Propositio

ns
General Mathematics
Quarter 2 Week 7
Lesson
Objectives:
 illustrates and symbolizes
propositions.
 distinguishes between simple
and compound propositions.
 performs the different types of
operations on propositions.
Contents:

1 Definition of Propositions

Simple and Compound

2 Propositions

3 Primitive Components of a
Compound Proposition

4 Logical Operators
 Definition
A proposition is a
declarative sentence
that is immediately
decidable whether it is
true or false, but not
both.
Examples
p: Iphones are better
than Android phones.

q: Ilocos Norte is under

Signal #2 due to Typhoon
Leon

r: log3 9=2.
 Note
Also, a proposition is
abstract. The proposition
"roses are red" is not
identical with a rose or the
color red.
Also, there is a type of
sentence that is not a
proposition and considered to
be a self-contradictory
statement. Therefore, it can
 Examples. Identify
whether each of the following is a
proposition or is not a proposition.
Justify your answer.
p: How is your 3-day vacation?
q: Go and wash your hands.
r: Our math teacher is the

s: 3𝑥+5=2.
best.

t: This is the beginning of the

 Types of
TherePropositions
are two types of proposition:

1 Simple 2 Compound
Proposition Proposition
a proposition that contains two or more
conveys one thought simple propositions
with no connecting that are put together
words. using connective
words.
 Use of Connectives
We can combine simple propositions to form
compound propositions by using logical
connectives. Words such as and, or, nor, if-
then, and if and only if are examples of
connectives.
Statements that make up compound propositions
are called primitive components.
 Simple
Propositions
The following are examples of simple
propositions

1 2
m: 8 is a perfect n: A square is a
cube. rectangle.
 Compound
Propositions
The following are examples of compound
propositions

1 2 3
p: 64 is both a q: It is not the r: Either math
perfect square case that √2 is is fun and
and a perfect a rational interesting, or
cube. number. it is boring.
 Compound
IdentifyPropositions
the primitive components of the
following compound propositions

1 p1: 64 is a
p: 64 is both a perfect square
perfect square
and a perfect p2: 64 is a
cube. perfect cube.
 Compound
Propositions
Identify the primitive components of the
following compound propositions

2
q: It is not the
q1: √2 is a rational
case that √2 is
a rational number.
number.
 Compound
Propositions
Identify the primitive components of the
following compound propositions

3 r1: math is fun

r: Either math r2 : math is

is fun and interesting
interesting, or
it is boring. r3: math is boring.
1 Activit
Determine whether each
statement is a proposition
or not a proposition.
y:
1. m: The sum of two prime numbers
is an even number.
2. n: The Earth is the only habitable
planet in the universe.
3. o: I can resist anything but
temptation.
4. p: 2 is neither an odd nor composite
number.
5. q: What a great year, 2023!
6. r: 5𝑥=125.
7. s: 𝜋 is an irrational number.
2
8. t: Kindly sing the Marcha
Laoagueña.
9. u: A triangle is an
equilateral if and only if the
sides are congruent.
10. v: What is the name of the
next typhoon to enter PAR?
 Assignment: For each proposition, identify
whether it is a simple or compound proposition. If it is a

6. r: 5𝑥=125.
compound proposition, identify its primitive components.

7. s: 𝜋 is an irrational number.
1. m: The sum of two prime numbers is an even
number.
2. n: The Earth is the only habitable planet in 8. t: Kindly sing the Marcha Laoagueña.
the universe. 9. u: A triangle is an equilateral if and only if
3. o: I can resist anything but temptation. the sides are congruent.
4. p: 2 is neither an odd nor composite number. 10. v: What is the name of the next typhoon to
5. q: What a great year, 2023! enter PAR?

Primitive Components
Propositions Simple or Compound?
(if compound)
 LOGICAL
OPERATORS
Lesson Outline:
 Construct a truth table
 Define logical operators: negations,
conjunction, disjunction, conditional, and
biconditional
Trut
Given a proposition, its truth table
show all its possible truth values
Example 1

h Since a proposition has two truth

values, a proposition p would have
the following truth table

Tabl p
e T
F
 Example 2

Trut For this example, suppose p and q are

propositions. The rows of the table will
correspond to the possible truth-value

h 22=𝟒 rows
combinations of p and q, and so there will be

p q
Tabl T T
T F
e F T
F F
 Example 3

Trut Similarly, suppose p, q, and r are propositions.

propositions has 23=𝟖 rows.
Then a truth table involving the given

h p
T
T
q
T
T
r
T
F

Tabl T
T
F
F
T
F

e
F T T
F T F
F F T
F F F
Definition
The negation of a
Negati
on
proposition p is denoted
by ~p (read as “not p”)
and is defined through its
truth table
p ~p
T F
F T
Definition of Conjunction
The conjunction of the
propositions p and q is
denoted by p˄q (read as “p
and q”) and is defined
through its truth table
p q p˄q
The conjunction
T T T
p˄q is true only
T F F when both
F T F conjuncts p and q
F F F are true.
Examples
Let p and q be the following propositions.
p: Carol is rich.
q: Carol has a business.

Express the following conjunctions as English

sentences or in symbols, as the case may be.
1. p ˄q
2. p ˄ ~q
3. Carol is not rich, but Carol has a business.
4. While Carol doesn’t have a business, Carol is
rich
 Solution Con
p: Carol is rich. juncti
q: Carol has a business. on
1.p ˄q
2.p ˄ ~q
1. Carol is rich and Carol has a
business.
2. Carol is rich but Carol doesn’t
have a business.
 Solution
p: Carol is rich. Conjunctio
q: Carol has a business. n
3. Carol is not rich, but Carol has a
business.
4. While Carol doesn’t have a business,
Carol is rich

3. (~p) ˄ q
4. (~q) ˄ p
Definition of Disjunction
The disjunction of the
propositions p and q is
denoted by p˅q (read as “p
or q”) and is defined
through its truth table
p q p˅q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
Examples.
Let p, q, and r be the following
propositions.
p: Dane has a date with Janice.
q: Vince is sleeping.
r: Tom is eating.
Express the following disjunctions
as English sentences
1. p ˅ q
2. p ˅ (~q)
3. p ˅ (q ˅ r)
Examples.
Let p, q, and r be the following propositions.
p: Dane has a date with Janice.
q: Vince is sleeping.
r: Tom is eating.
Express the following disjunctions as symbols
4. Either Dane has a date with Janice or Vince is
sleeping, or Tom is eating.
5. Either Dane has a date with Janice and Vince
is sleeping, or Tom is eating.
Examples.
Let p, q, and r be the following propositions.
p: Dane has a date with Janice.
q: Vince is sleeping.
r: Tom is eating.
Express the following disjunctions as symbols
6. Either Dane has a date with Janice, or Vince is
sleeping, and Tom is eating.
7. Either Dane has a date with Janice and Vince
is sleeping, or Dane has a date with Janice and
Tom is eating.
Definition of Conditional
The conditional of the
propositions p and q is denoted
by p → q (read as “If p, then q”)
and is defined through its truth
table
p q p→q The conditional p → q
may also be read as
T T T “p implies q.” The
T F F proposition p is the
hypothesis, while the
F T T proposition q is the
F F T conclusion.
Example Let p, q, r, s, and t be the
following propositions.
p: Jackie is in Grade 11.
q: Jackie is a senior high school
student.
r: Jackie is working as a lawyer.
s: 2 > 0.
t: It is more fun in Ilocos.
Example Let p, q, r, s, and t be the
following propositions.
p: Jackie is in Grade 11.
q: Jackie is a senior high school student.
r: Jackie is working as a lawyer.
s: 2 > 0.
t: It is more fun in Ilocos.
Express the following conditionals as English sentences
1. p → q
2. ~q → ~r
Example Let p, q, r, s, and t be the following propositions.

p: Jackie is in Grade 11. s: 2 > 0.

q: Jackie is a senior high school student. t: It is more fun in Ilocos.
r: Jackie is working as a lawyer.

Express the following conditionals as symbols

3. If Jackie is in Grade 11, then she is working as a
lawyer.
4. If 2 > 0, then it is more fun in Ilocos.
5. If 2 < 0 or Jackie is in Grade
Take11, then it is more fun in
Note!
Ilocos. In logic, the hypothesis p need not cause the
conclusion q. For example, we are not saying
that it is more fun in Ilocos because 2 > 0.
Definition of Biconditional
The biconditional of the
propositions p and q is denoted
by p ↔ q (read as “p if and only
if q”) and is defined through its
truth table
p q p↔q The proposition may
also be written as “p
T T T iff q.” The
T F F propositions p and q
are the
F T F components of the
F F T biconditional.
Example Let p, q, and r be the
following propositions.
p: Jake is in grade 11.
q: Jake is a senior high school student.
r: Jake is working as a lawyer.
Express the following biconditionals
as English sentences
1. p ↔ q
2. q ↔ r
Example Let p, q, and r be the following propositions.

p: Jake is in grade 11.

q: Jake is a senior high school student.
r: Jake is working as a lawyer.
Express the following biconditionals as
symbols
3. Jake is in grade 11 if and only if he is
working as a lawyer.
4. Jake is not in grade 11 if and only if he is
not a senior high school student.
Activity:
Look at the Instagram world of four girls:
Janella, Julia, Kathryn, and Liza. We
summarize their Instagram dynamics – who
follows who – in a table such as the
following
:
A checkmark in a cell means the girl in that row
follows on Instagram the girl in that column.
Instruction: Check the appropriate cell by
considering the following true propositions below.

• Liza follows Kathryn but does not follow Janella.

• Either Julia follows Kathryn, or Julia follows Liza.
• While Janella follows everyone that Julia follows,
Janella does not follow Liza.
• Kathryn follows everyone who follows her.
• Nobody follows herself .
• Liza follows Kathryn but does not follow Janella.
• Either Julia follows Kathryn, or Julia follows Liza.
• While Janella follows everyone that Julia follows,
Janella does not follow Liza.
• Kathryn follows everyone who follows her.
• Nobody follows herself .