CHARTS

GRAPHS
Presenter : Mayuri Gunesinghe

What is a graph ?
A diagram showing the relation
between variable quantities, typically
of two variables, each measured along
one of a pair of axes at right angles.
Synonyms :chart, diagram, grid; histogram, bar chart, pie chart, scatter
diagram, etc.
WE USE GRAPHS TO ANALYSE DATA.

Different Types of Graphs
Useful Vocabulary for Graphs
Adjectives of Degree
Adjective Example Adverb Example
Significant A significant change Significantly Changed significantly
Dramatic A dramatic shift Dramatically Shifts dramatically

Sudden A sudden rise Suddenly Has risen suddenly
Substantial A substantial gain Substantially Gained substantially
Sharp A sharp decrease Sharply Had decreased
sharply
“sudden” and “sharp” can be used for relatively minor changes that happen quickly
“spectacular” and “dramatic” are very strong words only used for big changes
Steady Adjectives
Consistent A consistent flow Consistently Flowed consistently
Steady A steady movement Steadily Moved steadily
Constant Constant shift Constantly Shifted constantly

Small adjectives

Slight A slight rise Slightly Rose slightly
Gradual A gradual fall Gradually Has fallen gradually
Marginal A marginal change Marginally Had changed

marginally
Modest A modest increase Modestly Increases modestly
“marginal” is a particularly useful word for describing very small changes

Other useful adjectives
Adjective Example
Upward By looking at the five data points, there appears to be a clear
upward pattern in prices
Downward Over the past quarter century there is a downward trend in use
of pesticides
Overall The overall shift in the market seems to favour the use of
nuclear power
“overall” can be used to describe changes in trend over the whole period
upward” and “downward” are adjectives: the adverbs are “upwards” and “downwards”
Example for a verb: The sales increased in the first 6 months.
Example for a noun : There was an increase in the sales in the first 6 months.
Example for a verb : The sales dropped from 2m to 1 m
Example for a noun : There was a drop of sales from 1m.
*These words are usually for line graphs

but you can use them appropriately for
other graphs as well.
Exercise 1
The verbs below can be used to describe trends in data. Some describe an upward
trend, some downward trend and some refer to something else. Put the verbs into
the correct column.
To dip To fall
to plummet
To increase to remain
to rocket stable
To rise To decrease
to fluctuate
to reduce
To remain unchanged
to decline To grow
to vary
Upward Downward Other
To peak
Describing a bar graph : Format
 1. Introduction : Paraphrase the question that is given to you. Look at the
chart to see what we need to introduce.
 2. General Overview : Highlight key/major features (minimum of 2 feature but

it depends) / comparisons. E.g. High points and low points /have comparative and
superlative adjectives ( the most/ the least)
 3. Body paragraph A :
 organize information about all categories
organ
 4. Body paragraph B :
Describing bar graphs
 The chart illustrates the amount of money spent on five consumer goods (cars,
computers, books, perfume and cameras) in France and the UK in 2010. Units
are measured in pounds sterling.
 Overall, the UK spent more money on consumer goods than France in the period
given. Both the British and the French spent most of their money on cars
whereas the least amount of money was spent on perfume in the UK compared
to cameras in France. Furthermore, the most significant difference in
expenditure between the two countries was on cameras.
 In terms of cars, people in the UK spent about 450 000 on this as opposed to
the French at 400 000. Similarly the British expenditure was higher on book than
the French. In the UK, expenditure on cameras was over double that of France,
which was only 150 000.
 On the other hand, the amount of money paid out on the remaining goods was
higher in France. Above 350 000 was spent by France on computers which was
slightly more than the British who spent exactly 350 000. Neither of the
countries spent much on perfumes which accounted for 200 000 of expenditure
in France but under 150 000 in the UK.
Describing pie charts : Format
 1. Introduction :
 what is the chart about
 2. General Overview :
 Which is the largest portion ? Which is the smallest portion ?
 3. Paragraph 1 & Paragraph 2 :


 Para 1 – sectors with increasing trends

 Para 2 – sectors with decreasing trends
Describing pie charts
Describing pie charts
 The two pie charts illustrate the proportion of five types of energy production in
France in 1995 and 2005.
 Over all, in both years, the most significant source of energy were gas and coal,
which together accounted for over half the production of energy, while nuclear
and other kinds of energy sources generated the least amount of energy. In all
types of energy production there was only minimal change over the 10 year period.
 Energy produced by coal comprised of 29.80% in the first year and this showed only
a very slight increase of about a mere 1 % to 30 % in 2005. Likewise in 1995,gas
generated 29.63% which rose marginally to 30.1 % in 10 years later.
 With regard to the reaming methods of producing energy , there was an
approximate 5% growth in production from both nuclear power and other sources
to 10.10 % and 9.10 % respectively. Petrol, on the other hand , was the only
source of energy which decreased in production from 29.27% in 1995 to around a
fifth (19.55%) in 2005.
PIE CHART TIPS
 Always highlight the smallest and largest proportions
 If there are two pie charts in different time periods , the you must
highlight the key changes / trends
 Use pie chart language – account for / comprises of / represents
 The phrase “units are measured in …….” Should be used when the
units have not been stated in the previous sentence.
Describing line graphs : Format
 1. Introduction : You should paraphrase the topic or what it is about.
 2. General Over view : key information from the graphs / 2 -4 general trends/ should not include
figures
 3. Paragraph 1 : Write about increasing trends

 you can group data by country or by similar trends
 4. Paragraph 2 : Write about decreasing trends

Describing line graphs
The graph shows the consumption of 3 spreads from 1981 to 2007

 The line graph illustrates the amount of three kinds of spreads (margarine, low fat and
reduced spreads and butter) which were consumed over 26 years from 1981 to 2007.
Units are measured in grains.
 Overall the consumption of butter and margarine decreased over the given period of
time while for low fat and reduced spreads, it rose. At the start of the period , butter
was the most popular spread, which was replaced by margarine from 1991 to 2001 , and
following that low fat and reduced spreads became the most widely used spread in
the final years.
 With regard to the amount of butter used, it began at around 140 grams and then
peaked at 160 grams in 1986 before falling dramatically to about 50 grams in the last
year. Likewise , approximately 90 grams of margarine was eaten in the first year after
which the figure fluctuated slightly and dropped to a low of 40 grams in 2007.

 On the other hand, the consumptions of low fats and reduced spreads only started in
1996 at about 10 grams. This figure , which reached a high of just over 80 grams 5
years later, fell slightly in the final years approximately 70 grams in 2007.
Exercise 2 : Write a brief report describing
the information in the bar chart.
 This chart shows the populations of major European countries in 1996
and 2007.
 In all countries except Poland the population rose in this period. The
largest rise was in Turkey where the population increased from over
62 to over 73 million, whereas the smallest increase was in Germany
where the population of 82 million rose by a few thousand.
 Spain also had a fairly large increase from 39.4 million to 44.5
million, and France was not far behind with an increase of almost 4
million. In the other two countries, Italy and the United Kingdom,
population growth was more modest with increases of about 2.3 and
2.8 million respectively.
 In Poland, the population fell by half a million. Poland had the
smallest population in both 1996 and 2007. Although Spain and
Portugal had comparable populations in 1996, Spain’s population is
now nearly six and a half million greater than Poland’s.
 To
write a short description of this graph ask yourself (and answer!) the following
questions:
Paragraph 1 : What is the bar graph about ?
Paragraph 2 : In which country did the population rise? And in which country it
didn’t rise? Which country has the largest rise ? And from how much
has it increased? Which country has the smallest increase ? And from how
much has it increased?
Paragraph 3 : Which country had a fairly large increase from 39.4 million to 44.5 m?
What is the increase of population in France ? What can you tell about the
U.K. and Italy?
Paragraph 4 : What happened to the population in Poland? What can you tell about the
population growth in Turkey?
Exercise 3 : Write a brief report describing
the information in the pie charts
Fill the blanks
This pie chart………………. how consumers

in the United Kingdom accessed the internet
in a variety of different
ways. ………………………….the
highest ……………………. at 45% used cable
to get their internet connection.
Next ……………….a ……………….. of the
population used mobile telephones for the
internet and nineteen ………………… of the
population used an old-fashioned dial-up
system. It should also be noted that Quarter / significant
a………………………. but…………………… minority/ proportion/
…………………….. of the population (12%) Shows
had no access to the internet at all. Small/ Significantly/
almost/ per cent
REFERENCES
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3U1Y1jgGls
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1uAImH4GwA
THANKYOU FOR THE
GRAPHY SESSION !

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GRAPHS

Presenter : Mayuri Gunesinghe

WE USE GRAPHS TO ANALYSE DATA.

Dramatic A dramatic shift Dramatically Shifts dramatically

Adjective Example Adverb Example

Consistent A consistent flow Consistently Flowed consistently

Steady A steady movement Steadily Moved steadily

Constant Constant shift Constantly Shifted constantly

Adjective Example Adverb Example

Marginal A marginal change Marginally Had changed

Modest A modest increase Modestly Increases modestly

“marginal” is a particularly useful word for describing very small changes

Example for a verb: The sales increased in the first 6 months.

Example for a verb : The sales dropped from 2m to 1 m

Example for a noun : There was a drop of sales from 1m.

*These words are usually for line graphs

 2. General Overview : Highlight key/major features (minimum of 2 feature but

 3. Paragraph 1 & Paragraph 2 :

 Para 1 – sectors with increasing trends

 Use pie chart language – account for / comprises of / represents

 3. Paragraph 1 : Write about increasing trends

 4. Paragraph 2 : Write about decreasing trends

The graph shows the consumption of 3 spreads from 1981 to 2007

Paragraph 1 : What is the bar graph about ?

This pie chart………………. how consumers

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