CHAPTER 2 SLIDE

2
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this lesson, you are expected to:
1. recognize different models of planning;
2. recall different tools and data needed for tourism
planning;
3. name the major elements of a tourism development plan;
4. identify the special features of ecotourism planning
process;
5. evaluate tourism resources and tourism sites according to
established criteria;
6. make projections on supply of rooms; and
7. enumerate the components of a tourism development
plan digest.
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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PLANNING MODELS
Basic Planning Model (Patrick
Geddes)

1. Survey 2. Analyze 3. Plan

Steps (Hall 1975)

1. Gather data and information.
2. Analyze the data collected and detect
trends.
3. Make a plan.
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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Systematic Planning Process (Brian McLoughlin

1969)
1. Decide
to plan

2. Set
6. Monitor
goals and
results
objectives

5. Choose 3. Study
course of courses of
action action

4. Evaluate
courses of
action
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Rational Planning Model (Hudson 1979 in Lew

2007)
Steps
1. Identify a problem.
2. Identify a goal or goals.
3. Collect background data.
4. Identify guidelines for assessing alternative
plan scenarios.
5. Identify alternative plan scenarios, including
policies and guidelines to achieve the goal.
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6. Assess alternative plan scenarios using the

pre- defined assessment guidelines.
7. Select the preferred alternative.
8. Implement the plan.
9. Monitor, evaluate, and revise the implementation.
10. Identify new problems and begin the process
again.
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VICE Planning Model (New Zealand

TRREC)
• VICE – visitors, industry, communities, and
environment
• TRREC emphasizes the central role of consultation
in the planning process.

Why consultation is important:

• to provide information to stakeholders
• to encourage stakeholders to present their views
• to explain the scope of consultation to
all stakeholders
• to give reasons for decisions by local authorities
to proceed or cancel a tourism project
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Components of Strategic
Planning
• Vision – the future state and achievements
required for tourism
• Goals – broad-based targets for tourism
(qualitatively stated)
• Objectives – specific measures of
achievements (quantitatively stated)
• Strategies – the methods by which objectives will
be achieved
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National Tourism Development Plan (NTDP)

Model
1. Situation analysis

2. Goals, vision, and strategies

3. Action plan

4. Budget estimates

5. Implementation mechanism
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UN World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

Model
1.Study
preparation

2. Background
research

3. Objectives

4. Strategies

5.Report writing
and presentation

6.Implementation
and monitoring
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Ecotourism Planning
Model
1. Site Assessment 2. Ecotourism Plan

a.Preliminary a. Site profile

site evaluation b.Tourism
(PSE) situation
b.Full site c.Issues and
assessment (FSA) concerns
d. Ecotouris
planning
m for the
site
e. Vision, goals,
and objectives
f. Component
strategies
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1a. PSE
Questions
i. Are there potential natural or cultural attractions
in the area?
ii. Can visitor access to the attractions be
easily established?
iii. Can the attractions be protected at an
acceptable level from the impacts of visitation?
iv. Is the area free of security problems or natural
hazards that cannot be effectively controlled by
the management of the area or local authorities?
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v. Does the protected area (PA) have sufficient

management and administrative authority to
effectively manage implementation and
monitoring of an ecotourism program at site
vi. Islevel?
there a reasonable expectation that initial
funding needed to develop ecotourism will be
available?
vii. Are the PA managers, tour operators, and
communities willing to conform to the
ecotourism guidelines?
viii.Will visitation improve biodiversity health or
reduce threats to conservation targets?
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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1b.
FSA Review of existing
i.ii. Field
data work
iii. Interviews of key informants
iv. Questionnaire and surveys
v. Consultative meetings and
workshops
vi. Preparation of an FSA Report
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1bvi. FSA Report

Coverage
1) Natural resources and features
2) Cultural resources
3) Protected area management
4) Visitor patterns, activities, and infrastructure
5) Tourism plans and policies
6) Communities (population and economic
activities)
7) Partnerships
8) Marketing and promotion
9) Opportunities and threats
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2. Ecotourism Plan
Components
a. Site profile
b. Tourism situation
c. Issues and concerns
d. Ecotourism planning for the
site
e. Vision, goals, and objectives
f. Component strategies
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2f. Component
Strategies
i. Zoning – identifies where specific activities will take
place
ii. Visitor site plan and design – consists detailed,
large- scale map of the specific site
iii. Sustainable facilities design – requires that structures
and activities are “fully integrated and in harmony
with the ecosystem and its environmental features
and
constraints”
iv. Visitor management – an administrative action aimed
at maintaining the quality of park resources and visitor
experiences
v. Revenue generation – activities that serve to make
money for the site such as user fees
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2fii. Visitor Site Plan and Design Considerations

• Capacity
• Density
• Slope
• Vegetation
• Wildlife
• Views
• Natural hazards
• Energy and
utilities
• Water
• Visitor circulation
The entrance to the Puerto Princesa Underground
River.
Photo credit: Helen de la Cruz
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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2fiii. Facilities are sustainably designed if

they:• preserve ecosystems, natural landscapes, and
special species;
• minimize habitat loss and weed and pest
invasions;
• incorporate natural landscape features;
• minimize environmental impacts and suit the
landscape (or seascape);
• use water and energy efficiently;
• minimize waste and adopt recycling strategies;
and
• minimize impacts from noise, lighting sources,
and on air quality.
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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2fiv. Visitor Management Strategic

Approaches
• Managing the supply of tourism or visitor
opportunities (space and time availability)
• Managing the demand for visitation
(restricting length of stay, total numbers, or
type of use)
• Managing the resource capabilities to handle
use (site hardening )
• Managing the impact of use (modifying the
type of
use, dispersing, or concentrating use)
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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Visitor Management
Techniques
• Regulating access by area (zoning)
• Regulating visitation by visitor type
(through pricing)
• Implementing entry or user fees
• Providing interpretation programmes and
facilities
• Regulating visitor behavior (codes of
conduct)
• Concentrating on allowing accredited
organizations to bring visitors to the site
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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TOOLS AND DATA REQUIREMENTS

FOR TOURISM PLANNING
Situation Analysis
1. Socio-economic situation
2. Land use
3. Infrastructure
4. Tourist attractions
5. Visitor and supply data
6. Existing plans and
programs
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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1. Socio-economic
Situation
• Population at base and projected year
• Economic indicators at base and projected year
(GDP, GRDP)
• Employment in tourism at base and projected
year

2.Land Use (LGU’s Comprehensive Land Use Plan)

• Land use classification
• Area in hectares and percent of total area
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
25

3.
Infrastructure
• Airport (e.g., name, runway length,
terminal capacity, problems and
constraints)
• Seaport
• Roads
• Water supply
• Sewerage
• Power supply
• Telecommunication
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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4. Tourist
Attractions
• Policies (e.g., General Types of
conservation, land use) Attractions
• Historical background • Natural
• Access from ports and • Historical
terminals • Cultural
– Distance • Industrial
– Travel time • Sports and recreational
– Frequency • Shopping
– Schedule • Customs and traditions
– Fare • Special events
– Seating capacity • Health and wellness
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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5. Visitor and Supply

Data• Visitor arrivals at major entry
points (airports/seaports)
• Visitor profile
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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Visitor (demand ) data that need to be

organized:
a. Total Overnight Visitors (V) = Total Number of
Respondents – (Residents + Same-day Visitors
+ Domestic VFR Tourists)
b. Total Guest-nights (GN) = V x Average Length
of Stay in Nights (LOS)
c. Occupancy Rate (OR) = Total Number of
Rooms Occupied/Total Number of Rooms
Available
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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d. Room-nights (RN) = Number of Rooms Occupied

(R) x LOS
e. Total Guest-night (GN) = Room-nights (RN)
x Average Number of Guest/Room
f. Rooms Needed/per Time Period = [(V x
LOS)/Average Number of Persons per
Room]/Average Occupancy Rates/Number of
Nights per Time Period
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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Visitor Profile (from questionnaire

survey)
• Place of residence
(province/country)
• Age
• Sex
• Number of nights of stay
• Number and type of companion
• Places visited
• Expenditure
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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Supply
Data
• Accommodation Establishment (AE):
– Total number of rooms available by size
– Total number of AEs by type (e.g.,
hotel, homestay)
– Number of rooms by type
– Classification of AEs by size (small,
medium, large*)
* Refer to textbook for ranges
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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• Tourism Service Industries (business name,

major activities and specialty, contact person,
website, telephone, email)
– Tour operators
– Travel agents
– Tour guides
– Souvenir shops
– Restaurants
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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6. Existing plans and programs from the following

sources:
• Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP)
• Comprehensive Development Plan
• Provincial Physical Framework Plan
• Regional Tourism Development Plan
• National Tourism Development Plan
• Philippine Medium-term Development
Plan
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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Tools for Situation

Analysis
• Analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses,
Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) Analysis
– Strengths – internal, controllable factors
where
you are good at
– Weaknesses – internal controllable factors
that need improvement
– Opportunities – external uncontrollable
trends that can enhance the viability of a
destination
– Threats – external uncontrollable trends that
could place your destination at risk
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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• Strength can be the basis for the

destination’s comparative and competitive
advantage(s).
– Comparative advantage is an attribute that gives
the destination a distinct edge over other places in
a particular aspect of tourism (e.g., Siargao –
surfing; Malaysia – affinity with Islamic culture).
– Competitive advantages are what people can do
to make use of the comparative advantage or
offset a weakness (e.g., technology, management,
etc.).
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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• Strengths can be developed around

aspects that are (Prof. de Leon Jr.):
– unique;
– excellent;
– authentic;
– indigenous;
– original;
– historic; and
– have superlative characteristics.
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
37

• As of Tourism
Framework
– Attractions – Administration
– Advantages – Attitude
– Access – Affluence
– Accommodation – Affordability
– Amenities –Arrival
– Activities
– Atmosphere
– Ability
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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• Other Analytical Tools

1. PEST (Political, Economic, Socio-cultural,
Technological) – a tool for analyzing the
macro- environmental forces that affect
tourism in the destination
Variation: Socio-cultural, Technological,
Environmental, Economic, Political, and
Legal (STEEPL)
2. Butler’s TALC – can help identify the stage of
the life cycle a destination is in
3. Ansoff Matrix – a tool for analyzing whether
a destination is facing a challenge of market
development, product development, or both
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
39

4. BCG Growth-Share Matrix – a portfolio planning

model that classifies a company’s business units
based on combinations of market growth and
market share in relation to the largest
competitor
5. VRIO Model – a tool that analyzes tourism resources
in terms of their value, rarity, inimitability, and
being organized
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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Evaluation Tool for Tourism Attraction and

Sites
Criteria
1. Tourist appeal
2. Accessibility
3. Activities and
products
4. Facilities and services
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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1. Tourist Appeal Each criterion is rated on

Criteria
• Uniqueness a scale of 1 to 4, with 4
being the highest.
• Historical value
• Socio-cultural
For example:
value
uniqueness
• Natural aesthetic
4: One of a kind
• Visitor traffic
3: 2–3
similarities
2: 4–5
similarities
1: 6 or more
attractions
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
42

2. Accessibility Example: travel time

Criteria
• Distance 4: Within 1 hour
• Travel time 3: More than 1 hour to
• Type of road 2 hours
• Means of 2: More than 2 hours to
transport 3 hours
1: More than 3 hours
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3. Tourism Activities and Products

Criterion: Variety
4: With 4 or more
activities/products
3: With 3 activities/products
2: With 2 activities/products
1: With 1 activity/product
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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4. Tourism Facilities and Services

4: With 6 or more facilities and
services 3: With 4 to 5 facilities and
2: With 2 to 3 facilities and
services
services
1: With at least 1 facility/service
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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Evaluation Criteria for Designating Tourism

Development Areas
1. Transportation
2. Tourism service facilities
3. Accommodation
establishments
4. Infrastructure
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
46

Required Data for

Evaluation
1. Inventory of tourism attractions
2. Number of rooms by type of AE
3. Development plan of LGU (CLUP or PPFP)
4. Maps showing location, network, or
service areas of infrastructure
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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1. 3. AE Facilities within the

•
Transportation
Travel time from airport or TDA/TDC: Number of Rooms
provincial main seaport (in 4. Infrastructure at TDA Service
hours) to TDA service Center/Town
center • Water supply (distance
• Conditions and capacity from supply main or water
of airport or main plant/water resource)
seaport
• • Sanitation (sewerage
Transport services at
airport system and solid waste
or main seaport collection)
• Road conditions • Power [distance from
from gateway town supply main or power plant
to TDA service (linear meters)]
center • Telecommunications
2. Tourism Service Facility
• Guide signs and
information board for
tourists
• Visitor service facility at
TDA/TDC service center
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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Target Setting
Methods
• Local tourism plan indicates future targets for
(a) tourist arrivals, (b) number of rooms
required, and (c) number of jobs to be
generated.
• Targets can be based on local estimates or
the national figures.
• Total number of rooms required (TRR)
is computed using the following
formula:
TRR = (TRN)/AOR/365
(nights)* Where:
TRN = total room nights and AOR =
average occupancy rate
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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• Visitor arrival target can be based on average

growth rate during the past years (e.g., past five
years).
• Employment target includes 3–5 people per room
built; with 2 direct employments out of 5 per
room built.
• The final target set may be lower or higher
than national average depending on expected
socio- economic impact of development
projects in the area.
• Final targets should be made in consultation
with stakeholders.
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
PLANNING DIGEST
• a summary of the tourism development plans of
cities and municipalities
• serves as a communication tool among
stakeholders, decision makers, and potential
investors
• consists of eight (8) pages
• with cover page title: “Tourism Development Planning
Digest”; the name of the Province/City/Town; the
names of the Governor/Mayor, City/Town Planning and
Development Officer; and the Tourism Officer
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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COMPONENTS OF A
TOURISM MASTER PLAN
• Gender and development
• Product development
• Infrastructure development plan
• Site plan (facilities)
• Marketing plan
• Human resource development plan
• Investment plan
(Each section must contain its own situation
analysis, statement of objectives, strategies, action
plan, and budget.)
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. What are the different models of planning?
2. What are the major elements (sections) of a
tourism master development plan?
3. How does ecotourism planning differ from
the mainstream (regular) tourism planning?
4. What are the components of a tourism
development
plan digest?
5. What do you think is the purpose of a
digest?
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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EXERCISES
1. Compute the following using the given:
a. Total overnight visitors (V) • Number of domestic tourists
b. Total rooms required visiting friends and relatives
(TRR) = 205,000
• Number of same-day
Given:
• Total number of arriving foreign tourists = 16,000
passengers surveyed =
• Number of foreign tourists
502,300
visiting friends and relatives
• Number of residents of = 10,000
the island = 203,000
• Average length of stay = 3
• Number of same-day nights
domestic
• Average number of guest
tourists = 45,000
per room = 1.5
• Average occupancy rate =
80%
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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2. Answer the following based on your

computation:
a. Is there a shortage or oversupply of rooms
if the town has a total of 250 rooms?
b. How can you increase the demand for rooms
if the number of overnight tourists actually
declined? How can you make tourists stay
longer?
c. If the number of rooms cannot be
increased, what else can you do to
accommodate the increased number of
tourists?
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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ACTIVITY
1. Form a group of four members each. Go to a city
or town website. Come up with an inventory of
tourism resources. Prioritize the resources to be
developed or promoted according to the
evaluation criteria proposed by the DOT-JICA as
presented in this chapter. Your group must
deliberate on your scores. Be able to justify your
choices.
 CHAPTER 2 SLIDE
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2. Visit your City or Municipal Tourism Office and

ask about their tourism planning procedure.
a. How does it compare with the tourism
planning models you learned in this chapter?
b. What are the key issues (problems,
constraints, concerns) they face in tourism
planning?
c. How does planning for a city or town’s
tourism development differ from planning for
a tourism enterprise?
d. How does ecotourism planning differ
from other tourism planning process?