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201

ENGINEERING MECHANICS
STATICS
12

Mulyadi Bur

Structural Dynamics Laboratory

ANDALAS UNIVERSITY
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Contents
• Introduction • Theorems of Pappus-Guldinus
• Center of Gravity of a 2D Body • Sample Problem 5.7
• Centroids and First Moments of Area• Distributed Loads on Beams
s and Lines
• Sample Problem 5.9
• Centroids of Common Shapes of Are
as • Center of Gravity of a 3D Body:
12 Centroid of a Volume
• Centroids of Common Shapes of Lin
es • Centroids of Common 3D Shapes
• Composite Plates and Areas • Composite 3D Bodies
• Sample Problem 5.1 • Sample Problem 5.12
• Determination of Centroids by
Integration
• Sample Problem 5.4

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Introduction

• The earth exerts a gravitational force on each of the particles

forming a body. These forces can be replace by a single
equivalent force equal to the weight of the body and applied
12 at the center of gravity for the body.

• The centroid of an area is analogous to the center of

gravity of a body. The concept of the first moment of an
area is used to locate the centroid.

• Determination of the area of a surface of revolution and

the volume of a body of revolution are accomplished
with the Theorems of Pappus-Guldinus.

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Center of Gravity of a 2D Body
• Center of gravity of a plate • Center of gravity of a wire

12

M y xW   x W
  x dW

M x yW   yW
  y dW
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Centroids and First Moments of Areas and Lines

• Centroid of an area • Centroid of a line

12

x W   x dW x W   x dW
x  At    x  t  dA x   La    x   a  dL
x A   x dA  Q y x L   x dL
 first moment with respect to y yL   y dL
yA   y dA  Q x
 first moment with respect to x
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First Moments of Areas and Lines
• An area is symmetric with respect to an axis
BB’ if for every point P there exists a point P’
such that PP’ is perpendicular to BB’ and is
divided into two equal parts by BB’.
• The first moment of an area with respect to a
line of symmetry is zero.
12
• If an area possesses a line of symmetry, its
centroid lies on that axis
• If an area possesses two lines of symmetry, its
centroid lies at their intersection.
• An area is symmetric with respect to a center
O if for every element dA at (x,y) there exists
an area dA’ of equal area at (-x,-y).
• The centroid of the area coincides with the
LDS center of symmetry.
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Centroids of Common Shapes of Areas

12

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Centroids of Common Shapes of Areas

12

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Centroids of Common Shapes of Lines

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Composite Plates and Areas
• Composite plates
X W   x W
Y W   y W

12

• Composite area
X  A   xA
Y  A   yA

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Sample Problem 5.1
SOLUTION:
• Divide the area into a triangle,
rectangle, and semicircle with a circular
cutout.
12 • Calculate the first moments of each area
with respect to the axes.
• Find the total area and first moments of
the triangle, rectangle, and semicircle.
For the plane area shown, Subtract the area and first moment of
determine the first moments the circular cutout.
with respect to the x and y
axes and the location of the • Compute the coordinates of the area
centroid. centroid by dividing the first moments
by the total area.

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12

• Find the total area and first moments of the triangle, rectangle, and
semicircle. Subtract the area and first moment of the circular cutout.

Qx  506.2  103 mm 3
Q y  757.7  103 mm 3

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• Compute the coordinates of the area
centroid by dividing the first moments by
the total area.

 x A  757.7  103 mm 3
X  
 A 13.828  103 mm 2
12
X  54.8 mm

 y A  506.2  103 mm 3
Y  
 A 13.828  103 mm 2
Y  36.6 mm

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Determination of Centroids by Integration
x A   xdA   x dxdy   xel dA • Double integration to find the first
moment may be avoided by defining dA
yA   ydA   y dxdy   yel dA
as a thin rectangle or strip.

12

x A   xel dA x A   xel dA x A   xel dA

  x  ydx  ax
  a  x  dy  2r 1 
  cos  r 2 d 
2 3 2 
yA   yel dA
yA   yel dA yA   yel dA
y
   ydx    y   a  x  dy 
2 2r 1 
 sin   r 2 d 
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Sample Problem 5.4
SOLUTION:
• Determine the constant k.
• Evaluate the total area.
12 • Using either vertical or
horizontal strips, perform a
single integration to find the first
moments.
Determine by direct integration the
location of the centroid of a • Evaluate the centroid
parabolic spandrel. coordinates.

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SOLUTION:
• Determine the constant k.
y  k x2
b
b  k a2  k  2
a
b a
y  2 x 2 or x  1 2 y1 2
12 a b

• Evaluate the total area.

A   dA
a
a
b 2  b x3 
  y dx   2 x dx   2 
0a  a 3  0
ab

3

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• Using vertical strips, perform a single integration to find the first
moments.
a
 b 
Q y   xel dA   xydx   x 2 x 2 dx
0 a 
a
 b x4  a 2b
 2  
 a 4  0 4
12 a 2
y 1 b 
Qx   yel dA   y dx    2 x 2  dx
2 02a 
a
 b2 x5  ab 2
 4  
 2a 5  0 10

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• Or, using horizontal strips, perform a single integration to find the first
moments.
ax
Q y   x el dA    a  x  dy
2
b
a2  x2
 dy
0
2
1  2 a2 
b
a 2b
12  a  y dy 
2 0 b  4
Q x   yel dA   y  a  x  dy
 a 
  y  a  1 2 y1 2  dy
 b 
b
 a 
   ay  1 2 y3 2  dy
0
b 
ab 2

10
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201 • Evaluate the centroid coordinates.

xA  Q y
ab a 2b 3
x  x a
3 4 4

yA  Q x
12
ab ab 2 3
y  y b
3 10 10

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Theorems of Pappus-Guldinus

12 • Surface of revolution is generated by rotating a

plane curve about a fixed axis.

• Area of a surface of revolution is

equal to the length of the generating
curve times the distance traveled by
the centroid through the rotation.
A  2 yL

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• Body of revolution is generated by rotating a plane

12 area about a fixed axis.

• Volume of a body of revolution is

equal to the generating area times
the distance traveled by the centroid
through the rotation.

V  2 y A

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Sample Problem 5.7
SOLUTION:
• Apply the theorem of Pappus-
Guldinus to evaluate the volumes
or revolution for the rectangular
rim section and the inner cutout
section.
12
• Multiply by density and
acceleration to get the mass and
The outside diameter of a pulley weight.
is 0.8 m, and the cross section
of its rim is as shown. Knowing
that the pulley is made of steel
and that the density of steel is
  7.85 103 kg m 3
determine the mass and weight
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SOLUTION:
• Apply the theorem of Pappus-Guldinus
to evaluate the volumes or revolution for
the rectangular rim section and the inner
cutout section.

• Multiply by density and acceleration to

12 get the mass and weight.

 3 3
  9 3
6 3
3
m  V  7.85  10 kg m 7.65  10 mm 10 m mm 
 
 m  60.0 kg

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W  mg   60.0 kg  9.81 m s 2
 W  589 N
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201 Center of Gravity of a 3D Body: Centroid of a Volume

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• Center of gravity G • Results are independent of body orientation,

 
 W j     W j  x W   xdW yW   ydW z W   zdW

rG    W j     r    W j  
    • For homogeneous bodies,
  W   V and dW   dV
rGW    j     r W     j 
 
x V   xdV yV   ydV z V   zdV
 
W   dW rGW   r dW
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Centroids of Common 3D Shapes

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Composite 3D Bodies
• Moment of the total weight concentrated
at the center of gravity G is equal to the
sum of the moments of the weights of
the component parts.

12 X  W   xW
Y  W   yW
Z W   zW

• For homogeneous bodies,

X  V   xV
Y  V   yV
Z V   zV

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Sample Problem 5.12
SOLUTION:
• Form the machine element from
a rectangular parallelepiped and a
quarter cylinder and then
subtracting two 1-in. diameter
12 cylinders.

Locate the center of gravity of

the steel machine element.
The diameter of each hole is 1
in.
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12

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
X   x V  V  3.08 in 4  5.286 in 3 
12 X  0.577 in.


Y   yV  V   5.047 in 4  5.286 in 3 
Y  0.954 in.

Z   z V  V  1.618 in 4  5.286 in 3 
Z  0.306 in.
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