiple of 6 then y can be divided by 3.

Premise 2: 42 is a multiple of 6 Conclusion: c) Argument Form III Ex 24:

i)

Premise 1: If x = 12 then 4x= 48. Premise 2: 4x 48.

Conclusion: x 12. ii) Premise 1: If 4PKE1 pass Mathematics Term 1 examination, then
p

Premise 2: 4PKE1 not getting merit

q they will get merit. q

Conclusion: iii) Premise 1: If PQR is an isosceles triangle then PQR has two equal angles.
q p q

Premise 2: PQR does not have two equal angles Conclusion:

Exercise 4.5 Question 2, 3 and 4 4.5.3 Completing an argument Step to complete an argument 1.Recognise the argument form 2.Complete the argument according to its form. Ex 25: Complete the following arguments. a) Premise 1: Premise 2: Isaac is a student of class 4ELK. Conclusion:Isaac likes Mathematics. b) Premise 1:All triangles are polygons. Premise 2: Conclusion:ABC is a polygon c) Premise 1:If x and y are odd numbers, then the product of x and y is an odd number. Premise 2: Conclusion: The product of x and y is an odd number. d) Premise 1:
5 is more than 1 2 5 Conclusion: is an improper fraction 2

Premise 2:

e)Premise 1: If x + 3 = 5, then x = 2 Premise 2: Conclusion: x + 3 5 f) Premise 1: Premise 2:y is not a factor of 15 Conclusion: 15 is not divisible by y.

Exercise 4.5 Question 4 4.6 Deduction and Induction 4.6.1 Determining whether a conclusion is made through reasoning by deduction of induction

Case I: If a * b = a2 + b2, what is 3 * 5? Case II : All metals are heat conductors. Iron is a metal. What conclusion can you make? Case III: Given the area of a triangle, A =
1 x base x height. What is the area of triangle 2

PQR? P

cm

6.2 cm Deduction is the process of making a specific conclusion based on a given general statement

Case 1: Goats are herbivores. They eat plants. Cows are herbivores. They eat plants. Horses are herbivores. They eat plants. .. Case 2: 10 is a multiple of 10. It is also a multiple of 5. 20 is a multiple of 10. It is also a multiple of 5. 30 is a multiple of 10. It is also a multiple of 5. ..

Base on information given, make a conclusion for each case.

Induction is the process of making a general conclusion based on a given specific cases. Ex 26: Determine the following conclusion by deduction or induction. a) (-1)2 = 1 (-2)2 = 4 (-3)2 = 9 (-4)2 = 16 Conclusion: Hence the square of a negative integer is a positive integer. Ans:Reasoning by. b) Premise 1:All microorganisme are unicell. Premise 2:Ameba is a microorganisme. Conclusion: Ameba is unicell. Ans: Reasoning by c) 1 = 3 x 1 - 2 4=3x2-2 7=3x3-2 10 = 3 x 4 - 2 Conclusion: Hence the general term is 3n -2, n = 1, 2, 3, Ans: Reasoning by. Exercise 4.6A Question 1 a and c 4.6.2 Making a conclusion by deduction When a general statement is given, we can make a conclusion for specific cases by deduction. Ex 27: a) If an integer is greater than 5, then the square of the integer is greater than 25. 9 is greater than 5. Conclusion:

b) Given that the volume of a cube with sides x cm each is x3 cm3. Find the volume of a cube with sides 9 cm each.

Conclusion:

Exercise 4.6A Question 2 a and b 4.6.3 Making a conclusion by induction Study the pattern of the numerical sequence, then make a conclusion. Ex 28: a) 3 = 12 + 2 6 = 22 + 2 11 = 32 + 2 18 = 42 + 2 . Conclusion: b) 3 = 31 9 = 32 27= 33 81= 34 .. Conclusion: c) 4= ( 1 + 1)2 9= ( 2 + 1)2 16= ( 3 + 1)2 25= ( 4 + 1)2 . Conclusion:

Exercise 4.6A Question 3 a, b and c 4.6.4 Solving problems Study maths in practise in page 108 and 109 text book. Ex 29: A numerical sequence is represented by x2 -1 where x is a positive integer. a) Find the value of the third term. b) Find the the product of the second and the fifth term. Solution:

Ex 30: Given that

1 1 1 1 , , , ,.. and 2 3 4 5

a) Make a conclusion based on the information given

b) Find the sum of the 6th term and 7th term.

Smart Practise Chapter 4

b) Write two implications from the statement given below. x = 4 if and only if x3 = 64 c)Complete the premise in the following argument Premise 1: All the factors of 4 are factors of 8. Premise 2:. Conclusion: x is a factor of 8

Ans: a) b) Implication1: Implication 2: c) Premise 2:..

Premise II :

Conclusion:. ii) Premise I: All regular hexagons have 6 equal sides. Premise II: ABCDEF is a regular hexagon. Conclusion:

p 6 3

Ans: a) True statement:. False statement: b) i) Conclusion: ii) Conclusion: