International Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry IJVSAH

Vol. 6(2), pp. 073-080, November, 2020. © www.premierpublishers.org ISSN: 8991-0338

Research Article
Prevalence of Abomasal Nematodes of Sheep’s in Jimma
Municipal Abattoir, Ethiopia
Asaye Moges1 and Araya Mengistu2*
1,2College
of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Department of Vet. Epidemiology and Public Health, University of
Gondar, Ethiopia

A cross sectional study was conducted from November 2015 to April 2016 in Jimma zone of
Oromiya region, to determine the prevalence of abomasal nematodes of sheep slaughtered at
Jimma municipal abattoir. A systematic random sampling technique was applied to select the
sheep. Abomasum of sheep was incised following the standard procedures. A total of 387
abomasums were incised and using standards of parasite identification methods two genera of
nematodes were identified with an overall prevalence of 78.29%. The prevalence of Haemonchus
contortus and Trichostrongylus axei was 66.67% and 53.5%, respectively. A statistically
significant difference (P > 0.05) was not found between origins in prevalence of these parasites.
However, a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) was noticed between the level of the
prevalence and different body conditioned animals. The highest prevalence was in poor body
condition (97.26%). The overall mean worm count was 5334.97 and the mean worm count of
specific nematode were 675.19 and 690.82 for Hemonchus and T. axei, respectively. The great
majority of the infected sheep was with light, moderate and heavy degree of infestation. The
current study epitomized that the prevalence of nematodiasis was high and consequently;
sustainable control programs should warrant.

Key words: Abomasam, Hemonchus, Jimma, Sheep, Trichostrongylus axei

INTRODUCTION

The agricultural sector in Ethiopia has the biggest small ruminants result in low productivity due to stunted
contribution to the national gross domestic population growth, poor weight gain and poor feeding and water
(NGDP) and is the major contributor to the export of intake (Pedreira et al., 2006). Sheep acquire little immunity
livestock production with 32% to agricultural gross to nematodes and remain susceptible throughout their
domestic production and 18% to the export sector (Tegegn lives to diseases caused by that parasite (Kaplan et al.,
and Gebrewold, 1997). Small ruminants play a significant 2004). Infections with nematode occur in many countries
role in maintaining household stability by providing meat, throughout the world; however, the highest prevalence is
milk, skin and wool, generate cash income and play seen in warm, moist temperate and tropical regions
traditional social and religious roles (Devendera and (McKellar and Jackson, 2004). Parasitic gastrointestinal
Mclery, 1982; El- Azazy, 1995). The Sheep husbandry is nematodes are perhaps the leading cause of productivity
an important component of the livestock sector and is losses in small ruminant production in Ethiopia (Biffa,
critical sources of cash income, meat and fiber for 2007).
smallholder keepers in different farming systems
(Getahun, 2008), yet, the productivity of small ruminant
under tropical settings is severely influenced by parasitic
infestation (Markos, 2006).
*Corresponding Author: Araya Mengistu, College of
Nematode parasites play an important role in small Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Department of
ruminant production leading to enormous economic losses Vet. Epidemiology and Public Health, University of
through mortality, weight loss, reduced milk, meat and Gondar, Ethiopia.
wool production (Mehlhorn, 2008). Nematode parasites of Email: [email protected]

Prevalence of Abomasal Nematodes of Sheep’s in Jimma Municipal Abattoir, Ethiopia

Asaye and Araya. 74

Helminth infections in domestic ruminants are of major of the major coffee producing areas in Ethiopia. Jimma
importance in many agro-ecological zones in Africa and zone is well endowed with natural resources contributing
had the highest index as an animal health constraint to the significantly to the national economy of the country. In
poor keepers of livestock worldwide through losses due to normal years, the rainy season extends from February to
reduced weight gains and growth rate, reduced nutrient early October. The 13 years mean annual minimum and
utilization, lower meat, wool and milk production, maximum temperature of the area was 11.3°C and 26.2°C,
involuntary culling, cost of treatment and mortality (Allonby respectively. The study area receives a mean annual
and Urquhart, 1996). Health disorders in all classes of rainfall of about 1530mm which comes from long and short
small ruminants represent the major problems and greatly rain season. The soil type of the study area is
affect the economics of sheep and goat production. characterized by black to red soils. The total livestock
Gastrointestinal helminthiasis is among the main population of Jimma zone is estimated to constitute, 2.02
constraints to small ruminant productions in Ethiopia. million cattle, 288,411 goats, 942,908 sheep, 152434
These parasites pose subtle economic losses and are the equines, 1,139,735 poultry and 418,831 beehives (CSA,
major factors responsible for lowered levels of production 2008).
in many parts of the country. Abomasal nematodes and
liver flukes are believed to be the most prevalent and Study Population
widely distributed helminthes (Barger, 1982).
A total of 387 sheep abomasum were examined and used
The principal abomasal worms of small ruminants are to determine the prevalence, nematode species and worm
Haemochus contortus, Ostertagia circumcincta, burden of abomasal parasites. All of the study animals
Ostertagia trifuricata, and Trichostronglus axei. were male and sheep of the local breed with different body
Homonchus contortus is one of the most common condition brought to slaughter. The age of the sheep was
abomasal worms of small ruminants which are known as categorized into adult and young after characterizing using
“red stomach worm” or” wire worm “. It is the most teeth eruption methods (Vatta, et al.,2006) and body
prevalent and pathogenic parasite and also economically condition scoring method (ESGPIP, 2007).
important of small ruminants (Urquhart et al., 1996).
Available information in Ethiopia revealed that infection Study design
due to abomasal nematodes, especially Haemonchus
contortus is responsible for important morbidities and Across sectional study were carried out to determine the
mortalities in sheep and goats in different parts of the prevalence of nematodes in sheep slaughtered in Jimma
country (Bekele et al., 1982; Teklye et al., 1987). municipal abattoirs. A total of 20-30 samples were
According to Mulugeta et al. (1989) report, yearly losses collected on four days per week during the study period.
amounting to USD 82 million encountered in Ethiopia due Information like a place of origin, body condition and age
to endo-parasites. Studies conducted on gastrointestinal were included to generate the required information.
helminthiasis of small ruminants indicated the importance
of nematodes as a cause of impaired productivity (Abebe Sampling method and Sample size
and Esayas, 2001; Bekele et al., 1982; Donald, 1999).
However, nationwide studies have never been carried out The sampling method employed was a systematic random
to determine the distribution of abomasal nematodes and sampling by choosing the first case and the interval
therefore, the present study is important. The study aimed between cases with the lottery method. Determine the
to determine the prevalence of abomasal nematodes and sample size an expected prevalence of 50% was taken
parasite species composition in sheep in Jimma Municipal into consideration since there was no previous study
abattoir. conducted in the Jimma municipal abattoirs. The sample
size for the study was calculated using Thrusfield, (2005)
formula. Accordingly, a sample size of 387 small ruminants
MATERIALS AND METHODS was considered for the study.
n = 1.962. Pex (1-Pex)
Study Area d2
Where: n = required sample size, Pex = recorded previous
The study was conducted at Jimma municipal abattoirs in prevalence = 50%, d = desired absolute precision =5%
Jimma town. Jimma zone is located in Oromia regional
administration at 346 km South West of Addis Ababa. The Study methodology
town lies between 360 10´ E longitudes and 70 40´ N
latitude at an elevation ranging from 880 meters to 3360 Sample collection, worm recovery and count
meters above sea level. Jimma Zone is divided into 17
districts hosting a total population of over 2.4 million people Four days per week visit was made to hotels and abattoir.
with an agro-ecological setting of highlands (15%), The purpose of visit the hotels was to take information
midlands (67%) and lowlands (18%). Farmers in the area regarding origin and number of sheep to be slaughtered
practice mixed crop-livestock agriculture. The zone is one per day. Origin, body condition and age of sheep were

Prevalence of Abomasal Nematodes of Sheep’s in Jimma Municipal Abattoir, Ethiopia

 Int. J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Husb. 75

recorded and identification numbers were given before the Table 1: Prevalence of the each species of parasite in
slaughter carried out. A total of 387 sheep abomasums Jimma Municipal Abattoir, Ethiopia.
was collected and examined for the presence of adult Abomasal No. No. Prevalence
abomasal nematodes and worm status. Worm recovery, nematodes examined positive (%)
species identification and determination of worm burden H. contortus 387 258 66.7
were carried out according to standard procedures T. axei 387 207 53.5
(Hansen and Perry, 1994; MAFF, 1977).
Out of 387 sheep examined 78.29% were infected with one
The abomasum’s wall was carefully observed for any or more genera of the abomasal nematode. There was no
gross changes including its contents and the adult significant difference in prevalence (P > 0.05) between the
nematodes worms were identified visually by standard origins of the animal. There were significantly difference
methods (Urquhart et al., 1996). The abomasums (P=0.008) and (P= 0.0001) between age and body
removed from the omasum and duodenum immediately conditions, respectively.
after the opening of the abdominal cavity, legated at both
ends, and immediately taken out and washed to the Table 2: Prevalence of abomasal nematode infection
sample container. The mucus membrane was carefully based on origin, age and body conditions in Jimma
rubbed with fingers to remove any worms adhering to it. Municipal Abattoir, Ethiopia.
The contents and washings were made to a total volume Risk Cate- No. of No. of Preva- Chi- P-
of two liters. The total content was stirred vigorously until factors gories examined positive lence square value
all food material, mucous and water will mix. Finally, 200 (%)
ml of the contents were transferred to another container in Origin Dedo 157 120 76.4 2.136 0.545
5 steps of 40 ml per stir by stirring the mixture Kersa 111 89 80.2
continuously. The collected sample transported to the Seka 69 55 79.7
laboratory of veterinary parasitology of the college of
Manna 50 39 78
veterinary medicine, Jimma University for appropriate Age Young 85 56 65.9 6.936 0.008
examination. Then 20 ml of the content poured into Petri
Adult 302 247 81.8
dishes and a few drops of iodine solution added and mixed
Body Poor 73 71 97.26 84.488 0.0001
with the sample (Hansen and Perry, 1994). Species
Condi- Medium 98 87 88.77
identification and worm counts were done according to the tions Good 165
standard methods (MAFF, 1986; Hansen and Perry, 126 76.36
1994). Finally, the number of parasites found in 20 ml was Very 51 19 37.25
multiplied by 100 and then by 20 to give the total number good
of parasites found in the abomasum’s (MAFF, 1986).The
degree of worm burden was categorized as light (1-500 for The overall prevalence of Hemonchus in sheep was
H. contortus and 11000 for T. axei), moderate (501-1500 66.67%. The prevalence of this parasite in terms of origin
for H. contortus and 1001-10,000 for T. axei) and heavy was 67.51% in Dedo, 66.67% in Kersa, 62.32% and 70%
(>1500 for H. contortus and >10,000 for T. axei) (Hansen in Manna, with age: 51% and 70.86% in young and adult
and Perry, 1994). respectively. There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference
in origin susceptibility. In the same manner, the prevalence
Data Management and Analysis with body conditions of study animals were: (95.89%),
(81.63%), (56.97%) and (27.45%) for poor, medium, good
The collected data from the abattoir and laboratory were and very good body conditions, respectively as described
entered into a computer, on the Microsoft Excel spread in the Table-3 below. as described in the table below.
sheets. Descriptive statistics like percentages and chi- There was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in
square (x2) tests were used to describe the prevalence and prevalence among body condition scored in sheep.
association between the prevalence of positive risk
factors. The data were analyzed statistically using the Chi- As the result indicated below in the Table 4, the total
square test by Statistical Packages for Social Sciences prevalence of T. axei in the study animals was 53.5%. The
(SPSS) Version 22. Differences between parameters were prevalence of T. axei with related to the animal origin was
tested for significance at probability levels of P< 0.05. 47.77% in Dedo, 57.66% in Kersa, 65.22% in Seka and
46% in Manna, with age: 43.52% and 56.29% in young and
adult respectively. Similarly, the prevalence with body
RESULTS conditions of study animals were: (75.34%), (68.37%),
(45.45%) and (19.61%) for the animals with poor, medium,
Examination of 387 abomasum of sheep revealed the good and very good body conditions, respectively. There
presence of two different genera of nematodes with an was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in
overall prevalence of 78.29%. The two identified genera of prevalence among body condition scored.
abomasal nematodes of sheep were H. contortus and T.
axei with a prevalence of 66.7% and 53.5%, respectively.

Prevalence of Abomasal Nematodes of Sheep’s in Jimma Municipal Abattoir, Ethiopia

Asaye and Araya. 76

Table 3: Prevalence of H. contortus based on age group, origin and body conditions of the sheep in Jimma Municipal
Abattoir, Ethiopia.
Risk factors Categories No. examined No. positive Prevalence (%) Chi-square P-value
Origin Dedo 157 106 67.51 0.888 0.828
Kersa 111 74 66.67
Seka 69 43 62.318
Manna 50 35 70
Total 387 258 66.67
Age Young 85 44 51.76 10.885 0.001
Adult 302 214 70.86
Total 387 258 66.67
Body condition Poor 73 70 95.89 80.208 0.0001
Medium 98 80 81.63
Good 165 94 56.969
V. good 51 14 27.45
Total 387 258 66.67

Table 4: Prevalence of T. axei based on age group, origin and body conditions of the sheep in Jimma Municipal Abattoir,
Ethiopia.
Risk factors Categories No. examined No. positive Prevalence (%) Chi-square P-value
Origin Dedo 157 75 47.77 7.781 0.051
Kersa 111 64 57.657
Seka 69 45 65.217
Manna 50 23 46.0
Total 387 207 53.5
Age Young 85 37 43.529 4.342 0.037
Adult 302 170 56.29
Total 387 207 53.5
Body conditions Poor 73 55 75.34 50.547 0.0001
Medium 98 67 68.37
Good 165 75 45.45
Very good 51 10 19.607
Total 387 207 53.48

The overall mean worm count of the present study was body condition than with good body condition. The mean
5334.97. The mean count of Hemonchus and T.axei were count of Hemonchus and T. axei in poor and good body
675.19 and 690.82, respectively. The count of both conditions were 1865.96 and 1011.4, respectively.
nematodes was significantly higher in sheep with poor

Table 5: The overall mean worm count of both nematodes in Jimma Municipal Abattoir, Ethiopia
List factors categories Number H. contortus Number T. axei
Mean P-value Mean P-value Total
Origin Dedo 106 682.07 0.828 75 721.33 0.051 1403.4
Kersa 74 698.64 64 678.12 1376.76
Seka 43 665.11 45 737.78 1402.89
Manna 35 617.14 23 534.78 1151.92
Age Young 44 588.63 0.0001 37 654.05 0.037 1242.68
Adult 214 692.99 170 698.82 1391.81
BCs Poor 70 911.42 0.0001 55 954.54 0.0001 1865.96
Medium 80 673.75 67 729.85 1403.6
Good 94 523.4 75 488 1011.4
very good 14 521.42 10 500 1021.42

From a total of 258 H. contortus positive cases, 46.12, axei infection, from the total positive cases, 78.74 and
44.57 and 9.3% were infected with light, moderate and 21.25% were infected with light and a moderate degree of
heavy degrees of infection, respectively. In the case of T. infection, respectively (Table-6).

Prevalence of Abomasal Nematodes of Sheep’s in Jimma Municipal Abattoir, Ethiopia

 Int. J. Vet. Sci. Anim. Husb. 77

Table 6: Proportion and Number of sheep in Relation to and anthelmentics usage are crucial elements influencing
Degree of Infection by adult abomasal Nematodes in the development, distribution and survival of parasites
Jimma Municipal Abattoir, Ethiopia. (Rahmeto et al., 2010). Many epidemiological factors may
Abomasal Infection No. of sheep Burden in (%) be attributed to this difference in prevalence in different
Nematodes categories study sites in Ethiopia. Conder and Jonson (1996) stated
H. contortus Light 119 46. seasonal difference for Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus
Moderate 115 44.57 with Trichostrongylus preferring the time of the year when
Heavy 24 9.3 temperatures are normally moderate, and significant
T. axei Light 163 78.74 rainfalls occur. These conditions are favorable for the free
Moderate 44 21.25 living stages of Trichostrongylus spp. which are inactive at
Heavy 0 0 the temperatures optimum for Haemonchus contortus. In
addition, although Trichostrongylus eggs may have been
passed throughout the grazing season and a large
DISCUSSION proportion killed by desiccation, those which manage to
become embryonated remain latent, but viable, and do not
The present study revealed the overall prevalence of turn into larvae until suitable climatic conditions, in the form
78.29% abomasal nematodes in sheep of the study area. of mild weather and rain, occur. At that time there is
This observed a high prevalence of the area was due to massive hatching, overwhelming pasture infestation and
the fact that sheep of the area are managed under an clinical trichostrongylosis which may persist until well into
extensive management system with high stocking system the wintering period. Since at this time most lambs are
density where large numbers of animals graze together approaching market weight trichostrongylosis may cause
during all months of the year, inadequate nutritional status losses by delaying marketing for several months.
and poor veterinary infrastructure and services of the area.
The present prevalence of 78.29% was high when There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the
compared to the 60.2% prevalence recorded in Bahir Dar prevalence of abomasal parasites in relation to the origin.
(Teshale and Aragaw, 2014). The recorded prevalence in Despite their slight difference in their infection rate of
the study area was low when compared to 92.9% in abomasal nematode between origin of animals, this is due
Ogaden (Kumsa and Wossene, 2006). to the study area has the same environmental conditions
(temperature and humidity), so the study animals were
There was a statistically significant difference in equally susceptible to nematodes. However, there was
prevalence among the two nematodes with the prevalence significantly difference in relation to age 51.76 and 70.86%
of haemonchosis higher than T. axei (P<0.05). The in young and adult respectively. The present study
prevalence rate of Hemonchus 66.67% is similar with a indicates the prevalence of infection was higher in adult
finding of 67.57% and 69.8% in Finoteselam (Ethiopia) than young. This is probably due to the facts that adults
and Behshahr Town, Iran (Mengist et al., 2014, Garedaghi might be stressed on seasonal change and developed
.et al., 2013). While high prevalence rate of Haemonchus resistance against the frequently used anthelminthic; while
was reported in Ogaden, Hawassa and Debreziet the young ones might be responding to anthelminthic that
(Bersissa and Abebe, 2006; Demissie et al., 2013; minimizes their infection rate as mentioned by Mengist et
Abunna et al., 2009), and the higher prevalence of al, (2014) in Finoteselam. In addition to this report the adult
Haemonchus might be due to various factors like its ability worm load of H. contortus is higher in adults as compared
to produce large number of eggs (Getachew et al., 2007) to young ones. This is probably due to the fact that the
and this allows Haemonchus an advantage over other adult animals can withstand higher infection without much
parasites in that it can easily contaminate grazing areas or adverse effect leading to the chronicity of infection (Raza
its ability to survive adverse climatic conditions through et al., 2007).
hypobiosis (Waller et al., 2004). In contrast the prevalence
of Haemonchus was high relative to 25.36% in Baneh Iran In the present study, Haemonchus was the most prevalent
(Garedaghi and Fattahi, 2014), and 47.9% in Jeddah, nematode. It might be due to its biotic potential which
Saudi Arabia Jeddah (El-azazy, 1995). Such variations justified the percentage of infection (Nginyi et al., 2001).
may be due to agro-ecological, breed, management and/or The H. contortus larval development occurs when there
veterinary health care level differences (Radostits et al., are high temperature, rainfall and high humidity favorable
2007). microclimate of herbage and faeces (Urquhart et al.,
1996). In contrast, Trichostrongylus species has the
The present findings of T. axei 53.5% were lower than capability to develop and survive at a lower temperature
Abunna et al (2009) who reported 90.4% in Bushoftu, and (Mallet and Kerboeuf, 1986). Furthermore,
Gonfa et al (2013) 74.37% in Debrezeit. The prevalence of Trichostrongylus is the dominant parasite in temperate
T. axei was high when compared to the finding of Bersissa areas with the cooler environment creating an optimum
and Abebe (2006), which is 37.7% in sheep at the Ogaden condition for larval development (O’Connor et al., 2006).
region. A variety of factors such as host, age, breeding The present study was conducted in a relatively wet and
status, grazing habits, level of education and economical humid climate with available amount of rain occurring
capacity of the community, the standard of management during all months of the study period in Jimma.

Prevalence of Abomasal Nematodes of Sheep’s in Jimma Municipal Abattoir, Ethiopia

Asaye and Araya. 78

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Prevalence of Abomasal Nematodes of Sheep’s in Jimma Municipal Abattoir, Ethiopia

Asaye and Araya. 80

Accepted 12 September 2020

Citation: Asaye M, Araya M (2020). Prevalence of

Abomasal Nematodes of Sheep’s in Jimma Municipal
Abattoir, Ethiopia. International Journal of Veterinary
Science and Animal Husbandry 6(2): 073-080.

Copyright: © 2020. Asaye and Araya. This is an open-

access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
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provided the original author and source are cited.

Prevalence of Abomasal Nematodes of Sheep’s in Jimma Municipal Abattoir, Ethiopia