Radar 1

ICE-4221: Radar and
Satellite Communication
BY TARUN DEBNATH
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING (ICE),
PABNA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (PUST)
2
RADAR
Book Reference:
“Introduction to Radar Systems”
by - Merrill Ivan Skolnik
3
RADAR
RADAR is an electromagnetic based detection system that

works by radiating electromagnetic waves and then studying
the echo or the reflected back waves. The full form of
RADAR is “Radio Detection And Ranging”.
 Detection refers to whether the target is present or not. The

target can be stationary or non-stationary (moveable).
 Ranging refers to the distance between the Radar and the

target.
4
Application of RADAR
RADARs can be used for various applications on ground, on sea and in space. The applications
of Radars are listed below:
 Military Application.
 Remote sensing.
 Air Traffic Control.
 Law Enforcement and Highway Security.
 Aircraft Safety and Navigation.
 Ship Safety.
 Space.
5
Range to a target
The distance between Radar and target is called Range of

the target or simply range, R. We know that Radar transmits
a signal to the target and accordingly the target sends an cho
signal to the Radar with the speed of light, C.
Let the time taken for the signal to travel from Radar to
target and back to Radar be ‘T’. The two way distance
between the Radar and target will be 2R, since the distance
between the Radar and the target is R. Now, the following is
the formula for Speed.
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Range to a target
------eq.(1)
We Can find the range of the target by substituting the values of C & T in the above
equation.
7
Pulse Repetition Frequency
Radar signals should be transmitted at every clock pulse. The duration between the two
clock pulses should be properly chosen in such a way that the echo signal
corresponding to present clock pulse should be received before the next clock pulse. A
typical Radar wave form is shown in the following figure.
As shown in the figure, Radar transmits a periodic

signal. It is having a series of narrow
rectangular shaped pulses. The time interval
between the successive clock pulses is called
pulse repetition time, .
8
Pulse Repetition Frequency
The reciprocal of pulse repetition time is called pulse repetition frequency,

Mathematically, it can be represented as
Eq. (2)
Therefore, pulse repetition frequency is nothing but the frequency at which Radar
transmits the signal.
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Maximum Unambiguous Range
We know that Radar signals should be transmitted at every clock pulse. If we select a
shorter duration between the two clock pulses, then the echo signal corresponding to
present clock pulse will be received after the next clock pulse. Due to this, the range of
the target seems to be smaller than the actual range. So, we have to select the duration
between the two clock pulses in such a way that the echo signal corresponding to present
clock pulse will be received before the next clock pulse starts. Then, we will get the true
range of the target and it is also called maximum unambiguous range of the target or
simply, maximum unambiguous range.
10
Substituting, and in Equation (1)
Eq. (3)
From Eq.(2), we will get the pulse repetition time, as the
reciprocal of pulse repetition frequency, . Mathematically, it can
be represented as
Eq. (4)
Substituting, Eq. (4) in Eq. (3)
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We can use either Equation 3 or Equation 5 for calculating maximum unambiguous range
of the target.
We will get the value of maximum unambiguous range of the target, 𝑅𝑢𝑛 by substituting
the values of 𝐶 and in Equation (3)
Similarly, we will get the value of maximum unambiguous range of the target, 𝑅𝑢𝑛 by
substituting the values of 𝐶 and in Equation (5)
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Minimum Range
We will get the minimum range of the target, when we consider the time required for
the echo signal to receive at Radar after the signal being transmitted from the Radar
as pulse width. It is also called the shortest range of the target.
Substituting, and in Equation (1)
Eq. (6)
We will get the value of minimum range of the target, by substituting the values of 𝐶
and 𝜏 in Equation 6.
13
Thank You

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ICE-4221: Radar and

RADAR is an electromagnetic based detection system that

 Detection refers to whether the target is present or not. The

 Ranging refers to the distance between the Radar and the

The distance between Radar and target is called Range of

As shown in the figure, Radar transmits a periodic

The reciprocal of pulse repetition time is called pulse repetition frequency,

Substituting, and in Equation (1)

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