DIANNE GAY LEAÑO

23 years old

FSUU Batch 2017

Top 17 November
2017 PNLE (85.20)
MODERN CONCEPT OF HEALTH
Optimum functioning
among individuals,
families and communities
ECO-SYSTEMS
THAT AFFECT
LEVEL OF
FUNCTIONING
POLITICAL
- Government has power to PROMULGATE,
PROMOTE, IMPLEMENT & THINK of the diff. ways
to alleviate health problems

- PH Constitution: government should provide

access for sustainable health

- Political issue provide People Empowerment

BEHAVIORAL
- Culture

- Habits

- Attitudes

- Ethnic backgrounds

- Society/Environment
HEREDITARY
- Plays a part in determining life span and
health level of an individual
HEALTH CARE DELIVERY
SYSTEM
-PHC: effective provision of essential health
services
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES
- Urban areas are prone to hazards of health
SOCIO-ECONOMIC INFLUENCE
- Families from lower income brackets are
mostly served
RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES:
COMMUNITY
1. Utilizing health facilities

2. Supporting and strengthening health centers

3. Activist for health promotion and protection

4. Community health workers training

5. Improving sanitation and environment

6. Food safety, adequate water

7. Promoting family planning, breastfeeding and healthy

life styles

8. Restricting causative factors of ill health like poverty

RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES:
GOVERNMENT
1. Policies and plans

2. Resources

3. Accessibility

4. Awareness-building
5. Human resources development

6. Monitoring/support

7. Outbreak control

8. Exchanging of experiences
CATEGORIES OF
HEALTH
PROBLEMS
HEALTH DEFICIT
- Occurs when there is a gap between actual health
status and achievable health status
HEALTH THREATS
- Conditions that promote disease or injury and prevent
people from realizing their health potential
FORESEEABLE CRISIS
- Stressful occurrences such as death or illness of a family
member
PRIMARY
HEALTH
CARE
- essential health care
made universally
accessible to individuals
and families
- Declared during the First International
Conference on PHC (Alma Ata, Russia)

- Held on September 6-12, 1978

- WHO, UNICEF

- “HEALTH FOR ALL BY THE YEAR 2020 ”

- Philippines: LOI 949 signed by President
Marcos

- October 19, 1979

- “HEALTH IN THE HANDS OF THE

PEOPLE BY 2020”
Five key elements to achieving that goal:
•Universal Coverage Reforms: Reducing exclusion
and social disparities in health

•Service Delivery Reforms: Organizing health

services around people’s needs and expectations
•Public Policy Reforms: Integrating health into all
sectors

•Leadership Reforms: Pursuing collaborative

models of policy dialogue

•Increasing stakeholder participation

Rationale
1. Magnitude of Health Problems

2. Inadequate and unequal distribution of health

resources

3. Increasing cost of medical care

4. Isolation of health care activities from other

development activities
Objectives
1.Improvement in the level of
health care of the community

2. Favorable population
growth structure
3. Reduction in the prevalence of
preventable, communicable and other
disease.

4. Reduction in morbidity and mortality

rates especially among infants and
children.
5. Extension of essential health
services with priority given to the
underserved sectors.

6. Improvement in basic sanitation

7. Development of the capability of the
community aimed at self- reliance.

8. Maximizing the contribution of the

other sectors for the social and economic
development of the community.
Four Pillars or Cornerstone of PHC
•Active Community Participation

•Intra and Inter-sectoral linkages

•Use of appropriate technology

•Support mechanism made available

 Major
Strategies
1. Elevating health to
a comprehensive and
sustained national
effort
- Expanding participation in health and health-related
programs (service provider/beneficiary)

- Empowerment to parents, families and communities

- Advocacy directed to national and local policy making

to elicit support and commitment to major health
concerns through legislations, budgetary and
logistical considerations
2. Promoting and
supporting
community managed
health care
- “health in the hands of the people”

- capacity building of communities

- organization to plan, implement and

evaluate health programs at their
levels
3.Increasing efficiency 
in health sector
- Using appropriate
technology (services and
resources required for their
delivery, effective, affordable,
accessible and culturally
acceptable)
- Dev’t of human resources
must correspond to the actual
needs of the nation and the
policies it upholds such as PHC
- DOH = support and assist both
public and private institutions
(faculty development,
enhancement of relevant curricula
and development of standard
teaching materials)
4. Advancing
essential national
health research
- Essential National Health
Research (ENHR) is an integrated
strategy for organizing and
managing research using
intersectoral, multi-disciplinary
and scientific approach to health
programming and delivery.
 TYPES OF
PRIMARY
HEALTH CARE
WORKERS
 VILLAGE OR BARANGAY
HEALTH WORKERS
- Trained community health worker

- Health auxiliary volunteer

- Traditional birth attendant

- Healer
 INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
HEALTH WORKERS
- Medical practitioner

- Public health nurse

- Rural sanitary inspector

- Midwives
LEVELS OF HEALTH
CARE & REFERRAL
SYSTEM
 PRIMARY LEVEL CARE
- Health service is provided by the
physician, nurse and barangay
health workers or team
 SECONDARY LEVEL CARE
- Physician and health team are responsible
for assessment and treatment of health
related problem

- Professional can perform minor surgery

 TERTIARY LEVEL CARE
- Care is usually given by specialist and
major surgeries are included in this
level
HEALTH CARE
DELIVERY
SYSTEM
PRIMARY
- Barangay health station
- Private practitioners
- Puericulture Center
- Community hospitals
- Health centers
- Rural health unit
SECONDARY
- Emergency district hospitals
- Provincial/City hospitals
- Provincial/City services
TERTIARY
- Regional health services
- Regional medical centers and Training
hospitals
- National health services
- Medical centers
- Teaching and training hospitals
ELEMENTS
OF PHC
EDUCATION
MATERNAL
AND CHILD
HEALTH
DANGER SIGNS OF
PREGNANCY
C - ramping, contractions (uterine)
R - upture of membranes
A - bsence of fetal movement
M - uscle irritability
P - ersistent vomiting
S - potting or vaginal bleeding
U - rine frequency
P - ain (epigastric, uterine, abdominal)
PRENATAL
CARE
COMPONENTS OF PRENATAL CARE:
> History taking
> Physical examination
> TT Immunization
> Iron Supplementation
> Health Education
> Laboratory examination
> Oral-dental examination
> Referral when necessary
OBSTETRIC
HISTORY
1.History of past pregnancies
G-number of pregnancies irrespective of
gestational age
T-number of full term infants born after 37 wks
P-number of preterm infants born before 37 wks
A-number of spontaneous or induced abortions
L-number of living children
M-number of multiple gestations
2. Naegele’s Rule
- standard method used to predict
the length of pregnancy
- formula: - 3mos, + 7mos, + 1year
- count back 3mos from the 1st day
of last menstrual period then add 7
days
3. Mc Donald’s Rule
- from notch of the symphysis pubis to
over the top of the uterine fundus
(supine)
- inaccurate during 3rd tri (grows more
on wt than ht)
- formula: ht in cm x2/7 = AOG in mos x
4 = AOG in weeks
4. Bartholomew’s
Rule
- noting the fundic ht at
various weeks of pregnancy
3 - symphysis pubis
4 - btwn umbilicus and symphisis pubis
5 - umbilicus
6 - 2 fingers above umbilicus
7 - btwn umbilicus and xyphoid process
8 - xiphoid process
9 - below xyphoid process d/t lightening
5. Johnson’s Rule
- use to calculate fetal wt in grams
- formula:
Fundic height(cm)-N X K= fetal weight
K=155(constant)
N= 12 if engagedd
N=11 if not yet engaged
6. Haase’s Rule
- to determine the length of
the fetus
a. 1 to 5 mos = months2
b. 6 to 9mos = months X 5
Greater fundic height indicates:
- multiple pregnancy
- miscalculated due date
- polyhydramnios
- Hydatidiform mole

Lesser Fundic height indicates:

- fetal growth retardation
- fetal death
- error in estimating AOG
- oligohydramnios
HEALTH
TEACHINGS
1. Schedule of Clinic Visit
First 7 months: once a month
8 months: 2x/month or q 2 wks
9 months: weekly
2. Exercise
a. Pelvic Rocking
- eases backache and keeps flexibility & movement in
back and spine
b. Squatting and Tailor Sitting
- makes thigh, pelvic and hips flexible
c. Calf Stretching
ADVANTAGES OF EXERCISE DURING
PREGNANCY:
- strengthen muscles
- promote circulation
- relieves tension and anxiety
- improves posture and appetite
- improves metabolic efficiency
3. Dental Care
- dental carries should be treated
- alkaline mouthwash can be used to counteract the
acidic saliva during pregnancy

4. Clothing
- light-weight, non-constrictive
- absorbent and reasonably priced
- flat heeled shoes
5. Bathing
- daily bath
- no tub bath
- swimming is ok, but no to diving
- no bathing if there is vaginal bleeding and if BOW is
ruptured
6. Breast Care
- well fitting and larger size brassiere
- wash breast with water only

7.Immunizations
- no to Rubella vaccine,Mumps vaccine, OPV
- Hep B and Typhoid fever vaccine can be given only if
risk factors are present
- TT immunizations
8. Employment
- no lifting of heavy objects
- no sitting and standing for a long time
- no excessive physical and emotional strain
- no to exposure of toxic substances
9. Travel
- Avoid long trips on the third trimester
- best time to travel: 2nd tri
- when travelling: 15-20 minute rest q 2 hours on a
long ride
- use shoulder and lap belts
- the place should be pressurized
10. Sexual Relations
- 1st tri: dec. sexual desire
- 2nd tri: inc. sexual desire
- 3rd tri: dec. sexual desire

CONTRAINDICATION OF SEXUAL INTERCOURSE

- deeply presenting part
- rupture of bag of water
- vaginal bleeding or spotting
- incompetent cervix
11. Alcohol
- no to alcohol during pregnancy

12. Drugs
- do not take any drug not prescribed by a physician
13. Caffeine
- not more than 4 cups a day

Effects of Caffeine
- diuretic
- feeling satisfaction without being nutritious
- causes mood swings and sleep disturbances
- interfere with iron absorption
- baby may develop diabetes later in life
DANGER SIGNS IN
CHILDREN
1. Inability to drink or breastfeed
2. Vomiting everything
3. Convulsions/seizures
4. Lethargy or unconsciousness
 Environmental
Sanitation and
Promotion of Safe
Water Supply
Overview
Environmental Sanitation = still a health
problem

Diarrheal diseases 2nd in the leading

causes of morbidity among the general
population
Other sanitation related diseases:

TB Intestinal parasitism
Schistosomiasis Malaria
Infectious hepatitis Filariasis
Dengue hemorrhagic fever
DOH > Environmental Health
Services (EHS) > Sanitation
Code of the Philippines (PD 856,
1978)
APPROVED TYPE OF
WATER FACILITIES
LEVEL 1
 Point source
 Protected well or developed spring w/ an
outlet but w/out a distribution system
 Indicated for rural areas
 Serves 15-25 households; outreach not more
than 250m from the farthest user
 Yields 40-140L/min
LEVEL 2
 Communal faucet or Stand posts
 w/ source, reservoir, piped distribution network
and communal faucets
 Located not more than 25 from the farthest house
 Delivers 40-80L of water/capital/day to an average
of 100 households
 Fit for rural areas; densely clustered
LEVEL 3
 W/ source, reservoir, piped distribution
network and household taps
 Fit for densely populated urban
communities
 Requires minimum treatment or disinfection
PROPER EXCRETA AND
SEWAGE DISPOSAL
PROGRAM
LEVEL 1
 Non-water carriage toilet facility – no water
necessary to wash the waste into receiving
space
 E.g. pit latrines, reed odorless earth closet
 Toilet facilities requiring small amount of
water to wash waste into the receiving space
 E.g. pour flus toilet and aqua privies
LEVEL 2
 On site toilet facilities of the water
carriage type with water sealed and
flush type with septic vault/tank
disposal
LEVEL 3
 Water carriage types of toilet
facilities connected to septic tanks
and/or to sewerage system to
treatment plant
FOOD SANITATION
1. Clean
2. Separate
3. Cook
4. Chill
HOSPITAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT
 EXPANDED
PROGRAM ON
IMMUNIZATION
ASAP (1ST 2 MONTHS) BCG

ASAP (1ST 12 HOURS) HEP B (MONOVALENT)

6 WEEKS PENTAVALENT 1, OPV 1, PCV 1, ROTAVIRUS 1

10 WEEKS PENTAVALENT 2, OPV 2, PCV 2, ROTAVIRUS 2

14 WEEKS PENTAVALENT 3, OPV 3, PCV 3, ROTAVIRUS 3,

IPV (SINGLE DOSE)
9 MONTHS MEASLES

12 MONTHS MMR
 COLD CHAIN LOGISTICS
MOST SENSITIVE TO HEAT (-15 C to -25 C)
> Measles and OPV

LESS SENSITIVE TO HEAT (2 C to 8 C)

> TT, DPT, Hepa B, BCG
 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
BCG
> 1st purpose: TB Meningitis, Leprosy
> Clean site: Water only
> Koch’s Phenomenon: SCAR
> If no scar, repeat dose
> S/E: Abscess (put INH powder); Deep abscess
(I&D then INH powder)
DPT
S/E:
> Fever: Paracetamol q 6hr for 24hr
> Local tenderness: warm compress

A/E:
> Encephalopathy: convulsions w/in 3 days
!DO NOT GIVE DPT 2,3!

If with Seizure Disorder/high grade fever (>38.5C): DO NOT

GIVE DPT DOSES
OPV USA
Types: If spit: give again
1. Sabin: Oral If vomit w/in 30mins:
Live attenuated give again
Philippines If vomit after 30mins: do
2. Salk: Parenteral (IM) not give
Inactivated If w/ diarrhea: give but
microorganism don’t record
 FAMILY
PLANNING
According to WHO:
- The use of a range of methods of a fertility
regulation to help individuals or couple attain
certain objectives:
- 1. Avoid unwanted pregnancy
- 2. Bring about wanted pregnancy
- 3. Produce a change in the # of children born
- 4. Regulate intervals between pregnancies
- 5. Control time at which pregnancy occur
BENEFITS TO MOTHER:
- Reduce health risk
- Physical strain of child bearing
- Reduce number of maternal death
- Reduce risk of ovarian cysts
BENEFITS TO CHILDREN:
- Ensures better chance of survival at birth
- Promote better childhood nutrition
- Promote physical growth and development
- Prevent birth defects
BENEFITS TO FATHER:
- Keep constant balance between their
physical, mental and social well-being

- Increase father’s sense of respect because he

is able to provide the type of education and
home environment
BENEFITS TO FAMILY:
- Helps family enjoy a better kind of
life
TYPES OF FAMILY PLANNING
1.Natural Family Planning
2.Barrier Family Planning
3.Surgical/Permanent Family
Planning
 NATURAL
FAMILY
PLANNING
RHYTHM/CALENDAR METHOD
- Aka The Fertility Awareness Method
- Calculation of a woman’s fertile time using a
calendar
- Woman keeps a diary of 6 menstrual cycles
- Abstain from coitus = 3 to 4 days before and after
ovulation
- Used when cycles are always in between 26 and
32 days in length
RHYTHM/CALENDAR METHOD
How to Calculate:

18 from shortest cycle

documented – 11 from longest
cycle = represents last fertile days
RHYTHM/CALENDAR METHOD:
DISADVANTAGES

- Lifespan of sperm
- Reliability
BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE
(BBT)
- Identifying fertile and infertile period of a woman’s cycle by
daily taking and recording of the rise in body temperature
during and after ovulation

- Just before ovulation: BBT falls about 0.5 F

- During ovulation: BBT rises a full degree (influence of
progesterone)
BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE
(BBT): DISADVANTAGE
- NOT RELIABLE
- Irregular cycle
- Hours of sleep can cause alterations in
temperature
CERVICAL MUCUS/OVULATION
- Right before ovulation = clear and
slippery
- Cloudy and scanty = safe days
CERVICAL MUCUS/OVULATION:
DISADVANTAGES
- Not reliable if with irregular cycles
- Sperm life span
SYMPTOTHERMAL METHOD
- BBT plus cervical mucus method
- No intercourse = until 3 days after rise in
temperature or 4th day after peak of mucus
change
- More effective than BBT or CM method alone
COITUS INTERRUPTUS
- Oldest known methods of contraception
- Little protection
 LACTATION
How it works:
AMENORRHEA
- Lactation interferes with the release of the hormones needed to trigger
ovulation

Advantages:
- Breastfeeding is good for mother and baby
- Nothing to buy or use

Disadvantages:
- Can only be uses for the first 6 months after birth or until the first
menstrual period
- Does not provide protection against STD
 BARRIER
FAMILY
PLANNING
MALE CONDOMS
- Made up of polyurethane or latex
- Silicone: semi dry, pre-lubricated
- Spermicidal: coated with nonoxynol on inner and
outer surfaces
MALE CONDOMS:
ADVANTAGES
- Simple spacing method
- No side effects
- Easily available, safe and inexpensive
- Protects against STDs
MALE CONDOMS: DISADVANTAGES
- Chances of slip off and tear off
- Allergic reaction to latex
- Failure rate: 16%
FEMALE CONDOMS
- Pouch made up of polyurethane; lines vagina
and external genitalia
- 17cm in length w/ one flexible polyurethane
ring at each end
FEMALE CONDOMS: ADVANTAGES
- Prevents STDs
- Not damaged by oils and other chemicals
FEMALE CONDOMS: DISADVANTAGES
- High motivation
- Only women who can use diaphragms can use female
condom
- Slippage occurs
- Expensive
- Failure rate: 21% (typical use), 5% (correct and consistent
use)
DIAPHRAGM
- Most common and easiest to fit and use
- Thin, nearly hemispherical dome made of rubber or
latex, with circular, covered metal spring at the
periphery

- Introduced up to 3 hours before intercourse

- Kept for at least 6 hours after intercourse
DIAPHRAGM: ADVANTAGES
- Cheap
- No gross medical side effects
- Control of pregnancy in hands of woman
- Reasonably safe when properly used
- Prevent spread of STDs (less effective than condom)
DIAPHRAGM: DISADVANTAGES
- Requires help of doctor to measure the size required
- Need high motivation
- Allergic reaction to rubber
- Erosion
- UTIs
SPERMICIDES
- Available as vaginal foams, gels, creams, tablets and
suppositories
- Contain nonoxyl, benzalkonium chloride
- Alter sperm surface membrane permeability = killing of
sperm
SPERMICIDES: ADVANTAGES
- No instructions by doctor or nurses
- Easily available and easy to use
- No gross medical side effects
SPERMICIDES: DISADVANTAGES
- Failure rate high when used alone
- Irritates vaginal and cervical mucosa (increase spread
of HIV)
- Failure rate: 21% (typical use), 6% (consistent and
correct use)
VAGINAL CONTRACEPTIVE SPONGE
- Doughnut-shaped device made of soft foam
coated with spermicide
- Polyurethane with nonoxynol
- Releases spermicide during coitus, absorbs
ejaculate and blocks the entrance of cervical canal
- Moisten with water; covers the cervix
VAGINAL CONTRACEPTIVE SPONGE:
DISADVANTAGE
- May get broken
- Difficult removal
- High pregnancy rate
- Allergic reaction
- Vaginal dryness, soreness
- May damage vaginal epithelium
- Increase risk of HIV transmission
INTRAUTERINE DEVICES
- Small, T-shaped device that is inserted and left
inside the uterus to prevent pregnancy
FIRST GENERATION
- Non-medicated made up of polyethylene
- Different shapes and sizes
- LIPPE’S LOOP
- Double “S” shaped device
- Non-toxic, non-tissue reactive and extremely durable
SECOND GENERATION
- Made up of metal Cu
THIRD GENERATION
- Hormone releasing IUD
- PROGESTASTERT: with progesterone; effective for 1
year
- LNG-mirena: with levonorgestrel; effective for 5 years
IUD: SIDE EFFECTS
- Amenorrhea
- Intermenstrual bleeding and spotting
- Abdominal/pelvic pain
- Ovarian cysts
- Headache/migraine
- Acne
- Depressed/altered mood
IUD: ADVANTAGES
- Safe
- Effective
- Reversible
- Long action
- Inexpensive
IUD: DISADVANTAGES
- Heavy bleeding and pain
- PID
- Ectopic pregnancy
- May come out accidently if not properly inserted
IUD: CONTRAINDICATIONS
- History of PID
- Abnormal shaped uterus
- Ectopic pregnancy
- Menorrhagia
 HORMONAL
CONTRACEPTIVES
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
- Combined oral contraceptive pills
- Commonly uses progestin and estrogens
 ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES: TYPES
1. Monophasic
> fixed dose of both estrogen and progesterone throughout 21 day cycle

2. Biphasic
> constant amount of estrogen throughout cycle BUT increased amount of
progestin during the last 11 days

3. Triphasic
> varies level of estrogen and progesterone
> closely mimic natural cycle
> reduced breakthrough bleeding
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES:
CONTRAINDICATIONS
ABSOLUTE:
- Circulatory diseases
- Severe HPN
- Angina, ischemic heart disease
- Liver disease
- Tumors
- Pregnancy
- Breast cancer, breast feeding
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES: BENEFITS
Contraceptive benefits:
> Protection against unwated phenomenon
> Convenient to use

Non-contraceptives benefits:
> Regulation of menstrual cycle
> Reduction of dysmenorrhea
> Protection against PID, fibroids, ovarian cysts, chances of
cancer
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES: SIDE
EFFECTS
- Dizziness
- Nausea
- Weight gain
- Headache
- Breast tenderness
- Vaginal infection
- Mild HPN
- Depression
- Increased blood clotting
LOCALLY
ENDEMIC
DISEASES
MALARIA
WHAT IS MALARIA?
 Parasite that infects anopheles
mosquito
 4 kinds of Malaria:
P. falciparum P. vivax
P. ovale P. malariae
P. knowlesi
HOW IS MALARIA TRANSMITTED?
 Infective female Anopheles mosquito bite
 Malaria parasite found in RBC = can be
transmitted through:
blood transfusion
organ transplant
shared use of needles/syringes
transplacental
IS MALARIA A CONTAGIOUS DISEASE?

NO
WHO IS AT RISK FOR MALARIA?
 People living in areas with malarial
transmission
 People travelling to an area with
malarial transmission
 Baby of an infected mother
 Poor people in rural areas
WHAT ARE THE S/SX OF MALARIA?
 Fever and flu-like illness
 Shaking chills
 Headache
 Muscle aches
 Tiredness
 N/V
 Diarrhea
 Anemia and jaundice
WHEN WILL A PERSON FEEL SICK AFTER A
MOSQUITO BITE?
 Average =10 days to 4 weeks after
 Early = 7 days after
 Late =1 year later
DOH PROGRAM
 Malaria Control Program
 Vision: “A Malaria-Free Philippines by
2030”
SCHISTOSOMIASIS
WHAT IS SCHISTOSOMIASIS?
 Infection with:
Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma haematobium
Schistosoma japonicum
HOW CAN I GET SCHISTOSOMIASIS?
 Skin comes in contact with contaminated
freshwater in which certain types of snails
that carry schistosomes are living

 Infected people urinate or defecate in the

water
WHAT ARE THE S/SX OF SCHISTOSOMA?
 Within days = rash or itchy skin.
 Within 1-2 months = fever, chills, cough, and
muscle aches
AM I AT RISK?
 If you live in or travel to areas where
schistosomiasis occurs and your skin comes
in contact with freshwater from canals,
rivers, streams, ponds, or lakes, you are at
risk of getting schistosomiasis.
HOW CAN I PREVENT SCHISTOSOMIASIS?
 Avoid swimming or wading in freshwater
when you are in countries in which
schistosomiasis occurs.

 Drink safe water. Boiling water for at least 1

minute will kill any harmful parasites,
bacteria, or viruses present.
 Bath water should be heated to a rolling boil for
at least 1 minute. Water held in a storage tank
for at least 1-2 days should be safe for bathing.

 Vigorous towel drying after an accidental, very

brief water exposure may help to prevent
the Schistosoma parasite from penetrating the
skin.
DOH PROGRAM
 Schistosomiasis Control Program
 Vision: “Schistosomiasis Free
Philippines”
LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS
WHAT IS LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS?
 Lymphatic filariasis is a parasitic disease
caused by three species of  microscopic,
thread-like worms. The adult worms only
live in the human lymph system.
HOW IS LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS SPREAD?
 Bite of infected mosquito
WHO IS AT RISK FOR INFECTION?
 People living for a long time in tropical or
sub-tropical areas where the disease is
common are at the greatest risk for
infection.
WHAT ARE THE S/SX OF LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS?
 Mostly asymptomatic
 Lymphedema (legs, arms, breasts, genitalia)
 Hydrocele
 Elephantiasis (hardening and thickening of
the skin)
HOW CAN I PREVENT INFECTION?
 Avoid mosquito bites = best prevention
 If you live in or travel to an area with
lymphatic filariasis:
Sleep under a mosquito net.
Wear long sleeves and trousers.
Use mosquito repellent on exposed
skin between dusk and dawn.
DOH PROGRAM
 Filariasis Elimination Program
 Vision: “Healthy and productive
individuals and families for Filariasis-
Free Philippines”
TUBERCULOSIS
WHAT IS TB?
 Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
 Usually attack the lungs; kidney, spine, and
brain
HOW DOES TB SPREAD?
 Through the air from one person to another
 Aerosolized droplets: coughs, speaks, or sings
 TB is NOT spread by:
Shaking someone’s hand
Sharing food or drink
Touching bed linens or toilet seats
Sharing toothbrushes
Kissing
 Family members, friends, coworkers, schoolmates
WHAT ARE THE S/SX OF TB?
 Symptoms of TB disease depend on where in the body the TB
bacteria are growing.
 Most common: Pulmonary TB
bad cough that lasts 3 weeks or longer
pain in the chest
coughing up blood or sputum
 Other symptoms:
weakness or fatigue
weight loss no appetite
chills fever
sweating at night
DOH PROGRAM
 National Tuberculosis TB Control
Program
 Vision: “TB-Free Philippines”
ESSENTIAL
DRUGS
PROVISION
 RA 6675
GENERICS ACT OF 1988
WHO SHALL USE GENERIC TERMINOLOGY?
 All government health agencies & other
government agencies: purchasing, prescribing,
dispensing and administering of drugs and
medicines.
 All medical, dental and veterinary practitioners,
including private practitioners, shall write
prescriptions using the generic name. The brand
name may be included if so desired.
 Any organization or company involved in the
manufacture, importation, repacking, marketing
and/or distribution of drugs and medicines should
indicate the generic name of the product
 Brand name products: generic name should appear
immediately above the brand name in all product
labels as well as in advertising and other
promotional materials
 Drug outlets, including drugstores, hospital and
non-hospital pharmacies and non-traditional
outlets such as supermarkets and stores, shall
inform any buyer about any and all other drug
products having the same generic name,
together with their corresponding prices so that
the buyer may adequately exercise, his option
COMMON ESSENTIAL
DRUGS USED IN THE
PHILIPPINES
COTRIMOXAZOLE
Classification: sulfonamides
(antibacterial)

Commonly used for: pneumonia,

bronchitis, infection of UT, ears,
intestines, travelers diarrhea
PARACETAMOL
Classification: analgesic and antipyretic

Commonly used for: headache, joint

pain, muscle pain, fever
AMOXYCILLIN
Classification: penicillins

Commonly used for: pneumonia, dental

abscesses, UTI, ear infection
ORESOL
Classification: oral rehydration salt formulation

Commonly used for: prevention of dehydration

due to diarrhea and vomiting

Homemade: 1 teaspoon of salt, 4 teaspoons of

sugar mix to 1liter of water
NIFEDIPINE
Classification: calcium channel blocker

Commonly used for: lowering BP

R.I.P.E.S.
Classification: tb drugs

Commonly used for: Pulmonary and

Extra pulmonary TB
ALBENDAZOLE
Classification: anthelmintic

Commonly used for: tapeworm

infections
QUININE
Classification: antimalarials

Commonly used for: malaria

NUTRITION AND
PROMOTION OF
ADEQUATE FOOD
SUPPLY
MALNUTRITION
WHAT IS MALNUTRITION?
•It means "poor nutrition" and can refer to:
•undernutrition – not getting enough nutrients
•overnutrition – getting more nutrients than needed
WHAT ARE THE S/SX OF MALNUTRITION?
 unintentional weight loss – losing > 5% to 10% of weight
over 3 to 6 months
 body mass index (BMI) under 18.5
 lack of interest in eating and drinking
 feeling tired all the time
 feeling weak
 getting ill often and taking a long time to recover
 Children: not growing or not putting on weight at the
expected rate
WHO’S AT RISK FOR MALNUTRITION?
 long-term health conditions that affect
appetite, weight and/or absorption
 Dysphagia
 socially isolated
 limited mobility
 low income
 65 years and over
HOW TO PREVENT MALNUTRITION?
 Best way: eat a healthy, balanced diet
 Eat a variety of foods from the main food groups,
including:
fruit and vegetables
starchy foods such as bread, rice, potatoes, pasta
milk and dairy foods or non-dairy alternatives
protein, such as meat, fish, eggs and beans
 TREATMENT OF
COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES AND
COMMON ILLNESS
 GENERAL APPROACHES IN
PREVENTION AND CONTROL
OF COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES