International Resource

Movements & MNCs

 Review “LECTURE
TENTATIVE SCHEDULE”

See file “Syllabus (Factor movement)”

 Introduction
- International trade and productive resource movements
(IPRM) – substitute/complement for each other,
but, different economic effects.
- Costs and benefits of International resource
movements.
- Why MNCs exist and how they affect on economies
involved?
 Preview
International movements of productive factors
relate to:
• International capital mobility (International
investment)
• International labor mobility (labor migration)
• Transactions of multinational firms involving
direct ownership of foreign firms
 Key Terms

• Portfolio investment • Risk diversification

• Direct investment • Multinational corporation
• Horizontal integration • Transfer pricing
• Vertical integration • Brain drain
 International Productive
Resource Movements
• IPRMs are politically sensitive and often restricted by:
– Restrictions on financial asset flows (less common
today in Europe and U.S.)
– Restrictions on immigration
– Restrictions on the activities of multinational
corporations
 International Productive
Resource Movements

• Issues studied
– What are the main productive forces?
– What are the main causes of international
resource movement?
– What are the effects of the international resource
movement?
– Who conducts the international resource
movement? (the main players?)
 1.International Investment
1.1.Definitions

– Investment is the use (by investors) of an amount of assets

such as capital, technology, land...in a specific economic
activity to create one or several products for society in order
to gain profit.
• Investment means the use of capital in the form of tangible or
intangible assets for the purposes of forming assets by
investors to carry out investment activities in accordance with
the provisions of this law and other provisions of relevant laws.
(Art.3, Law on Investment in Vietnam, 2005)

– International investment is a cross-border transfer by an

investor of tangible or intangible assets in terms of capital,
technology, management skills ... to run business so as to
gain high profit on global scale.
– Investors may be individuals, organizations or state bodies.
 1.2. Characteristics

• Characteristics
– Profitability
– Risk
• Foreign vs domestic investment:
– Investors: foreigners (nationality, language…)
– Capital moves across the national boundary (policy, legal
system, custom, transportation…)
– Foreign exchanges are involved
International capital flow to developing
countries

Source: WIR 2005, p.7

 Foreign capital inflow to Vietnam, 2005-2014
(million US$)
14000

12000

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
-2000

Net FDI (Dòng đầu tư trực tiếp tịnh) FPI (Đầu tư dán tiếp) Remittance (Kiều hối) Net ODA (ODA tịnh)

Nguồn: ADB and MPI, 2015.

VAnnual FDI inflows in Vietnam, 1991 -2018*
ietnam: Some facts about FDI inflows

Source: Vietnam’s General Statistics Office and Foreign Investment Agency of MPI (2018)
* By 20 Dec. 2018
 Calculating Investment
• Calculations of FDI and FPI are typically measured as either a
"flow," or as "stock,“
• Flow is referring to the amount of investment made in a specific
period ( one year)
• Stock is measuring the total accumulated investment at the end
of a given point of time ( end of that year).
1.3. Forms of International Investment
– Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) (or financial
investment): financial assets (bonds, stocks), denominated
in a national currency; not involve in management; short
term;
– Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): real investment in
factories, capital goods, land and inventories where both
capital and management are involved and the investors
retains control over use of invested capital; medium &long
term

FPI is changeable to FDI, and vice versa when the

investors increase/decrease their ratio of voting shares in
the relevant firms.

How to distinguish FDI from PFI ???

 Example: FPI vs. FDI
John Yamashita’s Investment Hungry Dragon Toys’ Investment
Example of
John Yamashita - a Japanese citizen, Hungry Dragon Toys - a Chinese
purchases one hundred shares of stock in company, is sitting on a lot of cash.
General Motors (GM). • The company’s board of directors
• John now owns part of a U.S. corporation, decides to take some of that money and
the shares of which are part of his personal purchase Cooperative Chemical, a
investment . plastics company in New Jersey.

•John is eligible to receive dividend payments Hungry Dragon, a foreign investor, now
from GM, participate in shareholder decisions, owns a U.S. subsidiary company.
or sell the stock for a profit/loss.

•John’s share of GM is very minor, and his Hungry Dragon’s ownership of

chief concern is not the long-term profitability Cooperative Chemical is substantial and
of the company but the short-term value of his more likely to be long term.
stock.
Hungry Dragon is unlikely to sell if the
•He might therefore sell his share quickly if the U.S. economy faces a temporary
share price goes up or down significantly. downturn.
1.3.1. Portfolio investment.
FPI motives: An Example – Risk divertsification theory

Return (%) Stock A Stock B

Lowest 20 10

Highest 40 50

Average Rate 30 30

- Risk differences between stocks, but the same average rate

of return.
- Change in stock yields are inversely correlated overtime
 holding both stocks can give investors an average yield of
30% at lower risk. This also explains two-way flow of
capital. 18
 The basic motives of FPI

– To earn higher returns abroad.

– To reduce risks to account for the two-way capital flows.
 1.3.2. Foreign Direct Investment

• FDI occurs when a firm invests directly in facilities to

produce and/or market a product in a foreign country.
• Ownership: at least 10% (US’s Law)
– Buy a firm in a foreign country.
– Create a ‘Greenfield’ operation overseas
– Create a subsidiary abroad.
• Have significant control and influence on managerial decisions of the
operation overseas.
• Flow: Amount of FDI over a period of time (one year).
• Stock: Total accumulated value of foreign owned assets at a given
point of time.
1.3.2. Foreign Direct Investment
FDI motives
1.3.2. Foreign Direct Investment
Modes of entry

– Purchase (acquisition) of /merger with existing assets (Cross-

border M&A)
• Quick entry, local market know-how, local financing may be
possible, eliminate competitor, buying problems
– New investment (Greenfield Investment – GI)
• No local entity exists or is available for sale, local financial
incentives may encourage, no inherited problems, long lead
time to generation of sales or other desired outcome
– Participation in an international joint-venture
• Shared ownership with local and/or other non-local partner
FDI inflow: Global and by group of economies, 2005-
2016, and projection, 2017-2018 (Billions of US$)

Source: World Investment Report 2017, p. 2.

 FORMs OF FDI

Investment goal- Investment

VI base strategy-base GI
FDI
HI M&A
Ownership-base

100% foreign own enter.

Joint venture
Business coop. contract
BOT, BTO, BT…(Vietnam’s
2005 Investment Law)
1.3.2. Foreign Direct Investment
Forms of FDI classified by goal

• Horizontal integration FDI

• Vertical integration FDI
1.3.2. Foreign Direct Investment
Horizontal Direct Investment

• Horizontal FDI consists of MNE’s investments that

duplicate facilities and operation in several countries.
• FDI in the same industry abroad as company
operates at home.
Relates to international production
 Horizontal Direct Investment

• HI’s goals: to avoid tariff barriers, reduce

production cost, gain market share, prolong
product-life cycle.

Process A Process A Process A

Canada US Mexico
 HDI, When and Why?
• Transportation too costly?
• Most cited: Market Imperfections (Internalization
Theory)
– Impediments to the free flow of products between
nations.
– Impediments to the sale of know-how.
• Follow the lead of a competitor - strategic rivalry.
• Product Life Cycle - however, does not explain when it’s
profitable to invest abroad.
• Location specific advantages (natural resources).
 Vertical Investment (VI)

Stage A
VI’s goals: to production Canada
specialization on
international scale; each
production stage to be
Stage B
carried out in certain US
destinations/countries with
the highest comparative
advantage.

Stage C
Mexico
 Vertical Direct Investment

• Vertical FDI implies that an MNE owns facilities that

fit into different stages of the supply chain.
– Backward - investments in industry that provides inputs for
the firm’s domestic production (typically extractive
industries).
– Forward - investment in an industry that utilizes the outputs
from a firm’s domestic production (typically sales and
distribution).
• => Vertical FDI relates to supply chains and deepens
International specialization of production
 HI and VI
Host countries

Investing Subsidiary 1
country Stage 0

VI

Parent company Subsidiary 2

Stage 1 Stage 1
HI

VI

Subsidiary 3
Stage 2
 VI and HI
Other host countries
Host country Subsidiary 2
Stage 0

Investing country VI
Subsidiary 3
Subsidiary 1
Stage 1
Stage 1
HI

VI

Subsidiary 4
Stage 2
 VDI, When and Why?

• Market power?
– create entry barriers.
– erode entry barriers.
• Market imperfections
– Impediments to the sale of know-how.
– Investments in specialized assets.
1.3.2. Foreign Direct Investment
Decision Framework for FDI

Are transportation Import No

costs high? Barriers? Export

Yes No Yes
Is know-how easy to
FDI
license?
Yes
Yes
Tight control over
FDI
foreign ops required?
No
Yes
Is know-how valuable FDI
and is protection
possible?
No
License
Welfare effects of International Capital Flows
Nation 1 Nation 2
F J
M
E H
R
N T
C G
MPK1
MPK2
O B A O’
Total capital stock of N1 and N2

Of the total capital stock of OO’, N1 holds OA and its total output is OFGA,
while N2 holds O’A and its total output is O’JMA. The flow of capital from N1 to
N2 equilizes the return on capital in two nations at BE. This increases world
output by EGM, of which EGR accrues to N1 and ERM to N2. Of the increase in
total domestic product of ABEM in N2, ABER goes to foreign investors leaving
ERM as the net gain in domestic income in N2.
 Assumptions of H-O Theory
 2x2x2 model
 Same technology
 X is L-intensive and Y is K-intensive
 Constant returns to scale
 Incomplete specialization
 Equal tastes
 Perfect competition
 Internal factor mobility
 No transportation costs
 All resources are fully employed
 Exports equal imports.
1.3.3. Welfare effect of international capital flow (ICF)
Before capital movement
MPK1 MPK2
Nation I
J
-Total cap stock: OA F
Nation I Nation II
- Yield on capital: OC
- Total product: OFGA
- Capital owners: OCGA M
- Other owners: CFG H
E
Nation II R
N T
-Total cap stock : O’A
C
G
- Yield on capital: O’H
VMPK 2
- Total product: O’JMA VMPK 1
- Capital owners: O’HMA
- Other owners: HJM
O O’
B A

O’H > OC  trabsfer of AB of capital is transferred from Nation I to Nation 2

equalizes return on capital in two nations at BE (ON=O’T).
1.3.3.1. Welfare effects of ICF on
Investing Nation (N1- home country)
When the capital movement occurs
- Total capital stock: OA
-AB is investing abroad
MPK1 MPK2
- Int rate: ON
- Total output: OFERA J
F
- domestic output: OFEB Nation I Nation II
- Return on investment: ABER

Total product before and M

H
after ICF
E
- Increase in total product: R
N T
ERG
G
- Gain of cap owners: C
CNRG VMPK 2
- Loss of others: CNEG VMPK 1

O O’
B A
 1.3.3.2. Welfare effects of ICF on
receiving Nation (N2- Host nation)
With the cap mov
-Total capital stock : O’B MPK2
AB is investment from Nation I
MPK1
- Yield on capital: O’T J
F
- Total product: O’JEB Nation I Nation II
- repartriation to NI: ABER
- Remaining: O’JERA
M
H
Compare with before cap
mov E
R
N T
- Increase in output: ERM G
C
- loss of cap owners:
THMR VMPK 2
VMPK 1
- Gain of others: THME

O O’
B A

 World’s output increase by EGM

 Discusion

• Other effects of international capital movement?

1.3.3.3.Other effects on home and
host countries

• Redistribution of domestic income from labor to capital owners.

• Affecting the balance of payments of the investing and host
country
• Affecting the terms of trade by influencing the output and the
volume of trade of both relating parties.
• Affecting tax collection in home and host countries because of
different tax rates .
• Affecting the investing country’s technological lead and the host
country’s control over its economy and ability to conduct its own
independent economic policy.
 2. Multinational Corporations
• Mutinational Corporations ( MNCs ) or transnational
corporations (TNCs) are firms that own, control or manage
production facilities in several countries.
• John Dunning & Sarianna (2008, p.3): MNC/TNC is an enterprise
that engages in FDI and owns or in some way , controls value-
added activities in more than one country.
• Business analysists distinguish between MNC and TNC as that:
MNC is enterprise that governs a group of largely independent
multi-domestic foreign subsidiaries, each of which produces
goods and services mainly for the local market, while TNC is an
enterprise that treat their affiliates as an important part of a
regionally or globally coordinated network of asset-creating and
asset-exploiting activities.
(John Dunning & Sarianna, 2008, p.3 )
 Concerns about shifting
production abroad
• corporations in wealthier countries are shutting down their
higher cost domestic manufacturing operations and
sending them overseas to developing countries ….. result
in a switch by corporations from domestic production
toward a greater reliance on imports, and to cause higher
unemployment domestically
• foreign entities may be taking control of resources that are
critical to a nation's identity or even security. Fears about
foreign control can be particularly serious in developing
countries, although even wealthy. (Ex. In the 1980s, many
Americans became worried about foreign investment into the
United States. The sale of prominent American landmarks such as
Rockefeller Center in New York City to a group of Japanese
investors made many Americans believe that they were losing
ownership of their own economy).
World’s 500 top TNCs by Country, 2012
No.
No. of of No. of No. of
Rank Country Rank Country
count. TNC count. TNCs
s
1 1 U.S. 132 10 1 Canada 11
2 1 China 73 11 2 Australia; Italy 9
3 1 Japan 68 12 3 Brazil; India; Spain 8
4 1 France 32 13 1 Russia 7
5 1 Germany 32 14 1 Taiwan 6
6 1 Britain 26 15 2 Belgium; Sweden 4
7 1 Switzerland 15 16 1 Mexico 3
Ireland; Luxemburg;
8 1 South Korea 13 17 3 2
Singapore
Austria; Britain;
Netherlands; Colombia;
Denmark; Finaland;
Hungary; Malaysia;
9 1 Netherlands 12 18 14 1
Norway; Poland; Saudi
Arabia; Thailand; Turkey;
United Arab Emirates;
Venezuela
Total 37 countries 500 TNCs
Source: http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2012/countries/Australia.html
 World’s top 10 TNCs, 2012
Rank  Revenues Profits
Company
▾ ($ millions) ($ millions)

1 Royal Dutch Shell 484,489 30,918

2 Exxon Mobil 452,926 41,060
3 Wal-Mart Stores 446,950 15,699
4 BP 386,463 25,700
5 Sinopec Group 375,214 9,453
China National
6 Petroleum 352,338 16,317
7 State Grid 259,142 5,678
8 Chevron 245,621 26,895
9 ConocoPhillips 237,272 12,436
10 Toyota Motor 235,364 3,591
Source:
http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2012/countries/.html
2. Multinational Corporations MNCs
2.1. Reasons for Existence of MNCs
2.2.Problems in Home Country
Example of MNC’s effect on home’s tax base
and tax revenue (Salvatore, 2007, p. 432)
Home Host Total
country country (%)
Corporate profit tax rate ( %) 50 40
Before tax risk- adjusted 16 20
In case the MNC earns 20% profit abroad
Taxed abroad (%) 8
Repatriated profit 12%; tax
rate at Home is (50%-40%) 1.2
MNC's Total paid tax (%) 9.2
MNC's Total profit after 10.8
In case the MNC earns 16% profit at home
Taxed at 50% 8 8
MNC's Total profit after 8
2.4.Theory of Multinational
Corporations (OLI paradigm)

• Why are multinational corporations created?, and why

do they can undertake direct foreign investment?
• We rephrase these questions into those dealing with
1. Location: why is a good produced in two countries rather than
in one country and then exported to the second country?
2. Ownership: Conditions based on which the firm can
successfully compete with local firms.
3. Internalization: why is production in different locations done by
one firm rather that by
separate firms?
 Theory of Multinational
Corporations
• Location of production is often determined by
– the location abundant in necessary factors of
production:
• mining occurs where minerals are;
• labor intensive production occurs where
relatively large pools of labor live.
– transportation costs and other barriers to
trade.
– Ownership: Some firms have a firm specific
capital known as knowledge capital: Human
capital (managers), patents, technologies,
brand, reputation
 Theory of
Multinational Corporations (cont.)
• Internalization occurs because it is more profitable to
conduct transactions and production within a single
organization than in separate organizations. Reasons for
this include:
1. Technology transfers: transfer of knowledge or another
form of technology may be easier within a single
organization than through a market transaction between
separate organizations.
• Patent or property rights may be weak or non-existent.
• Knowledge may not be easily packaged and sold.
 Theory of
Multinational Corporations (cont.)
2. Vertical integration involves consolidation of different stages of a
production process.
– Vertical integration would involve consolidation of one firm that
produces a good which is used as an input for another firm.
– This may be more efficient than having production operated by
separate firms.
– For example, farms and flour mills
consolidate into one organization to make flour may be more
efficient than farms and flour mills owned by separate
organizations.
 Motives for International Labor
Migration
• Migration takes place for: Economic Reasons and non-
economic Reasons.
• Economics Reasons: prospect of earning higher real
wages and income abroad.
• Non-economic Reasons: greater educational and job
opportunities for children.
• Costs:
– Expenditures for transportation and the loss of wages;
– Other less quantifiable cost:
• Separation from relatives, friends, and familiar surroundings;
• Need to learn new customs and often a new language;
• Risks involved in finding a job, housing, and so on in a new land.
• Benefits:
– Higher real wages and income can ear abroad
– Greater educational and job opportunities for the migrants’ children
 International Labor Mobility (cont.)

• If the domestic country is the labor abundant country

and the foreign country is the land abundant country,
– the marginal product of domestic workers is less
and therefore they earn less than those in the
foreign country, if technology is the same across
countries.
• There is an incentive for domestic workers to move
to the foreign country.
 International Labor Mobility (cont.)

• Workers in the domestic country have an incentive to

move to the foreign country until the real wages
between the countries are equal.
– Emigration from the domestic country raises the
real wage of the remaining workers there.
– It increases the quantity of labor and decreases
the real wage in the foreign country.
 Welfare Effects of International Labor
Migration

Total output and welfare effect of international Labor Migration.

N1 with a supply of labor of OA, and N2 with a supply of labor of O’A; N1
has a real wage rate of OC and total output of OFGA; N2 has a real wage rate
of O’H and total output of O’JMA. The migration of AB of labor from N1 to
N2 equalizes real wage rate in the two countries at EB .
 Welfare effects of Int. Labor Migration

Assumption of the model: all labor are unskilled

In reality: 2 forms
 migration of unskilled labor
 migration of skilled labor (specialists)

72
 Migration of unskilled labor
For labor importing countries:
1) Countries with small population but abundant in
natural resources.
Ex: Middle Eastern countries: lack of labor in
construction industry, services, …
2) Developed countries: shift in economic structure =>
move of industries (unskilled) labor intensive
abroad (FDI). Increase demand on labor in
construction industry, services, in some countries
=> labor in agriculture
3) In NIEs, Malaysia,… the large demand for unskilled
labor
73
 Migration of unskilled labor

Unskilled labor of importing countries:

- Unskilled labor in dev. countries: high wage =>
tendency to hire foreign labor to decrease the cost
- Labor in these countries have the tendency to avoid
certain jobs (3 D: Dangerous, Dirty, Difficult)
In Japan 3-K: Kiken (nguy hiểm), Kitanai (môi
trường làm việc không sạch sẽ), Kitsui (điều kiện
lao động khắc nghiệt như nóng nảy, ngột ngạt)

74
 Migration of unskilled labor

For labor exporting countries:

1. Less developed countries (developing countries)
2. The largest labor exporting countries (by quantity and by the
ratio of labor – emigrant to total population): Lebanon, El Salvador,
Columbia, Pakistan and the Philippines.

(For the Philippines: this country has 8 mill. labor – emigrants

accounting for about 10 % of total population. Remittance flows is
estimated to have grown by 7.8 per cent annually to reach US21.3
billion in 2010, accounting for 8.9 per cent of the country’s GDP)
 Migration of unskilled labor
• 3/ Most of labor exporting countries haven’t succeeded in
strategies of economic development.
• 4/ In many labor exporting countries the issues concerning labor
export were not included in the general strategy of economic
development (Ex: labor training; effectiveness of using
remittances; technological transfer, … and plan to cease export of
labor in the future…
– Malaysia exception?
• 20 years ago, Malaysia actively sent labor to
advanced countries to take vocational training short
course => to work with higher productivity at home
=> to contribute to a success in implementation of
general development strategy

76
 Migration of unskilled labor

•1/ Unskilled labor exported to dev. countries and NIEs:

difficult working environment; labor rights easily violated
(labor export has to be organized carefully with
commitments of the enterprises using labor and supervision
of local authority)
• 2/ Unskilled labor often with low educational and cultural
level => difficult to adapt with local social and cultural
conditions => disappointed; broke the laws; be heavily
exploited…

77
 Migration of skilled labor - Export
of specialists

 For exporting country

 For receiving country (country of destination)

78
 For country of origin
• The danger of losing of skilled and professional labor,
of whom the countries are already scarce, and the loss
of investment on education and training

– Temporary migration: Country lose skilled labor but they

get the experience and can apply it when they return
home

– The danger of “brain drain”, and its negative effects on

the development

Issue: Effectiveness of using labor in the country of

origin
79
 “Brain drain”

“Brain drain”: Highly skilled workers move to work

abroad in order to gain higher income, to compensate
educational cost paid by themselves or by their
government
– From 1961- to 1983, 700.000 highly skilled labor from
developing countries moved to USA, Canada and
England  many countries lose high skilled labor at a
high ratio.
– Sub-Saharan Africa lose 30% highly skilled labor from
1960 to 1987, mainly to EC
– About 20-40% university graduates in Central
American and Careabben chose to work abroad 80
 “Brain drain”

• “Brain drain” caused a substantial damage though difficult to

calcualte
– Center of study of US Congress estimated: in 1971-1972,
developing country invested 20,000 USD for each skilled labor
migrant
– “Brain drain” may occur in some countries as skilled labor
supply is more than labor market demand
• In Somali, it is estimated that the graduates were 5 times
over demand
• in 1985, 40% graduates in main cities of Côte d’Ivoire were
unemployed
• In 1988 1,350 South Korean with Ph.D degree working in
the US

81
 For receiving country
• Economic effects of migration is difficult to
estimate (many factors: time, profession, type of
labor…
• Issue: welfare effects of specialization and negative
impacts from concentration into one certain factor
of production?
– EX: whether migration of typist from country X into the US
encourages US citizen working as typists to seek another
better job in other fields?
– Whether immigrants as major suppliers of the typists lead
to the decrease of wage and to overuse of other services
related to this work?
• From the view point of the local workers, foreign
immigrants are substitutes or complements?
82
 Discusion

• Other effects of int labor movement?

 Discussion
• In what sense are international flows of production
resources a substitute for international commodity
trade?
• What is meant by portfolio investment? What are the
basic motives for international portfolio investment?
• What is FDI? What are the reasons for FDI?
• What are the effects of FDI on the investing and host
nations?
• What are the motives for the existence of MNC?
• What are the effects of MNCs on the investing and
host nations?
• What are the reasons for labour migration?
• How about Vietnam’s labor export?
Thank You!