POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH

PRESENTATION ON “The Role Of Veterinary,medical And Environment

Professionals To Achieve One Health”
BY : Sufian Abdo Jilo

Jimma, Ethiopia
October,2018
www.ju.edu.et VET. medicine JUCAVM
 INTRODUCTION

 The concept of ‘One Health’ represents a unique and

significant opportunity for vet.medicine to be in a leadership
role and to work collaboratively for ecosystem health for the
greater good of society.
About 75% of the emerging human infectious diseases are
directly or indirectly linked to animal e.g., zoonotic in
nature. This highlighted the importance of health scientists
(veterinarians, physicians, etc.) working together as co-equal
teams. Dealing with the implications of this collaborative
approach among all scientific disciplines involved.
Due to urbanization,
Globalization,
Deforestation,
Changes in human ecology and behavior,
 Animal has come more closely and close to people resulting
transmission and emergence of infections. so it is crucial for
two health professions (Physicians and Veterinarians )
 In addition leadership training for veterinarians and
physicians is needed to prepare both professions for greater
roles in influencing policy development
 Better education should be provided to the
next generation veterinarians and physicians to
improve knowledge of ecosystem health and
an understanding of the intricate and
sometimes delicate relationship between
animals, humans, and the environment.
 BRIEF HISTORY OF ROLE OF PROFESSIONAL
COOPERATION ON ‘ONE HEALTH

Veterinarian have generally been much more willing to

embrace the concept and value of one health than their
human medical colleagues.
 ‘One Health’ is a new phrase, but the concept was originated as far
back as to the time of Aristotle in 500 BC, who wrote the ‘Historia
Animalium’ to elaborate on the natural zoonotic history of animals.
 Effect of environmental factors on human health could be traced
by the Greek physician Hippocrates (c. 460 BCE – c. 370 BCE) in
his text ‘On Airs, Waters and Places’. Hippocrates provided insight
on other possible causations for disease in the human body, not just
from ‘humor’
The Italian Physician Giovani Maria Lancisi (1654–1720)
also talked on the role the environment in the spread of
disease in animals and humans.
Later on, Louis-René Villerme (1782–1863) and
Alexandre Parent-Duchatelet (1790–1835) talked about
linkages of human and animal health with environment
and developed the specialty of concept of public hygiene.
 The term ‘zoonosis’ was first sued by the German
physician and pathologist Rudolf Virchow in 19th
century.
 Canadian physician Sir William Osler (1849–1919)
was one of the pioneers appointed as faculty
combindly to work in the Montreal Veterinary
College and the Medical School of McGill
University.
 In USA, James H. Steele, a veterinarian first
established the veterinary public health section at the
CDC in 1947.
 The term ‘One Medicine’ was developed and
promoted by veterinary epidemiologist and
parasitologist Calvin in 1984.
 Cont………….
 The work of visionaries like Steele and Schwabe began
to slowly influence veterinary medical and medical
school curricula and public policy, as well as the
approach to research of both groups.
 Among the many ‘One Health’ research models in the
early 21st century, veterinarian orthopedist Dr. James L.
Cook and physician orthopedist Dr. Sonny Bal at the
University of Missouri have collaborated for over eight
years on efforts to develop knee and hip replacements
for humans and animals.
 Indeed, Dr. Cook’s using laboratory-grown cartilage for
knee and joint replacement in dogs is being studied by
Cook and Bal for adaptation to humans.
 In 2003, the term ‘One Health’ draw the attention
across the globe since it was mentioned in
Washington Post by Dr. William Karesh to describe
the outbreaks of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Africa.
 He said, ‘Human or livestock or wildlife health can't
be discussed in isolation anymore( One Health). And
the solutions require everyone working together on
all the different levels’. This was followed by a series
of conferences across the globe with the theme of
‘One World - One Health’.
 in 2008 FAO, OIE, and WHO collaborate with
UNICEF, UNSIC, and the World Bank to develop a
joint strategic framework in response to the evolving
risk of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases
and One Health becomes a recommended approach
and a political reality.
THE ROLE OF VETERINARY PROFESSIONALS TO
ACHIEVE “ONE HEALTH ”
 The increasing occurrence of emerging infectious
diseases indicates that bridging animal, human and
environmental health through the ‘One Health’
concept is becoming even more critical.
 Veterinarians can ideally provide this bridge with their
in-depth understanding of biological systems,
knowledge of disease processes and epidemiology,
experiences with diagnosing and managing diseases in
large populations of animals, and success in
eliminating and preventing infectious diseases .
 Veterinarians are, the first line of defense for
zoonotic diseases as well as for various toxicants that
occur naturally or by intentional terrorist attack.
 Veterinarians are in contact with a wide variety of
domestic and free-ranging animals, effective and
efficient diagnostic systems, and local and national
regulatory systems for animal health, food safety, and
public health.
 Besides these role, more integrated approach would
identify the factors that promote infectious disease
emergence as well as non-infectious diseases like
cancer, cardiovascular disease, obesity, orthopedic
conditions like osteoarthritis;
 More specifically, human joint prostheses developed
primarily by veterinarians in animals continue to serve
as significant models for human surgical replacements
of knees, hips and other joints.
 Also, the first flexible coil balloon expandable
intracoronary stent was developed for humans by a
research team including an interventional physician
cardiologist (a former veterinarian) and a pathologist
veterinarian in the early 1990s.
 Cont………….

 Nearly 100 percent of patients undergoing balloon

angioplasty for ‘heart attacks’ from heart vessel
blockages receive stents.
 One Health approach provides the opportunity for the
veterinarian to collaborate intimately with the
physician, public health officials, wildlife and
environmental health professionals for better
understanding of diseases affection human being and
animals.
THE ROLE OF MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS TO
ACHIEVE ‘ONE HEALTH

 In the past, a number of collaborative projects namely

e.g., the Eden Project and Rockefeller Foundation
Virus Program (1951-71) took efforts to control
various infectious diseases that involved the activities
of both veterinarians and physicians.
 Although there are cooperations between
veterinarians and physicians, isolated thinking
persists; specifically in the public health sector,
 for example, in the disputed case of human to pig
transmission of H1N1 in Alberta, Canada in early
2009, an official of the Canadian Food Safety Agency
(CFIA) complained about the lack of cooperation
between public and veterinary profession.
 In few cases, some medical physicians have seen
‘One Health’ as a veterinary ‘land-grab’
 Medical experts tend to be more focused on their own
and public health needs than on other species.
 Medical professionals are good at building areas of
specialization which certainly has its benefits, but
narrows their scope so much that they stop seeing the
forest for the trees.
 Now they are focusing on things that were
overlooked earlier, particularly concerned with
veterinary public health and food hygiene, zoonoses
etc. Schools of public health could now be the Centre
for more collaborative works to improve public
health situation of a locality.
 Medical schools need to incorporate more
courses on zoonotic diseases and zoonoses.
 In fact, it will be good to share courses and
practical exposures between these two
professions and could be achieved through
comparative medicine approach.
 THE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL
PROFESSIONALS TO ACHIEVE ‘ONE HEALTH’

 The term ‘ecosystem approaches to health’ or ‘eco-

health’ refers to inextricable linkages between
ecosystems, society and health of animals and
humans.
 Environment impacts the emergence of several
diseases. In the case of the emergence of
Hantavirus, a particularly wet season in the USA in
1993 led to increased vegetation, which increases
in arthropod and rodent populations- arthropods.
• Eleven Hantaviruses known to cause Hantavirus
pulmonary syndrome (HPS) are carried by a rats and
mice which shades in the urine and feces of carrier
animal without infecting them. Humans get the
infection from dust contaminated with urine and feces
of carrier animals.
• Several recent studies indicated that El Nin˜o-
Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a major source of
climate variability from year to year, influences
cycles of cholera.
• El Nin˜o events ccould be monitored by satellite
sensors and used to make predictions about the
severity of disease outbreaks and to predict when and
where major cholera epidemics are likely to occur.
• Similarly, the climate variability has influenced on
the other diseases such as malaria and dengue. The
prevalence of these diseases could be under the
influence of El Nin˜o.
 It could be speculated that the outbreak of plague in
central Africa during the 2004 to 2009 might also be
related to El Nin˜o cycles.
 Since the human activities plays a major role in the
climate change.
 the environmental professionals could play a vital
role along with other health professionals in adopting
measures to reduce the effect of human activities on
climate change so that One Health approaches could
be easily adopted.
 DEVELOPING COLLABORATION

The emerging of various infectious diseases worldwide

resulting from the changing
 in ecology
 agriculture practice
 climatic conditions
 animal migration
 virulence
 host resistance etc. poses an increasing threat to
people, livestock and wildlife .
 Cont
Most of these pathogens are bacteria or virus that over the
period of time somehow gets more virulence to trigger such
diseases. Many of these are moreover zoonotic in nature.
A strong collaboration between the veterinarians and
physicians are essential along with other expertise to
combat such emerging infections under the umbrella of
‘One Health’.
Various organizations organized meetings conferences and
workshops to promote such collaboration among concerned
(veterinarian, physician and environmental professional)
and so on.
 For example, in 1999, the Wildlife Diseases Association
and the Society for Tropical Veterinary Medicine and
organized a series of conferences under the banner
‘Working Together to Promote Global Health’.
 Later on, in 2001, the second series of these
conferences were organized at Pilanesberg, South
Africa on animal disease control, conservation,
sustainable food production and emerging diseases.
 The resolutions of the conferences were known as
‘Pilanesberg Resolution’.
 Cont………
later on mentioned as ‘Pilanesberg Resolution’ as one of
the key events to the early development of ‘One Health.
Around that time in New York, the WCS (Wildlife
Conservation Society) organized another conference to
focus the importance of understanding wildlife diseases
and ecology to address the emergence of new diseases, and
introduced the term ‘One World-One Health’ which
embraced both the ecosystem health and medicine.
The recommendation of this meeting to promote human
and animal health is now known as the ‘Manhattan
Principles’ because that the meeting was hosted by
Rockefeller University in Manhattan area at New York.
cooperations among many disciplines under the umbrella
of ‘One Health, fig
 TH END

00

www.ju.edu.et JUCAVM
 +
S
L
I
D
E

00

www.ju.edu.et JUCAVM
 REFERENCES
Atlas R (2013). One Health: its origins and future. Current Topics in
Microbiology and Immunology, 365: 1-13.
Atlas R, Carol R, Stanley M, Peter D, Rita C, Barbara H (2010).
One Health- attaining optimal health for people, animals, and the
environment.ASM
MicrobeMagazine,September.http://www.microbemagazine.org/inde
x.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2760:one-health-
attainingoptimal-health-for-people-animals-and-the-
environment&catid=653&Ite mid=868, Accessed on July 07, 2014.
Chaddock M (2012). Academic Veterinary Medicine and One
Health Education: It Is More than Clinical Applications. Journal of
Veterinary Medicine and Education, 39: 241-246.
Drake D (1832). A practical treatise on the history, prevention, and
treatment of epidemic cholera, designed both for the profession and
the people. Published by Cincinnati, Corey and Fairbank,
Washington, USA.
 FAO (2008). FAO/OIE/WHO/World Bank/UNICEF/ UN.
System influenza coordination. Contributing to One World, One
Health: a strategic framework for reducing risks of infectious
diseases at the animal-human-ecosystems interface. Geneva.
 Gibbs E (2014). The evolution of One Health: a decade of
progress and challenges for the future. Veterinary Record, 174:
85-91.
 Gibbs E, Bokma B (2002). The domestic animal/wildlife
interface: issues for disease control, conservation, sustainable
food production and emerging diseases. Annals of the New
York Academy of Sciences, Vol 969.
 John S. Mackenzie, Moira McKinnon, and Martyn
Jeggo(2014) One Health: From Concept to Practice page8:
182
 Kahn L, Kaplan B, Steele H (2007). Confronting zoonoses
through closer collaboration between medicine and veterinary
medicine (as 'one medicine'). Veterinaria Italiana, 43: 5-19.
 Karesh WB, Osofsky SA, Rocke TE, Barrows PL (2002).
Joining forces to improve our world. Conservation Biology,
16: 1432-1434
 LaBerge A (1992). Mission and Method. The Early
Nineteenth-Century French Public Health Movement.
Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, England.
 Lee K, Brumme Z (2013). Operationalising the One Health
approach: the global governance challenges. Health Policy and
Planning, 28:778-785.
 Mahendra P, Weldegebrial G and Md. Tanvir R(2014),The
roles of veterinary, medical and environmental professionals to
achieve One Health J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 1(4): 148-155.
 Okello A, Gibbs E, Vandersmissen A, Welburn S (2011). One
health and the neglected zoonoses: turning rhetoric into reality.
Veterinary Record, 169: 281-285.
 Olabode HO, Kazeem HM, Raji MA, Ibrahim ND, Nafarnda
WD (2014). Geo-spatial distribution of serologically detected
bovine Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) serotype outbreaks in
Ilesha Baruba, Kwara State-Nigeria. Journal of Advanced
Veterinary and Animal Research, 1: 94-99.
 Osburn B, Scott C, Gibbs P (2009). One World - One
Medicine - One Health: Emerging veterinary challenges and
opportunities, Revue Scientifique et Technique (International
Office of Epizootics), 28: 481-486.
 Pal M (2005). Importance of zoonoses in public health. Indian
Journal of Animal Sciences, 75:586-591.
 Pal M (2007). Zoonoses, 2nd Edn., Satyam Publishers. Jaipur,
India.
Pal M (2013). Public health concern due to emerging and re-
emerging zoonoses. International Journal of Livestock
Research, 3: 56-62.
Pal M, Kadir MA, Yadav MP, Jadhav JM (2013). Implications
of global warming on the emergence of zoonotic diseases.
Indian Journal of Comparative Microbiology, Immunology and
Infectious Diseases, 34: 1-7.

Preston N, Daszak P, Colwell R (2013). The human-

environment interface: applying ecosystem concepts to health.
Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 365: 83-100.
 Rapport D, Costanza R, Epstein P, Gaudet C, Levins R
(1998). Ecosystem Health. Oxford, UK.
 Rostal M, Olival K, Loh E, Karesh W (2012). Wildlife:
the need to better understand the linkages. Current
Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 365:101-125.
 Taylor L, Latham S, Woolhouse M (2001). Risk factors
for human disease emergence. Philosophical
Transaction of Royal Society, Biological Sciences, 356:
983-989.
 Torrey E, Yolken R (2005). Beasts of the earth, Rutgers
University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
 Waddy J (2009). Father of Veterinary Public Health Profiled in
New Book. The University of Texas Health Science Center.
 Weiss R (2003). Africa's Apes Are Imperiled, Researchers
Warn.7thApril,ThewashigtonPost.[Online],http://pqasb.pqarch
iver.com/washingtonpost/access/321804241.html?
dids=321804241:321804241&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&
date=Apr+7%2C+2003&author=Rick+Weiss&pub=The+Was
hington+Post&edition=&startpage=A.07&desc=Africa
%27s+Apes+Are+Imperiled%2C+Researchers+Warn,
Accessed on July 07, 2014.
 Zinsstag J, Schelling E, Waltner-Toews D, Tannera M (2011).
From “one medicine” to “one health” and systemic approaches
to health and well-being. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 101:
148-156