Pure Biology CHP 5 Enzymes 1
Pure Biology CHP 5 Enzymes 1
Pure Biology CHP 5 Enzymes 1
Chapter 5
Lesson
Objectives
Questions to answer!
1. What are enzymes?
a. State the definition of enzymes.
2. How do enzymes work?
a. Explain the mode of action of enzymes in terms of
active site, enzyme-substrate complex, lowering of
activation energy, and enzyme specificity.
b. Describe the characteristics of enzymes.
3. What affects enzyme activity?
a. Investigate and explain the effects of temperature,
pH, on the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
3. Where are enzymes used?
a. State 1 enzyme-catalyzed process.
b. Classify enzymes.
What are enzymes?
Definition of Enzymes
Recall: What What are
are catalysts? How do
proteins?? they work?
Enzymes are biological catalysts, commonly
made of protein. They alter the rate of
chemical reactions without themselves being
chemically changed at the end of the reaction.
Properties of
enzymes
What are enzymes?
Recall: Proteins
• Basic unit of proteins: amino acids
• How amino acids are linked up: condensation reaction
• Link between amino acids: peptide bond
• Long chains of basic units: polypeptide
• Polypeptides are folded and its 3D shape is held together
by weak bonds .
• Weak bonds can be broken by heat and chemicals. The
protein is said to be denatured
.
• A denatured protein loses its function .
Source: http://www.monroecc.
edu/deps/pstc/backup/heme.gif
How do enzymes Enzymes are
work?
Biological Catalysts
• A catalyst is a substance which can alter or speed up a
chemical reaction.
• Catalysts are not chemically-changed at the end of the
reaction.
How do enzymes Enzymes are
work?
Biological Catalysts
Videos:
Dilute H2O2: H2O2 decomposition
Fresh H2O2: Last High School Chemistry Class
Source: http://pics.drugstore.
com/prodimg/73864/200.jpg
How do enzymes Enzymes are
work?
Biological Catalysts
• Enzymes do not
change the energy
level of reactants and
products.
Products
• Enzymes only lower
Reactants the ‘height’ of the
‘activation energy hill.’
How do enzymes
work? Lock and Key Hypothesis
• The substances on which enzymes act are called substrates.
• Enzymes bind to substrates by the lock and key hypothesis.
enzyme molecule is free
to take part in another
active sites enzyme molecule
reaction
(the ‘lock’)
B AB
Enzyme Specificity
• Enzyme action is highly specific: each chemical reaction is
catalyzed by a unique enzyme.
• The enzyme’s specificity is due to its 3-dimensional
surface configuration.
• The shape of the substrate must be complementary to
the shape of the enzyme’s active site.
• The shape of an enzyme can be affected by high
temperature and acids and alkalis.
How do enzymes
work? Enzyme Characteristics
0 K (optimum D Temperature
temperature)
What affects
enzyme activity? Temperature
As temperature rises…
• Particles of matter are in constant random motion.
• In the reaction, the enzyme and substrate molecules
move and collide with one another at random.
• Raising the temperature increases the kinetic energy of
the molecules.
• The substrate and enzyme molecules collide with each
other more often, increasing the chance of substrates
fitting into active sites.
• The rate of formation of enzyme-substrate complex
increases, increasing the rate of formation of products.
What affects
enzyme activity? Temperature
As temperature rises…
• Enzyme activity increases as the temperature increases
up to the optimum temperature.
• At high temperatures, enzyme activity decreases.
• Enzymes are made of proteins , and its 3D shape are
held together byweak bonds .
• At high temperatures, the vibrations of the atoms in the
enzyme vibrate so violently that they break the weak
bonds in the enzyme.
• The enzyme loses its shape and becomes denatured.
• The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of
denaturation.
What affects
enzyme activity? pH
Specific binding
of enzyme Lipases Proteases Carbohydrases
Enzymes
have specific are
Functions
as
Remain chemically
unchanged at the Biological catalysts are
end of the reaction
form speed up
Specific binding
of enzyme Lipases
Specific Simple
product(s) sugars