Gr. 12 - Patterns, Sequences and Series CAPS in PP

ARITHMETIC
SEQUENCES
(AP’s)
1. PATTERNS,
SEQUENCES &
SERIES
Characteristics of an AP
Arithmetic Progressions …
• Have common first difference
Constant first differences
• Are linear in nature

Complete the pattern
• Represented by straight line graphs
Graph of an Arithmetic Sequence

Finding the TERM of an AP
Example 1:
Determine the 28th term of an arithmetic
number pattern, if the first term is 2, the
second term is 6 and the third term is 10.
2 , 6 , 10 …. Tn
i.e. a = 2; n = 28 and d =6–2 =4
Tn = a + (n – 1)d
Tn = 2 + (28 – 1)(4)
= 110
Example 2:
How many terms are there if the first term of an
arithmetic number pattern is 16, the last term is
-40 and the common difference is -4.
16 , …. -40
i.e. a = 16; Tn = -40 and d = -4
Tn = a + (n – 1)d
-40 = 16 + (n-1)(-4)
-40 = -4n + 4
-44 = -4n
 n = 11
Example 3:
Determine the arithmetic progression if the
third term equals ten and the fifteenth term
equals forty-six.
T3 = 10 T15 = 46
10 = a + (3 – 1)d 46 = a + (15 – 1)d
10 = a + 2d 46 = a + 14d
Two unknowns, so solve SIMULTANEOUSLY!
10 – 2d = a … Eq. 1 46 -14 d = a … Eq. 2

10 – 2d = a … Eq. 1 46 -14 d = a … Eq. 2
10 – 2d = 46 – 14d
-2d + 14d = 46 – 10
12d = 36
d=3
a = 10 – 2d
= 10 – 2(3)
=4
Challenge! Solving
Arithmetic Seque
The AP sequence: 4; 7; 10; … nces
Finding the SUM of an AP
Sn = sum of n terms
a = first term
n = number of terms
d = common difference
Sum of an Arithmetic Sequence

Deriving the Sum formula of an AP
Write out the Sum of an AP, using the general term

notation (i.e. T1, T2, T3 … Tn) … call it Equation (1):
Sn = a + (a+d) + (a+2d) + … + [a+(n-2)d} + [a+(n-1)d] (1)
Rewrite the Sum of n terms of an AP, but in reverse …

call it Equation 2:
Sn = [a+(n-1)d] + [a+(n-2)d} + … + (a+2d) + (a+d) + a (2)

Now add Equation 1 and Equation 2:
2 Sn = [2a+(n-1)d] + [2a+(n-1)d] + [2a+(n-1)d] + … +

[2a+(n-1)d] + [2a+(n-1)d]
So, if there are n terms, you have n times [2a+(n-1)d]

terms:
2 Sn = n [2a+(n-1)d]
Solving for Sn:
Proof of an Arithmeti
c Series
Alternative SUM formula of an AP
Sn = sum of n terms
a = first term
n = number of terms
l = last term
Deriving the Sum formula of an AP
If they ask you to derive the formula, using the last term,
where l = [a + (n-1)d]:
Write out the Sum of an AP, using the general term

Sn = a + (a+d) + (a+2d) + … + (l – d) + l (1)
Rewrite the Sum of n terms of an AP, but in reverse …

call it Equation 2:
Sn = l + (l – d) + … + (a+2d) + (a+d) + a …. (2)

Now add Equation 1 and Equation 2:
2 Sn = (a+l) + (a+l) + (a+l) + … + (a+l) + (a+l)
So, if there are n terms, you have n times (a+l) terms:
2 Sn = n(a+l)
Solving for Sn:

Example 1:
Sibu’s parents put R100 into an account on the
day that he was born and then decided to
continue this every year but to increase the
amount by R50 annually until he turns 21. How
much will he receive on his 21st birthday.
100 , 150 , 200 …. S21
i.e. a = 100; n = 21 and d = 50
Example 2:
Determine the first term of an arithmetic
progression if the sum of forty terms is 1660 and
the last term is 77.
i.e. a = ?; n = 40; l = 77 and S40 = 1660
Working with Arithmetic

Progressions
Example 3:
The sum of the first 20 terms of the following
series is 1680.
2x + 2x+1 + 3.2x .......
Use a formula to calculate the value of x.
T1 = 2x T2 = 2x. 2 T 3 = 2x .
3
Sequence = 2x (1 + 2 + 3 + … + 20)
)
Let’s solve for the sum first …

1680 = 2x . 210
8 = 2x
x =4
Sigma (Σ) Notation
e.g. Working with Sig
ma Notation
• Σ means the SUM of …
• i is the start of the “counter”
• n is the end of the “counter”
• (4i – 3) is the general term
So, substitute i = 1 into the general term & calculate
its value; then the counter clicks up one (i.e. 2); so
substitute i = 2 and find the value of the term, all the
way to the nth term. Now sum up all the terms.
Example 1:
Calculate:
Step 1: Find n
n = “top counter” – “bottom counter” + 1
= 23 – 3 + 1
= 21
Step 2: Find the first three terms, by substituting
in the value of i
a = 8(3) + 2 = 26
T2 = 8(4) + 2 = 34
T3 = 8(5) + 2 = 42
Calculate:
Step 3: Find d
[From Step 2: a = 26; T2 = 34 and T3 = 42]
d=8
Step 4: Substitute into the sum formula
[From steps: n = 21; a = 26; d = 8]
Example 2:
Determine the other possible value of n, given
that
a = 4(1) – 20 = -16
T2 = 4(2) – 20 = -12
S2 = -16 + (-12) = -28

n=?
a = 4(1) – 20 = -16
T2 = 4(2) – 20 = -12
T3 = 4(3) – 20 = -8
d = -12 – (-16) = 4
Sn = -28
=0
=0
Sigma N
otation
GEOMETRIC
SEQUENCES
(GP’s)
Characteristics of a GP
Geometric Progressions …
• Have common ratios
• Are exponential in nature Geometric Sequence

s and Bungee-Jumpi
ng
• Represented by exponential graphs

Graph of a Geometric Sequence
Finding the TERM of a GP
Example 1:
Determine the 15th term of a geometric number
pattern, if the first term is 3, the second term is
9 and the third term is 27.
3 , 9 , 27 …. Tn
i.e. a = 3; n = 15 and
Example 2:
Which term of the geometric sequence 1; 5; 25;
… is equal to 625?
i.e. a = 1; Tn = 625 and r=5

Example 3:
The third term of a geometric series is 2 and the
sixth term is ¼. Calculate the common ratio.
… Eq. 1 … Eq. 2
Two unknowns, so solve SIMULTANEOUSLY,

by dividing Equation 2 by Equation 1 …
… Eq. 2
divided by
… Eq. 1
Geometric Sequence Ex
ample of Consecutive T
erms
Finding the SUM of a GP
Sn = sum of n terms
a = first term
n = number of terms
r = common ratio
Graphical Representation of a Geometric Sum

Deriving the Sum formula of a GP
Write out the Sum of a GP, using the general term
(1)
Now multiply both sides of Equation 1 by r … call it

Equation 2:
(2)
Now subtract Equation 1 from Equation 2:
(1)
(2)
Simplify and take out a common factor:
Proof of a Geometric S
Solving for Sn: eries
Sum of a Geometric
Sequence
Example 1:
Determine the sum of the first ten terms, given
the geometric sequence: -4; 8; -16; …
i.e. a = -4; n = 10; r = -2 and
Working with Geo

metric Progression
s
Example 2:
Determine x and then the sum of the first twelve
terms, given: 1 𝑇 2 𝑇 3
𝑟= =
𝑇1 𝑇2
i.e. a = 1; n = 12; r=½ and
Geometric Series Example

on Investing
Example 3:
Calculate:
n = 13 – 1 + 1
= 13
a=
T2 =
T3 =
3
i.e. a = 6; n = 13; and
Characteristics of the SUM TO INFINITY
In an Arithmetic Progression, the sum to

infinity will result in a DIVERGING series
• i.e. the sum will be infinitely big or infinitely
small
In a Geometric Progression, the sum to infinity

will result in a CONVERGING series
• i.e. the sum will be get closer and closer
(converge) to a particular number
Requirements to find the SUM TO INFINITY
• Must be a Geometric Progression

(as the series will converge)
• The common ratio must be between -1 and 1

i.e.
Sum to Infinity
Finding the SUM TO INFINITY
= sum to infinity
a = first term
r = common ratio
Sum to infinity example

Deriving the Sum to Infinity of a GP
Write out the Sum formula of a GP:
For a geometric series to converge :

i) ii)
Since tends towards 0 as n tends towards infinity,
we end up with as a constant:
Therefore, the Sum to Infinity is:

Example 1:
Determine the sum to infinity of: 1 + ½ + ¼ + …
i.e. a = 1; n = ∞; r=½ and
Complex Sum to Infinit

y Problem
Example 2:
For which values of x will this sequence
converge?
For a converging sequence:
In this sequence:
MIXED
SEQUENCES
Revision
Arithmetic or Geometric Sequence?
Linear, Quadratic & Exponential Models

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ARITHMETIC

• Are linear in nature

• Represented by straight line graphs

Graph of an Arithmetic Sequence

i.e. a = 2; n = 28 and d =6–2 =4

Two unknowns, so solve SIMULTANEOUSLY!

10 – 2d = a … Eq. 1 46 -14 d = a … Eq. 2

Sum of an Arithmetic Sequence

Write out the Sum of an AP, using the general term

Sn = a + (a+d) + (a+2d) + … + [a+(n-2)d} + [a+(n-1)d] (1)

Rewrite the Sum of n terms of an AP, but in reverse …

Sn = [a+(n-1)d] + [a+(n-2)d} + … + (a+2d) + (a+d) + a (2)

2 Sn = [2a+(n-1)d] + [2a+(n-1)d] + [2a+(n-1)d] + … +

So, if there are n terms, you have n times [2a+(n-1)d]

Solving for Sn:

Write out the Sum of an AP, using the general term

Sn = a + (a+d) + (a+2d) + … + (l – d) + l (1)

Rewrite the Sum of n terms of an AP, but in reverse …

Sn = l + (l – d) + … + (a+2d) + (a+d) + a …. (2)

2 Sn = (a+l) + (a+l) + (a+l) + … + (a+l) + (a+l)

So, if there are n terms, you have n times (a+l) terms:

Solving for Sn:

i.e. a = ?; n = 40; l = 77 and S40 = 1660

Working with Arithmetic

Let’s solve for the sum first …

S2 = -16 + (-12) = -28

• Are exponential in nature Geometric Sequence

• Represented by exponential graphs

i.e. a = 1; Tn = 625 and r=5

Two unknowns, so solve SIMULTANEOUSLY,

Graphical Representation of a Geometric Sum

Now multiply both sides of Equation 1 by r … call it

Simplify and take out a common factor:

Working with Geo

Geometric Series Example

In an Arithmetic Progression, the sum to

In a Geometric Progression, the sum to infinity

• Must be a Geometric Progression

• The common ratio must be between -1 and 1

Sum to infinity example

For a geometric series to converge :

Therefore, the Sum to Infinity is:

i.e. a = 1; n = ∞; r=½ and

Complex Sum to Infinit

For a converging sequence:

Arithmetic or Geometric Sequence?

Linear, Quadratic & Exponential Models

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