AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

VISION OF COLLEGE
 

“To be a center of excellence for developing technocrats with moral and social

ethics to face the global challenges for the sustainable development of the society.”
  
 
MISSION OF COLLEGE

We at Anjuman College of Engineering & Technology are committed:

To create conducive academic culture for the learning and identifying career goals.

To provide quality technical education, research opportunities and imbibe

entrepreneurship skills, contributing to the socioeconomic growth of the nation.

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To inculcate values and skills, that will empower our students towards

development through technology

 Vision of the Mechanical Department:

“To impart technical education for facing challenges with humane

approach for sustainable development in Mechanical Engineering.”

 Mission of the Mechanical Department:

1. To provide an environment for technical knowledge gain for overall

development of students.

2. To create awareness and provide environment for research.

3. To instill spirit, commitment and develop skills in students for socio economic
development.
4. To guide students for adopting engineering approach to conserve natural
resources.
Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

1. To have strong aptitude and fundamental knowledge in mechanical engineering

for successful career.
2. To take up research based improvement to provide solutions for technical
problems of society.
3. To resolve societal, technical /business challenges to hone personal
development.
4. Enhance professional progress and technical understanding through continuing
education for sustainable development.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

1. Able to apply, analyze mechanical engineering knowledge for sustainable

development of society and self.
2. Able to effectively communicate in small and large teams and work as a team
member
3. Able to use creativity in design, thermal, industrial engineering to improve
mechanical systems and processes.
 BEME702T3: ELECTIVE – I: AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING (Theory)
Course Outcome
   
CO No Student shall be able to understand and define
fundamental working principles and technologies in automotive
CO702.1: engineering.
 

different types of semiautomatic & automatic transmission and its

CO702.2: application. 
 

Various types of brakes used in modern automotive vehicle

CO702.3:  

Principle and functioning of steering and suspension system for

CO702.4: advanced Automobile.
 

Electrical system and air conditioning used in automobile. 

CO702.5:
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Body and Safety Considerations and Modern Developments in
CO702.6: Automobiles 
BEME702T3: ELECTIVE – I: AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING (Theory)
CREDITS: 04
Teaching Scheme Examination Scheme
Lectures: 3 Hours/Week Duration of Paper: 03 Hours
Tutorial: 1 Hour/Week University Assessment: 80 Marks
College Assessment: 20 Marks

Course Objectives and Expected Outcomes: This course is

designed to understand the basic concepts of automobile and
its components. It includes information of different chassis,
frame, power plant, clutch, gear box, transmission system,
brakes, steering systems, wheels, tyres, suspension systems
and electrical systems used in automobile. At the end of this
course, students will be able to understand the basics about
the vehicle, its components and recent advances in 1
automobiles.
UNIT – I [ 8 Hrs.]
Introduction, Automobile history and development.
Chassis and Frame: Layout of chassis & its main components. Types of frames, conventional frames and
unitized chassis, articulated, rigid vehicles, prime movers, hybrid car & electric car.
Power Plant: Constructional features of different types of engines used in automobiles. Fuel supply systems,
cooling systems, lubrication systems.

UNIT – II [ 8 Hrs.]
Clutch: Necessity, requirements of a clutch system. Types of Clutches, centrifugal clutch, single &
multi plate clutch, fluid clutch.
Gear Box: Necessity of transmission, principle, types of transmission, sliding mesh, constant mesh,
synchromesh, transfer gear box, gear selector mechanism, lubrication and control. Torque
converter, semiautomatic & automatic transmission.

UNIT – III [ 8 Hrs.]

Transmission system: Propeller shaft, universal joint, Hotchkiss drive, torque tube drive.
Differential – Need and types. Rear axles and Front axles.
Brakes: Need & types, mechanical, hydraulic & pneumatic brakes, electrical brakes, engine exhaust
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brakes, drum and disc brakes, comparison and details of components. Brake adjustment.
UNIT – IV [ 8 Hrs.]

Steering systems: principle of steering, center point steering, steering linkages, steering geometry
and wheel alignment, power steering.
Suspension systems: Function of spring and shock absorber, conventional and Independent suspension
system, Telescopic shock absorber, linked suspension systems, rubber, plastic, hydro & pneumatic suspension
system.
.
UNIT – V [ 8 Hrs.]
Electrical systems: Battery construction, maintenance, testing and charging, cutout, lighting circuit, horn,
side indicator, wiper and panel board instruments. Battery, magneto and electronic ignition systems.
Automobile air-conditioning.
Wheels and Tyres: Types of wheels, wheel dimensions, tyre, desirable tyre properties, types of tyres,
comparison of radial and bias-ply tyres, tyre construction, tyre materials, factor affecting tyre life, precautions
regarding the tyres and wheel balancing.

UNIT – VI [ 8 Hrs.]
Body and Safety Considerations and Modern Developments in Automobiles: Requirements of automobile
body, materials for body work, safety considerations, crash worthiness. Recent advances in automobiles such
as ABS, electronic power steering, Active suspension, collision avoidance, intelligent lighting, navigational 1
aids and electronic brake distribution system.
LIST OF TUTORIALS: (Minimum 8)

1) Introduction, automobile history and development.

2) Study of different types of frames, conventional frames & unitized
Chassis.
3) Study of different types of engines used in automobiles.
4) Discussion and demonstration of Clutches.
5) Discussion and demonstration of Gear box.
6) Discussion and demonstration of Brakes.
7) Discussion on different steering systems.
8) Discussion on precautions regarding the tyres and wheel balancing.
9) Study of automobile air-conditioning.
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10) Safety considerations, crash worthiness.
11) Recent advances in automobiles.
12) Visit to automobile service station/Industry.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Automobile Engineering Vol. I & II, Kirpal Singh, Standard Publishers.
2. Automotive Mechanics, Joseph Heitner, East West Press.
3. Automobile Engineering, R.K.Rajput, Laxmi Publications.
4. Automobile Engineering R.B. Gupta, Satya Prakashan New Delhi
5. Course in Automobile Engineering, Sharma R. P, Dhanpat Rai and Sons.
6.Automobile Engineering, Ramakrishna, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Automobile Mechanics, Crause, W.H., Tata McGraw Hill.
2. Vehicle and Engine Technology, Heinz Heisler, Arnold London.
3. Automotive Engines, Srinivasan S., Tata McGraw Hill.
4. Motor Vehicle Technology, J.A. Dolan, Heinemann Educational Books.
5. Automobile Engineering Vol. I, II & III, P. S. Gill, Kataria and Sons. 1

6. Automobile Engineering, K.K. Jain, R.B. Asthana, Tata McGraw Hill.

 UNIT-I

Introduction

CHASSIS
 What is an ‘Automobile’??

• A vehicle producing power within itself for its

propulsion is known as a Self propelled vehicle.
• Eg. Moped, Scooter, motorcycle, Car, jeep, truck,
tractor, ships, aircrafts, rocket etc.

• A self propelled vehicle used for transportation of

goods & passengers on the ground is called an
Automobile.
• Different from Aeronautical vehicles (planes,
helicopters, rockets) & marine vehicles (ships, boats,
submarines)
Definition of Automobile
• Automobile is a “Self Propelled
vehicle” generally driven by IC Engine
and it is used for transportation of
passengers & goods on ground – W. H.
Crouse.
• Car, Bus, Truck, Scooter etc.
Examples :
 History of Automobiles

Captain Nicholas Joseph Cugnot – French Army – built the first self propelled vehicle in 1768-70
 First Automobile

Cugnot Steam Trolley, Steam Engine powered, 1768

 Karl Benz

Inventor of the first gasoline powered automobile, 1886

 History

Invention of Wheel is major milestone in human history after fire

Horse Carts
 History – 1869 Captain Nicholas Cugnot
(French) build first Automobile

2.5mph (4.02 Kmph) in 15 minutes – 3 Wheeler

Steam Steering
1769 Cugnot Steamer in Piston'
HD.mp4 s

Steam
Generator

Rear Wheel /
Axle
Front Wheel
1801 – Richard threvithrick – Firs Steam
Carriage
TREVITHICK'S PUFFING DEVIL
ON TREVITHICK DAY 2017.mp4
Chimney

Trevithick was born in 1771 in a

mining village in Cornwall,
England. He was a terrible
student–his teachers thought he
Steam
was a “disobedient, slow,
Generator obstinate, [and] spoiled boy” who
would never amount to anything,
and in fact he was basically
Wheels illiterate his entire life–but he loved
to tinker with tools and machines6.
Puffing DEVIL
1885 – Benz Motors in Germany developed
first Vehicle propelled with IC Engine

videoplayback.mp4

7
…Contd
• 1897 – Mr. Foster from Crompton greaves,
borrowed first motor car in india
• 1901 - Mr. Jamshed Ji TATA was the
INDIAN first
to own a motor car .

Sir Jamshed Ji
TATA
Classification of Automobiles
• Purpose • Construction
• Passenger Carriers – Car, Bus • Single unit
• Goods Carriers - Trucks • Articulated – Eg. Trailers,
• Fuel Used • Tractors
• Petrol Drive
• Diesel Gas • Left hand
• Electric • Right Hand
•
• Steam – not in use Number of Wheels
• Capacity • Two Wheeler
• HMV – Trucks, Buses • Three Wheeler
• LMV – Tempo, Jeeps • Four Wheeler
•
Body
• hatchback
• Sedan
• Convertibles
• Station
SpecialWagons
Purpose -Vehicles
Vans
Engine
SI – Spark Ignition
CI – Compression Ignition
Two Stroke
Four Stroke
Chassis & Other
important Parts

Vehicle BODY
UNIT-I

CHASSIS
Chassis
Main Supporting

Structure of

vehicle consist of

almost all major

parts except

automobile body
Key component of Chassis is Frame
Frame Have 3 different types
1. Conventional frame
2. Integral Frame
3. Semi Integral Frame

Functions of Frame
• To support chassis components & body
• Withstand the static & dynamic load of different components
of chassis
• To withstand load of the body
• To carry load
• To withstand stresses caused due to uneven road conditions.
• To withstand force caused due to turning of the vehicles &
sudden braking or acceleration.
FRONT
REAR
17
 Frame Cross Sections

Channel Section – Good Resistance to Bending

Box Section – Good Resistance to both bending
and torsion
Tubular Section – Good Resistance to torsion.
Types of Chassis
• According to layout
• Conventional
• Forward
• Semi forward
• According to mounting of engine and
transmission
• Engine at front
• Engine fitted in front but crosswise
• Engine fitted at the center of the chassis
• Engine fitted at the back
According to mounting of
Component of Chassis

• Front Engine Rear Wheel Drive

• Front Engine Front Wheel Drive

• Rear Engine Rear Wheel Drive

• All Wheel Drive

Conventional Chassis

Affects visibility of driver

Engine is fitted in front of the driver cabin or driver seat such as in

cars.
Chassis portion can not be utilized for carrying passengers and goods

Heavy Engine can be fitted, which can used to give more power
 Semi Forward Chassis

• Half portion of the engine is in the driver cabin & and remaining
half is outside the cabin such as in Tata trucks / Tempos

• In this arrangement a part of the chassis is utilized for carrying

extra passengers
 Forward Chassis

• Complete engine is mounted inside the driver cabin, Driver seat

is just above the front wheel.

• More Boot Space Available as full utilization of

chassis
 Engine at front
• Conventionally the engines
are fitted at front & drive is
given to the wheels from the
“rear”
• Advantages
• Enough space is available for
luggage behind the rear seat
• The weight of vehicles is well
balance
• Increased efficiency of
cooling system
24
 Engine fitted in front but crosswise
• This front engine layout
requires very small space to
fit the engine. Hence, most
compact cars use this layout
which has very small space to
accommodate the engine.
• Design is more complicated
as compared to the
longitudinally placed engine.
This is because it does not
leave enough space for
accessories.
Engine is mounted at center
• Mid-engine, rear-wheel drive
format can be considered the
original layout of automobiles.
• Drive is given to the rear.
• Equal Distribution of weight.
• Largest drawback of mid-engine
cars is restricted rear passenger
space;
• Consequently most mid-engine
vehicles are two-seat vehicles.
• The engine in effect pushes
the
passenger compartment
forward
towards the front axle (if
engine is
behind driver).
Engine Fitted at back
• Flat floor is available since
long propeller shafts are
eliminated
• With elimination of
propeller shaft the center
of gravity lowered giving
stable driving
• Better adhesion on road
specially when climbing
hill
Other important chassis types
• Tabular Space Frame
• Monocoque Frame
• Backbone Frame

28
 Tubular Frame
• It is 3-dimensional design
• Tubular space frame
chassis employs dozens
of circular section tube,
positions indirections
different to
provide mechanical strength
against force from anywhere.
• These tubes are welded &
forms a very complex
structure.
• Fo r highe r stre ngth required
by sports cars, tubular space
frame chassis usually
incorporate a strong structure
under both doors.
Advantages & Dis advantages
• Very strong in any • Very complex , costly
direction (compared and time consuming to
with ladder chassis and be built.
Monocoque chassis of • It engages a lot of
the same weight) spaces rise the door seal
and result in difficult to
access to the cabin.
• Impossible for
robotized production.
Monocoque

Monocoque is a one-piece structure which defines

overall shape of the car. while ladder, tabular &
backbone provide only stress members.
Today 99% car produced in this planet are made of
steel Monocoque chassis.
Chassis are made by welding of Several pieces. (Spot
Welding )
Monocoque is made of steel
31
Advantages & Disadvantages
• Space-efficiency. • It is very heavy.
• Monocoque chassis • Impossible for small
benefit crash production volume production.
because it uses a lot of • In case of accidents
metal. whole structure become
• Cheap for mass obsolete.
production
Back Bone Frame
• Similar to the body frame
design.
• It consist of a strong tubular
backbone (Usually
rectangular in C/s).
• A body is placed on the
structure.
• This type of chassis has been
used in numerous sports cars.
 Advantages & Disadvantages
• The vulnerable parts of the • Manufacturing the
drive shaft are covered by a is more
thick tube. The whole backbone
licatedchassis
an d m ore
system is extremely reliable. comp . How eve r, th m ore
costly
However, if a problem axles with e
- wheel drive
occurs, repairs are more are ne eded, ll the co st
complicated. benefit tur ns in f avor of
• The modular system enables backbone sis.
configurations of 2-, 3-, 4-, • chas
The backbone chassis is
5-, 6-, or 8-axle vehicles
with various wheel bases. heavier for a given torsional
stiffness than a uni-body.
The chassis gives no
protection against side
impacts.

34
Types of Vehicle
Layout
Or Chassis Layout

35
Front Engine Rear Wheel Drive

Engine

Transmission

Drive Shaft
Clutch
Final Drive
Front Engine Rear Wheel
Drive
• Most common type of layout.
• Engine Located at front and driving power is given
to rear wheels.
• Driving Power flows from engine to rear wheel
through various mechanical linkages.
Advantages & Disadvantages
• Better handling : - Accelerating force is applied to
the rear wheels, on which the down force increases,
due to load transfer in acceleration, making the rear
tires better able to take simultaneous acceleration
and curving than the front tires. ON DRY ROAD ONLY
Even weight distribution
• The division of weight between the front and rear
wheels has a significant impact on a car's handling,
and it is much easier to get a 50/50 weight
distribution in a rear wheel drive car.
Steering radius
• As no complicated drive shaft joints are required at
the front wheels, it is possible to turn them further
than would be possible using front wheel drive,
resulting in a smaller steering radius.
Less load at front axle
• The driving force is given at rear axle hence there is
no need to provide complex design on front axle.

Effective Cooling of the engine due to

exposure of cooling system to flowing air
Disadvantages
Decreased interior space – This isn't an issue in a vehicle
with a ladder frame like a pickup truck, where the space used
by the drive line is unusable for passengers or cargo. But in a
passenger car, rear wheel drive means: Less front leg room
(the transmission tunnel takes up a lot of space between the
driver and front passenger), less leg room for center rear
passengers (due to the tunnel needed for the drive shaft),
and sometimes less trunk space (since there is also more
hardware that must be placed underneath the trunk).
Less Inner space
Increased weight
• The drive shaft, which connects the engine at the
front to the drive axle in the back, adds weight.
There is extra sheet metal to form the transmission
tunnel. A rear wheel drive car will weigh slightly
more than a comparable front wheel drive car, but
less than four wheel drive.
Higher purchase price
• Due to the added cost of materials, rear wheel
drive is typically slightly more expensive to
purchase than a comparable front wheel drive
vehicle.
.
Front Engine Front Wheel Drive

Engine

Transmission

Final Drive
Front Engine Front Wheel
Drive
• In this type the engine is
mounted on the front side
of the vehicle and the
driving power is given to
the front wheels only.
• The power flows from
engine to front axle.
• This type of arrangement
have additional sub type
i.e. front mounted cross
engine.
Advantages
• Interior space:
• Since the powertr is a single unit contained in the
ain of the vehicle, there is no need
to devote
engine interior space for a driveshaft tunnel or
compartment
rear differential, the volume available for
increasing and cargo.
passengers
Engine
Inner
SPAC
E
Better handling on slippery
surface
• Slippery-surface traction: placing the mass of the
drivetrain over the driven wheels
improves traction on wet, snowy, or icy surfaces.

Improved drive train efficiency

• The direct connection between engine and
transaxle reduce the mass and mechanical inertia
of the drivetrain compared to a rear-wheel drive
vehicle with a similar engine and transmission,
allowing greater fuel economy.
Disadvantages
• Less Turning Radius
• The drive shafts may limit the amount by which the
front wheels can turn, they are generally unable to
make the.
• More Weight on front results in rapid wear of
front tires.
• Front-wheel drive has worse acceleration than
rear-wheel drive, which is why most sporty and
race cars use rear-wheel drive.
Steering FWD VS RWD VS
AWD
FWD VS RWD
Rear Engine Rear Wheel Drive
54
Advantages
• Weight over rear wheels, increased traction while
accelerating.
• Front axle construction is simplified.
• Absence of propeller shaft results in decrease of
floor height.
• Engine components mounted at rear of rear axle
hence more space is available.
Disadvantages
• Separate cooling mechanism is needed for
effective cooling of the engine as the engine is
mounted at rear.
• More load on rear side may result in overturning
(Over steer) of the vehicle.
• Longer linkages are required to operate clutch,
gears from driver.
All wheel Drive
AWD or 4WD

4 wheels can be engaged only

All wheels Always
in difficult terrain.
engaged.
In normal condition power is
Safe and advantageous
given to rear wheels only.
over 4WD
Advantages
• 4WD improves traction in dangerous driving
conditions, such as snow, ice, rocks, and other
scenarios that can make control difficult. By
engaging both sets of wheels, traction and control
improves.
• Additional weight contributes to better grip on the
road.
• 4WD is great for those who like off-roading.
Disadvantages
• The main disadvantage of 4WD is added cost for
purchase, maintenance, and fuel. The extra equipment
(differentials, transfer case, etc.) adds complexity and
weight to the vehicle, increasing initial market value,
• tire wear, and the cost of repairs and maintenance.
The added power and weight of 4WD and AWD
systems require more fuel, making them less efficient
than their 2WD counterparts.
•
Added weight improves traction and control, but it also
increases the braking distance required to make a
complete stop. Lighter vehicles can avoid collision
easier than heavier vehicles.