ADMINISTRATE NETWORK AND

HARDWARE PERIPHERALS
Connect hardware peripherals
 What is Networking Hardware?

• Networking hardware includes all computers,

peripherals, interface cards and other
equipment needed to perform data-
processing and communications within the
network.
This section provides information on the following components:

• Network Servers
• Workstations
• Network Interface Cards
• Switches :- it is hardware device that filter and forward network
packet from one network to other(spesific pcs)(connecting pcs to the
network)
• Repeaters :- it use for regenerate the signal over the same network
• Routers :- it forward packets b/n computer networks.(when the data
comes into the line the device read the network address information
and ultimate destination)
• Firewalls :-is the security system which protect the system from
hacker.(manage and control incoming and outgoing traffic)
 File/Network Servers

• network server may provide access control, file sharing, printer

sharing, email, database, and other services.
• The network server may be responding to requests from many
network users simultaneously.
– For example, , receive a database file from another workstation etcThis
requires a computer that can store and quickly share large amounts of
information.
• budget is usually the controlling factor
– Fastest processor(s)
– Large amount of RAM
– multiple large, fast hard drives
– Extra expansion slots
– Fast network interface card(s)
 Workstations
• A typical workstation is a computer that is
configured with a network interface card,
networking software, and the appropriate
cables.
• Workstations do not necessarily need large
storage hard drives, because files can be saved
on the file server. Almost any computer can
serve as a network workstation.
 What is computer network?

• A Computer network is any collection of

independent computers that communicate
with one another over a shared network
medium.
– When computers and other devices connected
together is called a Network.
– The concept of connected computers sharing
resources such like files and/or peripheral devices
(Printer, Scanner) is called Networking.
 Advantage of Networking:

• Share Documents
• Exchange e-mail messages
• Live audio and video broadcast
• Using one device for many computers like
printer
• Sharing external memory like Hard disk.
• Security.
 Categorizing Network

• Categorizing network by Functional Relationship:

• 1. Peer-to-Peer
• 2. Client-Server
• Categorizing network by Its Coverage:
• 1. LAN (Local Area Network)
• 2. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
• 3. WAN (Wind Area Network)
• Categorizing network by Network Topology:
• 1. Bus Topology
• 2. Star Topology
• 3. Ring Topology
• 4. Mesh Topology
• 5. Hybrid Topology
 Category by Functional Relationship:

• Peer-to-Peer Networking:
• Peer-to-Peer (or P2P) network is a simpler
network in which each workstation has
equivalent capabilities and responsibilities
• nodes that simultaneously function as both
"clients" and "servers“.
 Advantages of a peer-to-peer network

• Less initial capital –

• No need for system administration (administrator)
• Setup – an operating system (such as windows XP)
• The way security established – users can set their own
security and shared
• Disadvantages of a peer-to-peer network
• Decentralized – no central repository for the files and
application.
• Security – does not provide the security available on a
client/server network.
 Client-Server Network

• In the environment with more than 10 users, a peer to peer

network will not possible. There need comes to use a
dedicated computer which (increase) the service of network
to clients quickly and ensure the security of files.
• Therefore, there will be one or more server computers which
serve other station (client) computers to optimized network
system.
• What is Server?
• Server is a dedicated computer that provide resources to
Network users or Client computers.
•
 Advantages of server-based network

• Centralized – resources and data security are controlled through the

server
• Flexibility – new technology can be easily integrated into system
• Interoperability – all components (client/network/server) work together
• Accessibility – server can be accessed remotely and across multiple
platforms.
• Disadvantages of server-Based computer networks
– Expensive – requires initial investment in dedicated server
– Maintenance – large networks will require a staff to ensure efficient operations
– Dependence- when a server goes down, operations will cease across the
network.
– Server may fail- incase the server failed, the entire network goes down
 Types of Server:

• File and Printer server

• - Mail server
• - Communication server
• - Directory service server
• - Application server
• - Fax server
• - Backup Server
 Category by Its Coverage

• LAN (Local Area Network)

– A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is (restricted) to a
relatively small area. It is generally limited to a geographic area
• lab, school, or building
• MAN (Metropolitan Area Network):
– Is a network that interconnects users with computer resources
in a geographic area or region
– larger than that covered by even a large local area network
(LAN) but smaller than the area covered by a wide area
network (WAN).
– interconnection of networks in a city or town
 WAN (Wide Area Networks)

• Wide area networking combines multiple

LANs that are geographically separate.
• connecting the different LANs using services
such as dedicated leased phone lines, dial-up
phone lines, satellite links, and data packet
carrier services.
– Example Internet.
Categorizing network by Network Topology:

• The term topology, or more specifically, network

topology, refers to the arrangement or physical
layout of computers, cables, and other components
on the network.
• “Topology” is the standard term that most network
professionals use when they refer to the network’s
basic design.
– Physical design
– Diagram
– Map
 Bus Topology

• It is often referred to as a “linear bus” because the computers are

connected in a straight line.
• This is the simplest and most common method of networking
computers.
• In a bus topology, all computers are connected to a shared
communication line, called a trunk or a backbone
• The computers are connected to the backbone using T-connectors.
• Both ends of the backbone use terminators in order to prevent
reflection of signals.
• If the terminator is missing or is deliberately removed, the data
transmissions are disrupt.
• There is no central device or any special configuration.
 Advantages

– A bus network is the cheapest of all topologies.

– No special configuration is required.
– It is easy to install, and no special equipment is
– needed for installation.
– It needs less cable length than do other topologies
• Disadvantages
– A break in cable or a missing terminator can
– bring down the entire network.
– It is not possible to add or remove computers
– without disrupting the network.
– It is difficult to troubleshoot and administer.
 Star Topology
• In a star topology, computers (also called nodes)
connect to each other through a central device,
called a hub or a switch
• A star network is a local area network (LAN) in
which all nodes (workstations or other devices)
are directly connected to a common central
Hub or Switch.
• Every workstation is indirectly connected to
each other through the central Hub or Switch.
 Advantages

– A star network is easy to implement.

– It can be easily expanded without affecting
– the network operation
– Failure of a single node or the connecting
– cable does not affect the entire network’s
– operation.
– It is easy to isolate nodes in order to
– troubleshoot problems.
• Disadvantages
– Failure of the central device (hub or switch) can bring down the entire network.
– The length of cable required is much more than ring and bus networks because
each node is connected separately.
– Cable length from the central device can be a limiting factor, depending on the
type of cable used.
 . Ring Topology
• In a ring topology, each computer is
connected to its neighboring computer to
form a logical ring.
• Data travels in the ring in a circular fashion
• from one computer to another, forming a
• logical ring.
 Advantages

– A ring network is relatively easy to install.

– There are fewer collisions because only one computer
transmits at a time.
• Disadvantages
– A break-in cable or a faulty computer can
– bring down the entire network.
– It is not as efficient as a star network.
– It is difficult to troubleshoot a ring network.
– The addition or removal of computers can disrupt
network operation
 Mesh Topology
• In a mesh topology, all computers in the
network are connected to every other
computer, forming a mesh of connections.
• Each computer makes a point-to-point
connection to every other computer.
 Two types of mesh topology

• In the full mesh topology, each node

(workstation or other device) is connected
directly to each of the others.
• In the partial mesh topology, some nodes are
connected to all the others, but some of the
nodes are connected only to those other
nodes with which they exchange the most
data.
 Advantages

– A mesh network is highly reliable because of redundant multiple

paths between computers.
– The failure of a single computer or a cable fault does not affect
network operations.
– Computers can be added or removed without affecting the
network.
• Disadvantages
– It is difficult to install and troubleshoot.
– It is very expensive because of the length of cable required to
make multiple redundant connections.
– Only a limited number of computers can be connected in a mesh
topology.
 Hybrid Topology
• It is combination of any two or more network
topologies. These instances can occur where
two
• basic network topologies, when connected
together, can still retain the basic network
character, and therefore not be a hybrid
network
 Network Transmission Media

• Transmission Media is the physical path

between the transmitter and the receiver in a
data communication system.
• There are 2 basic categories of Transmission
Media:
– A. Wire/Guided
– B. Wireless/Unguided.
• . Wire/Guided
– Transmission Media uses a "cabling" system that
guides the data signals along a specific path. The
data signals are bound by the "cabling" system.
Guided Media is also known as Bound Media.
• Wireless/Unguided
– Transmission Media consists of a means for the
data signals to travel but nothing to guide them
along a specific path
• Commonly there are three types of guided
transmission cable:-
– Twisted Pair Cable
– Coaxial Cable
– Optical fiber cable
 1. Twisted pair cable
• Twisted-pair cable consists of two insulated
strands of copper wire twisted around each other.
• The oldest, least expensive and most commonly
used transmission media.
– Two types of twisted-pair cable:-
• Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP)
• Shielded twisted-pair (STP) cable.

 
Types of twisted cabel
• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP
– is the most popular and is generally the best option for
school networks.
– The cable has four pairs of wire inside the jacket.
– It is the most commonly used cable types in LANs.
– It is made up of four twisted pairs enclosed in a plastic
jacket
– Depending on the bandwidth offered there are seven
types of UTP cables such as Cat-1,Cat-2,cat-3,cat-4,cat-
5,cat-6 and cat-7
– The Most commonly used UTP cables are category-5
cables and its bandwidth is 1000Mbps.
• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cable
• shielding makes it somewhat harder to install
• same 100 meters limit as UTP
• Rj 45 use to connect the cable
 Coaxial Cable
• Coaxial Cable consists of 2 conductors. The
inner conductor is held inside an insulator with
the other conductor woven around it providing
a shield.
• The outer shield protects the inner conductor
from outside electrical signals.
• Typical property for coaxial cables are 75 ohms
for Cable TV, 50 ohms for Ethernet Thinnet and
Thicknet.
 Optical Fiber
• An optical fiber consists of an extremely thin
cylinder of glass, called the core
• Two types of optical fiber are commonly
available: single-mode and multimode.
 LAN cables and connectors

Cable Type Maximum Maximum Advantages Disadvantages Connector

Speed Cable length used

STP 100Mbps 185m Resistant to EMI Expensive D-shell

connector

UPT 100Mbps 185m Inexpensive Not resistant to RJ-45

Easy to install EMI connector
Resistant to physical stress

Coaxial 10Mbps 185m, 500m or 10 Easy to install Not resistant to BNC

km Less sensitive to EMI than physical stress Connector
UTP/STP Expensive T-connector
compared to UTP Terminator

Optical 155Mbps- 10km depending Resistant to EMI Expensive SMA connector

Fiber 1000Mbps on the fiber type High data transfer rate Difficult to install
Cabling system
• Two cables at each work area:
• Voice:
– Unshielded twisted-pair, UTP cable.
• Data:
– Shielded twisted-pair, STP cable.
– Unshielded twisted-pair, UTP cable.
– Filer-optic cable.
– Coaxial cable.
 Three types of Ethernet cables are
available:
• Straight-through cable
– PC-to-HUB.
• Crossover cable
– PC-to-PC.
 • Straight-Through cable

1: White Orange 1: White Orange

2: Orange 2: Orange
3: White Green 3: White Green
4: Blue 4: Blue
5: White Blue 5: White Blue
6: Green 6: Green
7: White Brown 7: White Brown
8: Brown 8: Brown

PC HUB
 Crossover cable

1: White Orange 1: White Green

2: Orange 2: Green
3: White Green 3: White Orange
4: Blue 4: Blue
5: White Blue 5: White Blue
6: Green 6: Orange
7: White Brown 7: White Brown
8: Brown 8: Brown

P P
C C