Civil Engineering, Society, and Other Professions By Group 1

Civil
Engineering,
Society,
and Other
Professions

Civil Engineering Orientation – CEO 111

Civil Engineering, Society, and Other Professions By Group 1

Introduction
Introduction
Civil engineering‘s progress throughout time
introduces new contributions to people‘s daily
lives. Take the 20th century, for example; the U.S.
National Academy of Engineering, a non-
government, non-profit organization, after an
elaborate nomination-and-review process
published the twenty greatest engineering
achievements of the 20th century in 2000.
Introduction
These are the engineering achievements:
1. Electrification 11. Highways

2. Automobile 12. Spacecraft

3. Airplane 13. Internet

4. Water Supply and Distribution 14. Imaging

5. Electronics 15. Househpld Appliances

6. Radio and Television 16. Health Technologies

7. Agricultural Mechanization 17. Petroleum and Petrochemical Technologies

8. Computers 18. Laser and Fiber Optics

9. Telephone 19. Nuclear Technologies

10. Air Conditioning and Refrigeration 20. High-performance Materials

Introduction
These are the engineering achievements:
1. Electrification 11. Highways

2. Automobile 12. Spacecraft

Among the twenty, clearly Number 4 and
3. Airplane 13. Internet Number 11 are the contributions of civil
engineering. Even Number 1,
4. Water Supply and Distribution 14. Imaging Electrification, the generation and
transportation of electrical power, cannot
5. Electronics 15. Househpld Appliances
be achieved without the civil engineering
6. Radio and Television 16. Health Technologies contribution to the designing and
constructing power transmission towers
7. Agricultural Mechanization 17. Petroleum and Petrochemical Technologies and lines. Same is true for Number 2 and
Number 3.
8. Computers 18. Laser and Fiber Optics

9. Telephone 19. Nuclear Technologies

10. Air Conditioning and 20. High-performance Materials

Refrigeration
Civil Engineering, Society, and Other Professions By Group 1

Civil Engineering

Careers
Civil Engineering Careers

There is no one typical career path for civil engineers. Most engineering graduates start with entry-level
positions, and as they prove their competence, they gain more and more significant tasks. In some fields
and firms, entry-level engineers are put to work primarily monitoring construction in the field, serving
as the ̳ ̳eyes and ears‘‘ of more senior design engineers. In other areas, entry-level engineers perform
routine tasks of analysis or design and interpretation. Senior engineers can execute complex analysis or
design work. They also can work in project management of design projects, or management of other
engineers, or specialized consulting. Civil engineers are in high demand at financial institutions and
management consultancies because of their analytical skills. They can find many career opportunities in
high technology for the same reason.
Civil Engineering Careers

Areas of civil engineering specialization have changed

over time due to society‘s needs and the complexities of projects
and technologies. Currently, the ASCE incorporates the
following Institutes:
● Architectural Engineering (AEI)
● Coasts, Oceans, Ports, and Rivers (COPRI)
● Construction (CI)
● Engineering Mechanics (EMI)
● Environmental and Water Resources (EWRI)
● Geo (G-I)
● Structural Engineering (SEI)
● Transportation & Development (T&DI)
Civil Engineering Careers

Civil Engineering Areas of

Concentration General Civil
01
• Focuses on the overall interface of projects with their environments.
• Applies the principles of geotechnical engineering, structural
engineering, environmental engineering, transportation engineering,
and construction engineering to residential, commercial, industrial,
and public works projects of all sizes and levels of construction.
• Works closely with surveyors and specialized civil engineers.
• Designs grading plans, drainage, pavement, water supply, sewer
service, electric and communications supply, and land divisions.
• Visits project sites, develops community consensus, and prepares
construction plans and specifications
Civil Engineering Careers

Coastal

• Helps manage coastal areas

02
• Defends against flooding and erosion
• Designs ports
• Also works to reclaim land
Civil Engineering Careers

Construction

• Plans and executes the designs from transportation, site

03
development, hydraulic, environmental, structural and geotechnical
engineers
• Writes and/or reviews contracts
• Evaluates logistical operations.
• Controls prices of necessary materials, operations, and equipment
Civil Engineering Careers

Environmental

• Deals with the treatment of chemical, biological, and/or thermal

waste, purification of water and air, and the remediation of
04
contaminated sites
• Works with pollution reduction, green engineering, and industrial
ecology
• Reports information on the environmental consequences of
proposed actions and the assessment of effects of proposed actions
for the purpose of assisting society and policy-makers in the
decision- making process, i.e., writes environmental impact reports
(EIRs)
Civil Engineering Careers

Geotechnical

• Deals with complex nature of rock and soil, subsurface

05
investigation and testing, foundations and earth structures (dams,
levees, engineered fills, etc.)
• Depends on knowledge from the fields of geology, material science
and testing, mechanics, and hydraulics to design foundations,
retaining structures, landfills and similar structures
• Can specialize further to use biology and chemistry to devise ways
of disposing of hazardous materials and groundwater contamination
(called geo-environmental engineering)
• Contrasts with the relatively well-defined material properties of
steel and concrete used in other areas of civil engineering
Civil Engineering Careers

Land Surveying (considered a distinct profession in the

United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and most
Commonwealth countries)

• Establishes the boundaries of a parcel of land using its legal

06
description and subdivision plans.
• Lays out the routes of railways, tramway tracks, highways, roads,
pipelines, and streets as well as positions other infrastructures, such
as harbors, before construction.
• Employs surveying equipment, such as levels and theodolites, for
accurate measurement of angular deviation, horizontal, vertical, and
slope distances.
• Makes use of electronic distance measurement (EDM), total
stations, global position system (GPS) surveying, and laser
scanning with computerization, have supplemented (and to a large
extent supplanted) the traditional optical instruments.
Civil Engineering Careers

Municipal or Urban Engineering

• Involves specifying, designing, constructing, and maintaining

municipal infrastructure, such as streets, sidewalks, water supply
07
networks, sewers, street lighting, municipal solid waste
management and disposal, storage depots for various bulk materials
used for maintenance and public works (salt, sand, etc.), public
parks, and bicycle paths.
• Includes the civil portion (conduits and access chambers) of the
local distribution networks of electrical and telecommunications
services.
• Focuses on the coordination of infrastructure networks and services,
as they are often built and managed by the same municipal
authority.
Civil Engineering Careers

Structural
08
• Analyses and designs the structures of buildings, bridges, towers,
overpasses, tunnels, offshore structures like oil and gas fields in the
sea, and other structures
• Identifies the loads which act upon a structure and the forces and
stresses that arise within that structure due to those loads
• Considers strength, stiffness, and stability of the structure when it is
subjected to its own self weight, other dead loads, live loads,
including furniture, wind, seismic, crowd or vehicle loads, or
transitory, such as temporary construction loads
• Also takes into account aesthetics, cost, constructability, safety, and
sustainability wind engineering and earthquake engineering
• Can specialize further (wind and earthquake engineering).
Civil Engineering Careers

Transportation

• Deals with moving people and goods efficiently, safely, and in a

09
manner conducive to a vital community.
• Plans this movement using queuing theory, Intelligent
Transportation Systems (ITS), and infrastructure management.
• Designs, constructs, and maintains transportation infrastructure,
including streets, canals, highways, rail systems, airports, ports, and
mass transit.
• Investigates and specifies paving materials.
• Involves transportation design, transportation planning, traffic
engineering, some aspects of municipal/urban engineering.
Civil Engineering Careers

Water Resources

• Combines hydrology, environmental science, meteorology, geology,

conservation, and resource management in the collection and
10
management of water as a natural resource.
• Relates to the prediction and management of both the quality and
the quantity of water in underground resources (aquifers) and above
ground resources (lakes, rivers, and streams).
• Analyzes and models very small to very large areas to predict the
amount and content of water as it flows into, through or out of a
facility such as pipelines, water distribution systems, drainage
facilities (including bridges, dams, channels, culverts, levees, storm
sewers), and canals.
Civil Engineering, Society, and Other Professions By Group 1

Civil Engineering as

Profession
Civil Engineering as Profession

Until modern times there was no clear distinction

between civil engineering and architecture, and the term
engineer or architect referred to the same person. In the western
world, the origins of civil engineering as a profession can be
found in the years immediately preceding and including the
Industrial Revolution, the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The
scientific discoveries of the Age of Enlightenment and the new
commercial needs of the Industrial Revolution converged to
create an ideal environment for innovation.
Civil Engineering as Profession

These organization, as well as those in other countries, helped to

formalize civil engineering as a profession. The geotechnical engineer
and author, John Philip Bachner, lists five characteristics of a
profession and their attributes. These are:
Civil Engineering as Profession

Systematic body of theory

a. Skills flow from an internally consistent system.
b. Spirit of rationality; expansion of theory. 01
Civil Engineering as Profession

Authority
a. Extensive education in systematic theory highlights the layperson‘s
comparative ignorance.
b. Functional specificity
02
Civil Engineering as Profession

Community sanction
a. State-sponsored boards.
b. License or registration.
03
Civil Engineering as Profession

Ethical codes
a. Ethical
1. Professional.
b. Client-professional
1. Impulse to perform maximally.
04
c. Colleague to colleague.
d. Cooperative
1. egalitarian
2. supportive
Civil Engineering as Profession

A culture
a. Social values
b. Services valuable to the community
c. Various modes of ̳ ̳appropriate‘‘ behavior
05
1. sounding like a professional
2. saying “no‘‘ gracefully
3. making presentations and conducting meetings
d. Symbols
1. argot, jargon
2. insignia, emblems
3. history and folklore
Civil Engineering as Profession

These characteristics help define today‘s professional civil engineer, who

must be adequately prepared with a systematic body of theory that
incorporates a spirit of rationality. This theory is based on mathematics
and natural sciences, such as physics and chemistry. Like other
professions, for instance, law and medicine, civil engineers are granted
authority based on their extensive education and are afforded community
sanction, in the form of licensure or registration. Civil engineers are held
to well-documented ethical codes and are expected to be their clients‘
trusted advisors. Civil engineers also have a culture of their own that
involves providing valuable services to society, behaving appropriately,
and sharing a rich history and folklore.
Civil Engineering as Profession

Knowledge of civil engineering history and culture helps

civil engineers communicate the importance of their
profession to the world. Noted engineering historian, Henry
Petroski, suggests that engineering history is both history and
engineering. Additionally, familiarity with civil engineering
history can assist with the practice of the profession.
Civil Engineering, Society, and Other Professions By Group 1

Civil Engineering

Processes
Civil Engineering Processes

No matter what kind of civil engineering project is

involved, all civil engineering projects go through
four main phases: planning, design, construction,
and maintenance/operation. These phases
sometimes are intertwined and overlapped.
Civil Engineering Processes

Planning
As any civil engineering projects, private or
public, involve public interest and major funding, the
planning phase could sometimes run into many years.
01
The very first stage of the planning phase is a feasibility
study, which usually includes not only a financial study
but also a study of legal issues. Virtually all major civil
engineering projects must go through environmental
impact studies and public hearings. For these studies
and hearings, at least a preliminary design must be
prepared and presented.
Civil Engineering Processes

Design

At least two stages are involved in the design phase: preliminary design
and final design. Sometimes it is necessary to have an additional
02
intermediate design stage. The preliminary design is to create an
outline of the concept, scope, structure, materials to be used, method of
construction, and cost and timeline estimate of the project. The
preliminary design can be part of the planning phase. The final design
includes all detailed designs of every structure involved in the project
and every associated facility such as electric and mechanical facilities.
Civil Engineering Processes

Construction
The actual construction phase includes
the physical erection of all the structures and in the
meantime the observation of all applicable safety and
environmental regulations during the construction
03
phase.
Civil Engineering Processes

Maintenance
When the construction phase ends and
the owner takes over the project, the maintenance/
operation phase begins. The owner of the project
usually takes over all responsibilities, but the contractor
04
is usually bound by a warranty agreement. During the
warranty period interaction between the owner and the
contractor could be very frequent and intense. Beyond
the warranty period, the physical structures require
constant maintenance. A well-known example is the
constant painting of the cables of the Golden Gate
Bridge in San Francisco
Thank you!
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