New Asian Empires Mughal Ming and Qing

New Asian Empires
1200 - 1800
1. The Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empires

2. The Mughal Empire
3. The Ming and the Qing Dynasty
2. The Mughal Empire-Muslims Rule in India
 Mughal rulers created a powerful empire in which military might

and artistic culture flourished.
 After the fall of the Gupta Empire in the 500’s, India broke
apart into a number of small kingdoms.
 For several centuries, no single ruler emerged to take charge of
all India.
The Arrival of Islam
 Arab Muslim traders arrived in India for the first time.
 Over time, some Muslims traders settled in Indian towns,
where they peacefully lived beside Hindus and Buddhists.
 The next Muslims to arrive, however, were not so peaceful
 Early 700’s, Muslim raiders invaded and conquered the area
of Sind (Pakistan)
 By 1000, they reached Afghanistan.
 By 1200, most of northern India was under Muslim control
The Delhi Sultanate
 Once the Muslims gained

control, they established
a new government for the
region.
 Based in the city of Delhi
 Rulers were tolerate of
traditional Indian
practices.
 As a result, a new culture
emerged – a new
language, Urdu, formed
from a combination of
Arabic and Sanskirt.
A New Empire Mughal
 The Delhi Sultante

remained strong for
about 300 years.
 By the early 1500s,
however, its power
was weakening, and
left India wide open
for invasion.
Babur
 A Young Central Asian

named Zahir ud-Din, better
known as Babur “the tiger”
 Failed to take over China and
turned to India.
 1526 – defeated the rulers
of Delhi and founded the
Mughal Empire.
 Persian for Mongol
 Reigned as India’s first
Muslim Empire and were one
of the great civilizations in
history.
 Best known for its wealth
and power
Akbar the Great
 Akbar the Great took over

after the death of Babur.
 One of the greatest of all
Mughal rulers.
 Did everything he could to
win his people’s loyalty.
 He promoted religious
tolerance.
 He encouraged discussions
and debates among Muslims,
Hindus, Christians, and other
religions.
Height of the Empire
 Babur and Akbar laid the foundation for a powerful empire.

 The rulers who followed them built upon that foundation and raised
Mughal India to new heights of power and wealth.
Jahangir
 Jahangir took power after

the death of his father,
Akbar.
 Known as a good ruler,
despite his ruthless start.
 Practiced religious
toleration, supported the
arts and adopted many
Persian influences into
Indian society.
 Wife Nur Jahan – born in
Persia.
 Sikhism – founded by Guru
Nanak – blended Islam and
Hinduism – One god, but
believe in reincarnation
Shah Jahan
 Jahangir’s son an successor

– Shah Jahan
 A Cultural Golden Age
 Followed same practices as
his father. (except religious
tolerance)
 Taj Mahal – greatest
example of Mughal
achievement – built as a
tomb for Shah Jahan’s
beloved wife.
 New capital of India- Delhi –
at the heart a Peacock
Throne- symbol of the
Dynasty
Aurangzeb
 In 1657, Shah Jahan became

extremely ill.
 His sons, thinking their
father was going to die,
began to maneuver to take
the throne.
 War broke out among them.
 Aurangzeb, one of his sons,
captured his father and
brought him one of his son’s
heads and declared himself
emperor.
 Supported the growth of the
Sunni Islam
 Increased the empire to its
largest size.
Decline the Mughal Empire
 His actions marked

the beginning of the
end for the empire.
 Due to harsh
measures during his
reign, frequent
rebellions broke out
in the late 1600s.
 Civil War broke out
and invaders poured
into India from the
north.
3. The Ming and Qing Dynasty
 During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, China prospered, but the
empire entered a period of isolation in response to increasing
European contact.
The Ming Dynasty
 1279 –Mongol leader Kublai Khan conquered China and founded the
Yuan Dynasty.
 After the death of Khan, China became ripe for rebellion and led to
the Ming Dynasty.
 Hongwu, “vastly martial” –founder of the Ming Dynasty – overthrew
the last of the Mongol emperor.
 Worked to rebuild China.
 Reforms – reduced taxes and improved agriculture and trade and at
the same time restored traditional Chinese practices, such as
Confucianism and civil service examinations for government
positions.
The Forbidden City
• Yonglo – successor of Hongwo – moved Ming Capital to Beijing, a city northeast of

China.
• The Forbidden City – a vast imperial city surrounded by high walls.
Ming Sea Voyages
 Zheng He – 1405 and

1433 – Chinese
Muslim Admiral, led
seven voyages around
the Indian Ocean as
far as Africa.
 He sailed with a fleet
of 300 ships.
(included trading
ships called junks as
well as immense
treasure ships, each
400 feet long.
 He voyages
demonstrated China’s
growing sea power.
Admiral Zheng He’s Voyages
 First Voyage: 1405-1407 [62 ships; 27,800 men].

 Second Voyage: 1407-1409 [Ho didn’t go on this trip].
 Third Voyage: 1409-1411 [48 ships; 30,000 men].
 Fourth Voyage: 1413-1415 [63 ships; 28,500 men].
 Fifth Voyage: 1417-1419
 Sixth Voyage: 1421-1422
 Emperor Zhu Gaozhi cancelled future trips and ordered ship
builders and sailors to stop work.
 Seventh Voyage: 1431-1433
 Emperor Zhu Zhanji resumed the voyages in 1430 to restore
peaceful relations with Malacca & Siam
 100 ships and 27,500 men; Cheng Ho died on the return trip.
Ming contact with Europeans
 1498 --> Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port.

Ming Society
 Foreign Relations – policy

to end voyages led to a
period of isolationism from
the outside world.
 Why? The arrival of
Europeans and Christians
interfered with traditional
Chinese practices that
were already ruined by the
Mongol Empire.
 Metteo Ricci – Italian
Jesuit priest who learned
Chinese and adopted many
Chinese customs.
 In exchange, he introduced
mathematics and science
from Europe.
Ming Decline
 In late 1500s, Ming Dynasty

began to weaken.
 High taxes, weak leaders,
and crop failures created
harsh economic times.
 Manchu – a people from
Manchuria swept into Beijing
and took the capital.
 The last Ming emperor killed
himself to avoid capture.
 The Manchu then formed
their own dynasty and gave it
a Chinese name –Qing.
Qing Dynasty
 The Qing Dynasty,

1644- 1911 – became
the last dynasty in
3,500 years of imperial
rule in China.
 Under Manchu rule,
China again grew
prosperous and
expanded to its largest
size in history.
China under Qing Rule
 To win the support of opposition
to many Chinese, the Manchu
showed respect for their Chinese
customs and maintained Confucian
traditions.
 Civil Service and government
positions were distributed equally
among Chinese and Manchu.
 Kangxi and his grandson Qianlong –
reduced taxes for peasants and
expanded the empire into parts of
Central Asia.
 Agricultural production and
population rose and the economy
thrived due to better
transportation and growing
domestic and foreign markets.
Qing Foreign Relations
 1793- Lord George

Macartney tried to change
China’s isolationist policies.
 He came to China to discuss
expanding trade.
 Emperor Qianlong thought
British goods were inferior
and demanded that he
kowtow (kneel)’ Macartney
refused.
 At that time, China was one
of the more advanced
civilizations in the world.
Qing Decline
 China’s isolationism and refusal to enter the world market

eventually toppled the Qing Dynasty – and imperial rule.
Ming and Qing Culture
 Under the two empires, China

made many developments in
the arts and literature.
 Ming artisans produced
exquisite blue and white
porcelain. Valuable trading
item
 Rising literacy rates
contributed to the growth or
popular fiction.
 Cao Zhan wrote the novel
Dream of the Red Chamber –
considered China’s greatest
novel, examines the decline of
an upper-class Chinese family.
Imperial China’s Impact on History
 Removed religion from morality.
 Beginnings of political philosophy through which a ruler must prove

he/she is legitimate.
 Mandate of Heaven
 Secular law.
 Valued history  The Dynastic Cycle

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New Asian Empires

1. The Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empires

 Mughal rulers created a powerful empire in which military might

 Once the Muslims gained

 The Delhi Sultante

 A Young Central Asian

 Akbar the Great took over

 Babur and Akbar laid the foundation for a powerful empire.

 Jahangir took power after

 Jahangir’s son an successor

 In 1657, Shah Jahan became

 His actions marked

• Yonglo – successor of Hongwo – moved Ming Capital to Beijing, a city northeast of

 Zheng He – 1405 and

 First Voyage: 1405-1407 [62 ships; 27,800 men].

 1498 --> Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port.

 Foreign Relations – policy

 In late 1500s, Ming Dynasty

 The Qing Dynasty,

 1793- Lord George

 China’s isolationism and refusal to enter the world market

 Under the two empires, China

 Beginnings of political philosophy through which a ruler must prove

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