Rachid Zitout

4G LTE Frame Structure In 4G LTE, the frame structure is crucial for organizing data transmission over a wireless network. Let's break down the key components - 1. Frame: 🔹 4G LTE frame is 10 ms long and consists of 10 subframes, each 1 ms in duration. 🔹 It is the basic unit of time used for data transmission, with each frame containing data meant for the user and control plane. 2. Subframe: 🔹 Each subframe is further divided into 2 slots of 0.5 ms each. 🔹 Subframes are the primary scheduling units where data is transmitted, with control information usually present in the first few subframes. 3. Slot: 🔹 A slot is 0.5 ms long and contains 7 OFDM symbols when using the normal cyclic prefix (or 6 OFDM symbols with the extended cyclic prefix). 🔹 Each slot contains both user data and signaling information. 4. OFDM Symbols: 🔹 OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) symbols are the building blocks of LTE transmission. 🔹 OFDM symbol spans a specific duration in the time domain and occupies a subcarrier in the frequency domain. 5. Resource Block (RB): 🔹 A resource block is the smallest unit of resource allocation in the frequency domain. 🔹 In LTE, a resource block is 12 subcarriers wide (spanning 180 kHz) and is transmitted over one slot (0.5 ms) in the time domain. For example, in 5 MHz band, LTE can allocate up to 25 resource blocks. 6. Resource Element (RE): 🔹 A resource element represents the intersection of one subcarrier in the frequency domain and one OFDM symbol in the time domain. 🔹 One resource block contains 84 resource elements (12 subcarriers × 7 OFDM symbols). 7. DWPTS, GP, and UWPTS: 🔹 In TDD (Time Division Duplex) mode, DWPTS (Downlink Pilot Time Slot), GP (Guard Period), and UWPTS (Uplink Pilot Time Slot) are special fields used for synchronization and separation of uplink and downlink transmissions. 🔹 DWPTS: A portion of the subframe allocated for the downlink pilot signal. 🔹 GP (Guard Period): A small time gap to prevent overlap between uplink and downlink transmissions. 🔹 UWPTS: Used for uplink pilot signals, mainly for uplink synchronization. How Does It All Fit Together? For a 5 MHz band in 4G LTE, the frame is split into subframes, each consisting of two slots. Every slot contains a number of OFDM symbols, and the available spectrum is divided into resource blocks. Each resource block is made up of resource elements, representing the smallest unit of data transmission. These elements work together to enable high-speed, reliable data transmission in LTE. 👉 To learn about 4G Technology in detail, visit - https://lnkd.in/e7yGMsjR #telecom #technology #learning #platform #itelcotech #academia

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4G LTE Frame Structure In 4G LTE, the frame structure is crucial for organizing data transmission over a wireless network. Let's break down the key components - 1. Frame: 🔹 4G LTE frame is 10 ms long and consists of 10 subframes, each 1 ms in duration. 🔹 It is the basic unit of time used for data transmission, with each frame containing data meant for the user and control plane. 2. Subframe: 🔹 Each subframe is further divided into 2 slots of 0.5 ms each. 🔹 Subframes are the primary scheduling units where data is transmitted, with control information usually present in the first few subframes. 3. Slot: 🔹 A slot is 0.5 ms long and contains 7 OFDM symbols when using the normal cyclic prefix (or 6 OFDM symbols with the extended cyclic prefix). 🔹 Each slot contains both user data and signaling information. 4. OFDM Symbols: 🔹 OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) symbols are the building blocks of LTE transmission. 🔹 OFDM symbol spans a specific duration in the time domain and occupies a subcarrier in the frequency domain. 5. Resource Block (RB): 🔹 A resource block is the smallest unit of resource allocation in the frequency domain. 🔹 In LTE, a resource block is 12 subcarriers wide (spanning 180 kHz) and is transmitted over one slot (0.5 ms) in the time domain. For example, in 5 MHz band, LTE can allocate up to 25 resource blocks. 6. Resource Element (RE): 🔹 A resource element represents the intersection of one subcarrier in the frequency domain and one OFDM symbol in the time domain. 🔹 One resource block contains 84 resource elements (12 subcarriers × 7 OFDM symbols). 7. DWPTS, GP, and UWPTS: 🔹 In TDD (Time Division Duplex) mode, DWPTS (Downlink Pilot Time Slot), GP (Guard Period), and UWPTS (Uplink Pilot Time Slot) are special fields used for synchronization and separation of uplink and downlink transmissions. 🔹 DWPTS: A portion of the subframe allocated for the downlink pilot signal. 🔹 GP (Guard Period): A small time gap to prevent overlap between uplink and downlink transmissions. 🔹 UWPTS: Used for uplink pilot signals, mainly for uplink synchronization. How Does It All Fit Together? For a 5 MHz band in 4G LTE, the frame is split into subframes, each consisting of two slots. Every slot contains a number of OFDM symbols, and the available spectrum is divided into resource blocks. Each resource block is made up of resource elements, representing the smallest unit of data transmission. These elements work together to enable high-speed, reliable data transmission in LTE. 👉 To learn about 4G Technology in detail, visit - https://lnkd.in/e7yGMsjR #telecom #technology #learning #platform #itelcotech #academia

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Many people think they already have full-fibre broadband, but due to misusing terms, they often have Fibre to the Cabinet (FTTC). Let's clarify the difference between FTTC and Fibre to the Premises (FTTP). 💡 FTTC: Fibre to the Cabinet brings high-speed fibre optic cables to a cabinet near your home but then relies on old copper wires for the final stretch. This can slow down your internet speed, causing frustrating buffering and lag. 🌟 FTTP: Full-Fibre to the Premises is the real deal! It delivers high-speed fibre optic cables directly to your home, ensuring consistent, ultra-fast internet without any bottlenecks. No more relying on outdated copper wires! Why settle for less when you can have the best? Experience the true potential of full-fibre with Kloud9's FTTP service and enjoy seamless streaming, gaming, and working from home.

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Latest #BTwatch Weekly Briefing: 📈 Openreach Fibre Build Director Georgia Grimes laid out the latest FTTP progress 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿 The final Scottish 4G Infill mast was hooked up to EE’s network 🌧️ Openreach and nexfibre jointly dampened expectations of imminent 25G PON and 50G PON launches 🌐 Full briefing includes updates on ambitions to offload Irish business, confirmed legal panel, key new hires and partnerships, and much more... Read the full briefing: https://lnkd.in/eiQM7NYg ⚡ Weekly Briefings are new for 2024, crafted exclusively for those who need to be in the know by our authoritative editors and analysts. Subscribers get the full picture in one place online or by newsletter. Now available for Digital Infrawatch, Vodafonewatch, BTwatch, Deutsche Telekomwatch, Telefónicawatch. From TelcoTitans — #1 for EMEA Telco & Digital Infra Leaders. #TelcoTitans #Telecoms #BT BT Group #Openreach #EE #UK #Network #Fibre #ConnectedNorth #4G

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What’s the difference between 5G and 6G speeds? #5G #6G #6Gspeeds #Gbps #Tbps #connection #networkconnection

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Transmission Network Use of System (#TNUoS) charges are forecast to rise over 30% from April 2025. This graph summarises the total TNUoS costs and year-on-year movements in TNUoS tariff for a typical Low-Voltage Site Specific Residual Band 2 customer (LVHH RB2). In the recent Five Year View of TNUoS charges, National Grid ESO predicted the tariffs would increase as follows... 👆 32% (£29.76/site/annum) for the average non-locational banded tariffs - this is skewed by the number of domestic customers on the system – the average rise for all business consumers is 33% and the £/site/annum figure varies 👆 19% (£1.26/kW) for the average locational half-hourly (HH) tariff 👆 21% (£0.06p/kWh) for the average non half-hourly (NHH) locational tariff The increase to the non-locational banded tariffs is due to a forecasted £1bn rise to the transmission demand residual revenues. This in turn is driven by greater TNUoS revenues to be recovered in the year. An increase in forecast zonal locational revenues is driving HH and NHH charges higher on average. Customers in the West Midlands and South Wales will see slightly lower locational HH charges based on the forecasts but still face greater TNUoS charges overall. Currently, the ESO forecasts TNUoS tariffs will increase much more slowly between 2025/26 and 2029/30, but several uncertainties exist around the longer-term forecasts.

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⚡️Indian #telecom operators have urged TRAI, to revisit the spectrum pricing recommendations to align with global standards ahead of #5G spectrum auction. More details here 👇 #Telecom #4G #Airtel #Jio #Vodafone

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There are lots of reason to switch to a Fibre Broadband connection, FTTP is far more stable & there is no “up to” bandwidth, the bandwidth that you buy is what you get.

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Faults on overhead lines fall into one of three categories: transient, semi-permanent and permanent. 80-90% of faults on any overhead line network are transient in nature. The remaining 10%-20% of faults are either semi-permanent or permanent. Transient faults are commonly caused by lightning and temporary contact with foreign objects. The immediate tripping of one or more circuit breakers clears the fault. Subsequent re-energisation of the line is usually successful. A small tree branch falling on the line could cause a semi-permanent fault. The cause of the fault would not be removed by the immediate tripping of the circuit, but could be burnt away during a time-delayed trip. HV overhead lines in forest areas are prone to this type of fault. https://lnkd.in/eukjXik

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How many devices do you have connected to your broadband? Share your count below – let's see who has the most! 📱💻🔌 #fttp #fibreoptic #fullfibre #fullfibrebroadband

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The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India(TRAI) has strengthened reporting rules around base stations or mobile towers. The regulator has asked operators to provide granular details like site location, radiating frequency, backhaul connectivity, technology utilised like 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G and time of commissioning of a site etc as it looks to improve quality of service (QoS) and address the problem of call drops. Read more: https://lnkd.in/gndajF8W #TRAI #QoSImprovement #MobileTowerReporting #TelecomRegulation #CallDrops #NetworkQuality #BaseStationData #5GDeployment #BackhaulConnectivity #TelecomCompliance #ServiceDelivery #RegulatoryUpdate #TelecomInfrastructure #NetworkTransparency #CellularNetworks #QualityAssessment #TelecomPolicy #DCRAnalysis #WirelessConnectivity #DataReporting

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Rethinking Fibre Optic Testing in FTTx Networks: Is Power Meter Reading Still Relevant? At Infrared, we are committed to providing the highest-quality FTTx/PON network builds for our clients. After completing a build, we typically provide several standard reports such as OTDR traces, iOLM testing, and PON testing. These methods ensure that fibres are spliced correctly, that the network is built according to the design, and that any potential fibre issues are detected. However, we have been reconsidering the relevance of power meter readings. Power readings reflect the transmission (Tx) power from the OLT (Optical Line Terminal), but once OTDR and iOLM tests confirm the fibre quality, it raises the question: Is relying on power meter readings truly useful, or is there a better alternative? Here’s our perspective: 🔹 OTDR and iOLM testing already confirm fibre quality by identifying losses, reflections, and other potential issues. 🔹 Power meter readings measure the Tx power from the OLT, which is out of our control. Even if the power levels pass the threshold, this doesn’t necessarily indicate that the fibre link is optimal, as losses along the fibre could still degrade performance. 🔹 LSPM (Loss, Source, Power Meter) testing provides a better alternative. It measures the actual loss in the link and gives a more accurate reflection of the fibre's performance, compared to relying on OLT Tx power alone. 🔹 Additionally, we believe that bi-directional OTDR testing should be considered, especially in PON networks. Signal loss and reflections can vary depending on the direction of the signal flow through splitters. By testing in both directions, we ensure that no potential issues are missed, providing a complete picture of the fibre’s performance. At the same time, PON testing remains essential, as it confirms that the fibres are spliced in accordance with the network schematics and ensures that splitters are configured correctly. Should power meter testing still be a priority, or should we focus on more comprehensive methods like LSPM and bi-directional OTDR testing? We would appreciate feedback from the community on whether power meter readings are still necessary or if a shift toward LSPM, OTDR/iOLM, and PON testing will give us a clearer and more accurate view of fibre network performance. Let’s continue to refine our processes for better network quality. EXFO VIAVI Solutions BT Group Openreach Virgin Media O2 Vodafone FullFibre Limited Svella Connect Zzoomm Comex 2000 Neos Networks Nokia Huawei Fujikura Europe Sumitomo Electric Fibreplus Telecommunications College | Fibre Optic & Copper Training Courses Connect Fibre Gigaclear

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A busbar protection is a protection to protect busbars at short-circuits and earth-faults. In the “childhood” of electricity no separate protection was used for the busbars. Nearby line protection were used as back-up for busbar protection. With increasing short-circuit power in the network separate busbar protections have to be installed to limit the damage at primary faults. A delayed tripping for busbar faults can also lead to instability in nearby generators and total system collapse. https://lnkd.in/dT4hSJa

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