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    Filtra'on - Lecture 1: CH 2040 - Mechanical Opera'ons Basavaraj M. Gurappa Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras

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    Manoj Tholupunuri
    This document provides an overview of filtration processes. It begins by defining filtration as the removal of solid particles from a fluid by passing the fluid through a filtering medium. It then classifies different types of filters, including cake filters, clarifying filters, and cross-flow filters. The document discusses filter media and mechanisms, principles of cake filtration including equations, and flow through packed beds under both laminar and turbulent flow conditions. Key aspects of filtration like pressure drop, velocity, porosity, and tortuosity are addressed.

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    Filtra'on - Lecture 1: CH 2040 - Mechanical Opera'ons Basavaraj M. Gurappa Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras

    Uploaded by

    Manoj Tholupunuri
    59 views17 pages
    This document provides an overview of filtration processes. It begins by defining filtration as the removal of solid particles from a fluid by passing the fluid through a filtering medium. It then classifies different types of filters, including cake filters, clarifying filters, and cross-flow filters. The document discusses filter media and mechanisms, principles of cake filtration including equations, and flow through packed beds under both laminar and turbulent flow conditions. Key aspects of filtration like pressure drop, velocity, porosity, and tortuosity are addressed.

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    For chemical engineering students

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    Filtration Lecture 1

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    This document provides an overview of filtration processes. It begins by defining filtration as the removal of solid particles from a fluid by passing the fluid through a filtering medium. It then classifies different types of filters, including cake filters, clarifying filters, and cross-flow filters. The document discusses filter media and mechanisms, principles of cake filtration including equations, and flow through packed beds under both laminar and turbulent flow conditions. Key aspects of filtration like pressure drop, velocity, porosity, and tortuosity are addressed.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    59 views17 pages

    Filtra'on - Lecture 1: CH 2040 - Mechanical Opera'ons Basavaraj M. Gurappa Department of Chemical Engineering IIT Madras

    Uploaded by

    Manoj Tholupunuri
    This document provides an overview of filtration processes. It begins by defining filtration as the removal of solid particles from a fluid by passing the fluid through a filtering medium. It then classifies different types of filters, including cake filters, clarifying filters, and cross-flow filters. The document discusses filter media and mechanisms, principles of cake filtration including equations, and flow through packed beds under both laminar and turbulent flow conditions. Key aspects of filtration like pressure drop, velocity, porosity, and tortuosity are addressed.

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    of 17

    Filtra'onLecture1

    CH2040MechanicalOpera'ons BasavarajM.Gurappa Departmentofchemicalengineering IITMadras

    Filtra'on
    Filtra'onisaprocessofremovalofsolidpar'clesfromauid bypassingtheuidthroughalteringmedium,orseptum,on whichthesolidsaredeposited. Industrial ltra'on range from simple straining to highly complexsepara'ons

    Solid Fluid Both

    Valuableproduct ofltra'on

    Think of examples for each

    Neither

    Classica'onoflters
    Inanylter,uidsowthroughaltermediumbyvirtueofa pressuredieren'alacrossthemedium.
    UpstreamPressure>atm Upstream

    FilterMedium

    FilterMedium
    Downstream

    DownstreamPressure=atm

    UpstreamPressure=atm

    Pressure above atmosphere is developed by several means by a pump or blower, centrifugalforceorbygravityforceac'ngona columnofliquid

    FilterMedium
    DownstreamVacuum

    Mechanismsofltra'on
    Cakelters

    Clarifying

    Crossowlters

    Mechanismsofltra'on
    Cake lters separate rela'vely large amounts ofsolidsascakeofcrystalsorsludge.OVenthey have provisions for washing cake or removing some of the liquid from the solids before discharge. Clarifyinglterstheseltersremovesmallamounts of solids to produce a clean gas or sparkling clear liquids. Most solids are trapped inside lter medium. Suchltersdierfromscreensinthattheporesofthe lter medium are much larger than size of the par'clestoberemoved Cross ow lters feed suspension ows under pressure at a fairly high velocity across the lter medium.Highliquidvelocitykeepsthelayerofsolids from building up. Filter medium used generally is ceramic,polymerormetalwithporessmallenoughto excludemostofthesuspendedpar'cles.Someofthe liquidpassesthroughtheltermedium,leavingmore concentratedsuspensionbehind

    FilterMedia
    Theltermediumormembraneinanyltermustmeetthefollowing requirements 1. It must retain the solids to be ltered, giving a reasonably clear ltrate. 2. Itmustnotplugorblind 3. It must be resistant chemically and strong enough physically to withstandprocesscondi'ons 4. Itmustpermitthecakeformedtodischargecleanlyandcompletely 5. Itmustnotbeprohibi'velyexpensive

    FilterAids
    Slimyorverynesolidsthatformadenseimpermeablecakequicklypluganyltermediumthat is ne enough to retain them. In prac'ce, to lter such materials, porosity of the cake is increasedtopermitthepassageoftheliquidatareasonablerate.Thisisdonebyaddinglter aidssuchaspuriedwoodcellulose,inertporoussolids,diatomaceoussilicatotheslurrybefore ltra'on. Another way of using a lter aid is by precoaCng, that is, deposi'ng a layer of it on the lter mediumbeforeltra'on.

    Principlesofcakeltra'on
    Filtra'onisaspecialcaseofowthroughpackedbeds. Inconven'onalpackedbeds,resistancetoowareconstant. Inltra'ontheowresistancesincreasewith'meastheltermedium becomescloggedoraltercakebuildsup.Thereforeequa'onsrela'ng ow rates and pressure drops in packed beds have to be modied to allowforthischange.

    ErgunEqua'on
    P 150V0 (1 ) 1.75 V (1 ) = 2 2 + 3 L s Dp s Dp 3
    2 2 0

    KozenyCarman

    BurkePlummer

    Principlesofcakeltra'on
    Filtra'onisaspecialcaseofowthroughpackedbeds. Inconven'onalpackedbeds,resistancetoowareconstant. Inltra'ontheowresistancesincreasewith'meastheltermedium becomescloggedoraltercakebuildsup.Thereforeequa'onsrela'ng ow rates and pressure drops in packed beds have to be modied to allowforthischange.

    ErgunEqua'on

    LaminarFlow
    2

    TurbulentFlow
    2 0

    P 150V0 (1 ) 1.75 V (1 ) = 2 2 + 3 L s Dp s Dp 3
    KozenyCarman BurkePlummer

    Flow through packed beds laminar ow condi'ons


    P 150V0 (1 )2 = 2 2 L s Dp 3
    KozenyCarman for PACKED BEDS HagenPoiseuilleforPressure drivenowthoughpipes

    P 32V0 = L D2

    Solids/Par'cles

    Channelsforliquidow

    Flow through packed beds laminar ow condi'ons


    Solids/Par'cles Channelsforliquidow

    Deq
    Totalsurfaceareaofnparallelchannels

    n Deq L

    Totalvolumeofsolids(orpar'cles) Numberofpar'cles Volumeofonepar'cle

    S0 L (1 )

    S0 L (1 ) vp

    Flow through packed beds laminar ow condi'ons Deq


    Totalsurfaceareaofnparallelchannels

    n Deq L

    Totalvolumeofsolids(orpar'cles) Numberofpar'cles Volumeofonepar'cle

    S0 L (1 )

    S0 L (1 ) vp

    Totalsurfaceareaavailablefornchannels

    S0 L (1 ) sp vp

    Flow through packed beds laminar ow condi'ons Deq


    Totalsurfaceareaofnparallelchannels

    n Deq L

    Total surface area available for channels

    S0 L (1 ) sp n vp

    6 = vp s Dp
    6 n Deq L = S0 L (1 ) s Dp

    sp

    Flow through packed beds laminar ow condi'ons 6 Deq n Deq L = S0 L (1 ) (1) D


    s p

    VoidVolumeinthebed=Totalvolumeofnchannels

    D2 eq S0 L = n L 4
    Using(1)and(2)

    (2)

    2 Deq = s D p 3 (1 )

    Flow through packed beds laminar ow condi'ons 2


    Deq = 3 s Dp (1 )
    P 32V = 2 L Deq
    HagenPoiseuilleforPressuredrivenow thoughpipes Thepressuredropdependsonaveragevelocity

    V0 V=

    V0

    istheemptytowerorsupercialvelocity

    Flow through packed beds laminar ow condi'ons


    P 32V = 2 L Deq
    P 32V0 (1 )2 = 4 2 2 3 L s Dp 9 Pipesarenotstraightbuttortuous

    P 32V0 (1 )2 = 1 3 4 2 2 L s Dp 9

    Flow through packed beds laminar ow condi'ons


    2 P 32V0 (1 ) = 1 3 4 2 2 L s Dp 9

    P 72 1V0 (1 )2 = 2 3 L 2 D s p P 150V0 (1 ) = 2 2 L s Dp 3
    2

    1 = 2.1

    Flow through packed beds Turbulent ow condi'ons


    P 1.75 V (1 ) = L s Dp 3
    2 0 2 P 2 f V 0 = L Deq

    BurkePlummerforPACKED BEDS Pressuredropowthough pipesturbulentow

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