v

Institutional
Manuscript Format
1. All text should be typed using size (twelve) 12
font Arial font style. The abstract,
acknowledgement, dedication, the main body of
the text and biographical sketch/curriculum vitae
should be typewritten in double space.

2. Use a size 8.5 by 11 inches (letter) bond paper.

3. The following margins should be used:

3.1 top, right & bottom 1 inch
3.2 left 1.5 inches
3.3 All indentions consist of five
(5) characters i.e. type on
the sixth character.
4. The page number

4.1 Preliminary pages are paginated separately

from the rest of the text. The page numbers
should be lower case Roman Numerals placed
at the bottom center of the page with a ½ inch
margin. However, it should not appear on the
Title Page and Approval sheet although they
are included in the paging.
4.2. For the rest of the paper, the page numbers
should be in Hindu Arabic numerals placed at the
upper right hand corner of the page with a ½ inch
top margin and 1 inch right margin. It should
appear on all pages except the following:

4.2.1 start of the chapter

4.2.2 start of the page for literature cited/bibliography
4.2.3 start of each appendix

4.3 the font style and size should

be consistent with the text for
preliminary and text paging.
5. For the Title Page, no underlining, boldface or
Italics is allowed except for:
5.1 names of species and genera
5.2 non-English term

The typeface size must be consistent with the text.

For additional specifications, refer to attachment A.

6. The main body of the text.

6.1 Type the chapter number on

the first line of the page in title
case, boldface and centred
justified.
6.2 Type the chapter title on the second line of the
page in upper case, boldface and centred
justified.
6.3 All subtitles are typewritten in title case, boldface
and centred justified.
6.4 All chapters should start with a page.

6.5 There should be two (2) double spaces between

the chapter title and the first subtopic. The
subtopic and the first line of
the succeeding discussion
should be double spaced.
The last line of a subtopic
and the next subtopic
should bear four (4) spaces.
6.6 Place tables/figures right after it was introduced in
the text.
6.7 Figures are labelled at the bottom.
6.8 Tables are labelled on top. All vertical and inside
horizontal borders are omitted.

7. The title ―Bibliography‖ should be typewritten in

capital letters, boldface and centred justified. All
entries are arranged alphabetically.
 PRELIMINARY MATTER
Title Page
It should include the title of a research paper, the
student’s name, the faculty of the graduate school
granting the degree, the degree for which the
thesis/dissertation is submitted, and the date
(Attachment A).

The recommended length for the title is no more than

12 words*

Author’s name (byline).

To reduce the likelihood of
mistaken identity, the byline
should be the author’s first
name, middle initials and last name.*
Chapter I
 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Nature and Importance of the Study

(for experimental research)

The section should include what the research is all

about. It should explain the importance of the problem
and why the researcher did the work. It should also
contain findings of previous authors who experimented
on problems related to his work.

If the problem deals with an known crop a short

description and importance should appear in the first few
sentences in the introduction.
Introduction (for social research)

The section should include what the research

is all about. It should also contain legal basis
and/or findings of previous authors who
conducted a study on problems related to his
work to establish the research gap. It should
explain why the researcher did the work.
Statement of the Problem (for social research)

This should state what question or questions the

researcher seeks to answer or what he hopes to
accomplish.

Statement of Hypothesis (for social research)

Hypothesis of the Study (for experimental research)

The hypotheses are propositions tentatively assumed

in order to draw out consequences based on factual
observations. These are stated in the negative form.
It should be preceded by an introductory sentence/s.
.
Scope, Limitation and Delimitation of the Study
(for both researches)

The coverage, delimitation and limitations of the

study should be clearly stated in this section. The
study should indicate the research locale, coverage
of the study (scope), the weaknesses and
shortcomings (limitation) and the variable excluded
(delimitation). In writing this section, the first
paragraph should contain the scope, the second
paragraph should contain the limitation and the third
paragraph should contain the delimitation.
For experimental research, time and place of the
study along with its coverage, boundaries and
exclusions should be cited on this part.
Significance of the Study
(for social research)

This part should explain the importance of the

problem/study to its intended beneficiaries and
to other researchers who wish to venture on
similar studies.
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
(for social research)
This section presents the interrelated
concepts constructed in order to explain,
predict and master phenomena (e.g.
relationships, events, or the behavior).

Conceptual framework presents the

schematic diagram of the hypothesized effect
or relationship of independent and dependent
variables on the factor under consideration,
e.g. income, marketing practices, cost of
production, etc
Definition of Terms (for both researches)

This could be a sentence by itself or part

of a sentence mentioned in passing. This will
ensure the readers to fully understand the
paper. Technical terms and terms which are
often used in the study but have different
interpretations, or terms that may be
misinterpreted, must have to be defined.
These terms can be found in the research
title, statement of the problem, hypothesis,
research paradigm, and some other parts of
the study.
 A term may be defined lexically (dictionary),
authoritatively (published and unpublished materials), or
operationally (as used in the study). If the term is lexically
or authoritatively defined, the source must be cited.
Operational definition may be used only if the meaning if
a term is different from its technical or conceptual
definition.
Personal definition anchored on a technical definition
should be avoided.

For phrasal terms, the first word is capitalized and

succeeding words are in lower case letter. Terms to be
defined should be in bold typeface and ends with a
period.
These should be presented in alphabetical order.
Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Literature Review

Reviewed literature should follow a thematic

presentation. Major variables of the study should be
properly supported by literature. Primary sources are
preferred over secondary sources of information.
The surveyed or reviewed materials must be as new
as possible. Limit the review to the past 10 years as
much as possible, except where there is none, there
is not enough review articles or historical facts and
original discoveries need to be cited.
 Materials reviewed must be relevant to the
study, objective and unbiased. Technical
journals are more authoritative than popular
journals. Use books and reviews with caution.
Unless essential or they will make the review
better, never use magazines, newspapers,
pocketbooks and similar popular publications
for business. Ideas should be logically
presented and organized. Avoid presenting
annotated bibliography.
Related Studies

This section presents the result of careful

reading of similar or related studies conducted
within the last five (5) years. This includes a
critical analysis of the relationship among
different works and relating this to the current
research. It should be well-organized to
elucidate readers on what has been done and
how different the present study is in terms of
subject, methodology, analysis and other
aspects.
Organizing the Review
A review is not just putting together of literature or arranging
these chronologically. It is an organized and synthesized
presentation of previous works.
For a good presentation, it is best to make an outline of the
reviewed literature
into topics.

1. In a student thesis, start the review by introducing an idea

relevant to the topic and use the reviewed literature to clarify,
augment, support or contradict the idea.
After the finished statements, enclose in parenthesis the
author and year.
2. Present an idea per paragraph. Provide a smooth transition
on using words such as ―in contrast‖, ―on the other hand‖,
―however‖, ―nevertheless‖. Do not jump from
tomato to citrus, for example, with such transition.
3. Padded reviews are undesirable. A review is
padded when there are so many reviewed articles
on the same specific subject. Two complementary
citations from independent workers are sufficient
to present a subject but do not purposely hide a
third or fourth dissenting work. Complementary
papers by the same author should be limited and
avoided if possible. Cite results but never
tabulated data.
4. If a researcher fails to see the original material of
a review obtained from a secondary source ( a
paper cited by the author and the year of the
secondary source (the article you have seen) in
parenthesis immediately after the original citation.
For example, ―Ledin, R.B. 1958. Mango Varieties
in Florida. Hort. Adv. 11:16-26 (in Bondad, 1989).
Do not forget to write down to the complete citation
of the secondary source in the list of literature
cited. Researchers however are encouraged to
look for the primary source.
5. Citing word-for-word requires enclosing
them in quotation marks. Acknowledge
sources of sentences, or sections lifted
from texts or articles, as well as vividly
striking expressions. However, there is no
need to acknowledge the source of well-
known facts such as the light reaction of
photosynthesis or Mendelian inheritance.

Researchers are advised to paraphrase

literature and vary citation styles (use of
author prominent or information prominent)
and conform to the APA 6th Edition)
Chapter III
Research Methodology
(for social research and experimental research
in education)

Research Design

This part presents and provides explanation on

the type of research and justification as to its
suitability to elicit the desired results intended by the
study. Careful selection on the design should be
observed as it dictates the methodology to be
employed. Appropriate and updated
sources/references should be cited.
Respondents/Subjects of the Study
(for survey type of study)

The respondents are those from whom the data/

information are to be collected or gathered
considering their level of familiarity with the
phenomenon under investigation. The respondents
of the study should be described as to the inclusion
or exclusion criteria adopted by the researcher.
Subject of the study will be used if documents and
survey will be used. This section includes the
discussion on the sampling techniques used in the
study with distribution table of respondents.
Participants of the Study
(qualitative research)

The participants of the study are the

interviewee involved in the conduct of a
qualitative research. Their main participation
is providing data through interview, focus
group discussion, etc.
Research Instrument

This part presents a description of the

development and parts of the research instrument
(questionnaire, interview guide, key informant
interview guide, focus group discussion outline,
documents for analysis). Test for reliability and
validation of the instrument along with scoring
and quantification of data should be discussed if
survey instrument will be used.
Data Gathering Procedure

How the investigation will be/was conducted

should be discussed in this section.
The conduct of the research should start
from the approval of the permit to conduct the
study to how the instrument is distributed; who
were given the instrument; how many were
given; and how the instrument was retrieved. As
much as possible, the percentage of distribution
and retrieval of the research instrument should
be indicated.
 If an interview was used, the following
must be indicated: preparation of the
interview, types of interview used, manner of
interview, persons interviewed, percentage of
interviewed persons, and all other incidental
matters. Schedule of activities for
experimental research should be presented. It
is necessary that proper documentation is
observed such as taking of pictures during the
interview or video-coverage if necessary to
substantiate the process.
Ethical Consideration
This section explains the ethical protocol observed
in the study as certified by the Ethics Committee.
Statistical Treatment of Data
This provides a description and explanation on the
statistical tools (to be) used in the study. Formula
may not be included since most statisticians now
rely on statistical software. However, formula may
be given when the statistic or mathematical
expression is new, rare, or essential to the
manuscript*.
Chapter III
Materials and Methods
(for experimental research)

Materials

The materials used in the thesis, if there are,

should be classified and listed down in this
section, e.g. Laboratory apparatuses, fertilizer,
crops, animals.
 Methods

Confine the methods to the things actually

done. It should conform to the objectives.

Replication and design are standard features

of the materials and methods. The cultivar used
and basic experimental units like size of plot and
number of samples used should be clearly
defined.

Indices/ rating and statistical analysis used

should be stated.