1.basics of Communication

Basics Of Communication
Communication
Tele-Communication
Frequency
Radio-Frequency
Wave length
Bandwidth
Channels
Basic elements of tele communication
Modulation
Mobile Standards
Duplex distance
Carrier Separation
Frequency Re-use
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COMMUNICATION
The process in which information is

transferred is known as
communication
Communication can be in many
forms such as talking, signaling,
etc.
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TELECOMMUNICATION
Tele : meaning far

Communication : information flow
The process in which
communication goes on for two
distant objects, individuals
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Frequency
An MS communicates with a BTS by

transmitting or receiving radio waves,
which consist of electromagnetic energy.
The frequency of a radio wave is the
number of times that the wave oscillates
per second.
Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz),
where 1 Hz indicates one oscillation per
second.
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Frequency contd..,
Radio frequencies are used for many

applications in the world today.
Some common uses include:
Television: 300 MHz approx.

FM Radio: 100 MHz approx.
Police radios: Country dependent
Mobile networks: 300 - 3000 MHz
approx.
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Radio Frequencies
A radio wave is an electromagnetic wave

propagated by an antenna.
Radio waves have different frequencies
and by tuning a radio receiver to a
specific frequency, you can pick up a
specific signal.
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Radio Frequencies (Contd)

Frequency Band
10 kHz to 30 kHz
Very Low Frequency (VLF)
30 kHz to 300 kHz Low Frequency (LF)
300 kHz to 3 MHz
Medium Frequency (MF)
3 MHz to 30 MHz
High Frequency (HF)
30 MHz to 328.6 MHz
Very High Frequency (VHF)
328.6 MHz to 2.9 GHz
Ultra High Frequency (UHF)
2.9 GHz to 30 GHz Super High Frequency (SHF)
30 GHz and above Extremely High Frequency (EHF)
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Wavelength
Wavelength is the length of one complete

oscillation and is measured in meters (m).
Frequency and wavelength are related via
the speed of propagation, which for radio
waves is the speed of light (3 x10exp8 m/s).
The wavelength of a frequency can be
determined by using the following formula:
Wavelength = Speed/Frequency
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Wavelength contd..,
Thus, for GSM 900 the wavelength is:

Wavelength = 3 x 10 e+8m/s/900 MHz
Wavelength = 300,000,000
m/s/900,000,000
Wavelength = 0.33 m (or 33 cm)
From this formula it can be determined
that the higher the frequency, the
shorter the wavelength.
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Wavelength contd..,
Lower frequencies, with longer

wavelengths, are better suited to
transmission over large distances,
because they bounce on the surface of
the earth and in the atmosphere.
Television and FM radio are examples of
applications, which use lower
frequencies.
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Wavelength contd..,
Higher frequencies, with shorter

wavelengths, are better suited to
transmission over small distances,
because they are sensitive to such
problems as obstacles in the line of the
transmission path.
Higher frequencies are suited to small
areas of coverage, where the receiver is
relatively close to the transmitter.
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Bandwidth
Bandwidth is the term used to describe

the amount of frequency range allocated
to one application.
The bandwidth given to an application
depends on the amount of available
frequency spectrum.
The amount of bandwidth available is an
important factor in determining the
capacity of a mobile system, i.e. the
number of calls, which can be handled.
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Channels
Another important factor in

determining the capacity of a
mobile system is the channel.
Communication channels of any
form can be one of the following
types:
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Channels contd..,
A simplex channel, such as a FM radio

music station, uses a single frequency in
a single direction only.
A duplex channel, such as that used
during a mobile call, uses two
frequencies: one to the MS and one from
the MS.
The direction from the MS to the network
is referred to as uplink.
The direction from the network to the MS
is referred to as downlink.
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Uplink and Downlink
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Basic Elements of a Communication

System
Transmitter
Receiver
Channel/Medium
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Duplex Distance
The use of full duplex requires that the

uplink and downlink transmissions must
be separated in frequency by a
minimum distance, which is called
duplex distance.
Without it, uplink and downlink
frequencies would interfere with each
other.
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Carrier Separation
In addition to the duplex distance, every

mobile system includes a carrier
separation.
This is the distance on the frequency
band between channels being
transmitted in the same direction.
This is required in order to avoid the
overlapping of information in one
channel into an adjacent channel.
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Carrier Separation
In GSM to avoid interference between the

two sets of information, a channel
separation distance of 200 kHz is required.
If less separation were used, they would
interfere and a caller on one frequency (for
ex 895.4 MHz) may experience crosstalk or
noise from the caller on next
frequency( 895.6 MHz)
Carrier separation is sometimes referred to
as carrier bandwidth
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Capacity and Frequency Reuse
It is the number of frequencies in a cell

that determines the cells capacity.
Each company with a license to operate
a mobile network is allocated a limited
number of frequencies.
Depending on the traffic load and the
availability of frequencies, a cell may
have one or more frequencies allocated
to it.
It is important when allocating
frequencies that interference is avoided.
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Capacity and Frequency Reuse contd..,
Interference can be caused by a variety of

factors.
A common factor is the use of similar
frequencies close to each other. The higher
interference, the lower call quality.
To provide coverage to all the subscribers,
frequencies must be reused many times at
different geographical locations in order to
provide a network with sufficient capacity.
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Capacity and Frequency Reuse contd..,
The same frequencies can not be re-used in

neighboring cells as they would interfere with
each other so special patterns of frequency
usage are determined during the planning of
the network.
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Frequency Reuse contd..,
These frequency re-use patterns ensure that

any frequencies being re-used are located
at a sufficient distance apart to ensure that
there is little interference between them.
The term frequency re-use distance is
used to describe the distance between two
identical frequencies in a re-use pattern.
The lower frequency re-use distance, the
more capacity will be available in the
network.
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Basics Of Communication

The process in which information is

Tele : meaning far

An MS communicates with a BTS by

Radio frequencies are used for many

Television: 300 MHz approx.

A radio wave is an electromagnetic wave

Radio Frequencies (Contd)

Wavelength is the length of one complete

Thus, for GSM 900 the wavelength is:

Lower frequencies, with longer

Higher frequencies, with shorter

Bandwidth is the term used to describe

Another important factor in

A simplex channel, such as a FM radio

Uplink and Downlink

Basic Elements of a Communication

The use of full duplex requires that the

In addition to the duplex distance, every

In GSM to avoid interference between the

Capacity and Frequency Reuse

It is the number of frequencies in a cell

Capacity and Frequency Reuse contd..,

Interference can be caused by a variety of

Capacity and Frequency Reuse contd..,

The same frequencies can not be re-used in

Frequency Reuse contd..,

These frequency re-use patterns ensure that

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