Chapter3 ShaftDesign

Shaft Design
Engineering Design
DAM 21503 ENGINEERING DESIGN
1
Shaft with various element
DDA 3013-Engineering & Industrial

2
Design
Introduction
 transmit power or motion from one location to another
 Types of shaft:
 Spindle : short shaft
 (lineshaft, headshaft, stub shaft, transmission shaft, countershaft & flexible shaft)
 Axle : long shaft
 Non rotating member that carries no torque and used to support rotating wheels, pulleys and etc
 Geometry
 Cylinder (solid or hollow)
 Load acting
 Torsion (shear stress) due to transmitted torque
 Bending (normal stress) due to transversal load (gears, sprockets, pulleys)
 Basic:
T = Fr
P = Tω
3
• Shaft must have adequate torsional strength
to transmit torque and not over stressed
• Shaft are mounted in bearings and transmit
power through devices such as gears, pulleys,
cams and clucthes
• Components such as gears are mounted on
shaft using keys
• Shaft must sustain a combination of bending
and torsional loads
DAM 21503 Engineering Design 4
Objectives
• Compute forces acting on shafts from gears, pulleys and
sprockets
• Find bending moments from gears, pulleys or sprockets
that are transmitting loads to or from other devices
• Determine torque in shaft from gears, pulleys, sprockets,
clutches and coupling
• Compare combined stresses to suitable allowable
stresses, including any required stress reduction factors
such as stress concentration factors and factors of safety
• Determine suitability of shaft design and/or necessary
size of shafting
DAM 21503-Engineering Design 5

Design study
• Deflection and rigidity
– Bending deflection
– Torsional deflection
– Slope at bearings and shaft supported elements
– Shear deflection due to transverse loading of short
shaft
• Stress and strength
– Static strength
– Fatigue strength
– reliability
6
Steps of Shaft Design
1. Compute all force acting on shaft from gears, pulleys and sprockets.
2. Find the bending moments from gears, pulleys and sprockets, which
are transmitted to or from other devices.
3. Determine the combined force or moment on shaft.
4. Calculate the torque in the shaft due to gears, pulleys and sprockets.
5. Calculate the stresses from bending moment, shear and torsional loads.
6. Compare the acting stress to the allowable stress, including stress
concentration and safety factor.
7. Determine the suitable size of the shaft.
7
Torsion of circular shafts
TL

GJ
θ = the angle of twist

T = the applied torque
L = Shaft length
J = polar moment on inertia of the shaft cross
section
G = shear modulus of Rigidity of the shaft material
8
I and J relationships for circular cross
sectional areas
Solid circle
d 4 d 4
I J
64 32
Hollow circle
4 4
 (d o  d i ) 4 4
 (d o  d i )
I J
64 32
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Stresses in Shaft
1. Bending stress due to transversal loads. Mc
c: distance from outer most fiber to neutral axis. S 
I: moment of inertia
I
2. Tensional shear stress Tc

c: radius of the shaft Ss 
J: polar moment of inertia J
1
3.
 2
Combine stresses to determine    S 2   S  
 2
maximum shear stress  s  2  

 
3. Considering the allowable stress,
 
1
5.1 2
then determine shaft’s diameter   3 T M2 2
(combine load) D
10
Forces from Gears
FIND RESULTANT FORCE
 Spur Gear
Power is transmitted between mating teeth, there are transmitted force (F t) and
separating force (Fn) so that resultant force (Fr):
Ft
Fr 
cos 
θ is the pressure angle, i.e. the angle at a pitch point between the line of pressure
which is normal to the tooth surface, and the plane tangent to the pitch surface.
11
 Bevel
Beside of transmitted force and separating
force, axial for gear due to angle of bevel
2 2
Fr  Ft  Fn
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Forces from Pulley/Sprocket
• Two forces in the belt/chain, i.e. a front force Ff and a

back force Fb
• The difference: net driving force Fd = Ft - Fb
• Torque is then T = Fdr
r = the effective radius of pulley/sprocket
13
Critical Speed
• All object, when hit or struck or somehow disturbed, will vibrate. When objects
vibrate, they tend to vibrate at a particular frequency or a set of frequencies. The
frequency or frequencies at which an object tends to vibrate is know as the
natural frequency of the object.
• Critical speed is the theoretical rotational speed which excites the natural
frequency of a gear. As the critical speed approaches the part’s natural frequency,
its shaft begins to resonate which leads to excessive systemic vibration.
• Operating speed should be less than 80% of the calculated critical speed.
N0 : critical speed in rpm 30  gF 
F : Force Nc   2 
δ : deflection   F 
• If only one concentrated load
188
Nc 

14
Example
A shaft drives a gear that is transmitting power 5 hp at
1750rpm. The shaft is supported in self aligning ball bearings,
and the gear’s. Shaft diameter is 100mm.The solid shaft
length with simple support beam is 1m and a sprocket is
fixed in the middle of the shaft that transversal load of 500N.
Modulus of Elastic,E =10GPa
a)Find tensional and bending stresses in the shaft

b)Find maximum shear stress and allowable shear stress
c) Find the critical speed
15
AlternativeWay
DAM 21503 -Engineering Design 16

17
Design
18
Design
19
Design
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Shaft Design

DAM 21503 ENGINEERING DESIGN

DDA 3013-Engineering & Industrial

DAM 21503-Engineering Design 5

θ = the angle of twist

2. Tensional shear stress Tc

maximum shear stress  s  2  

• Two forces in the belt/chain, i.e. a front force Ff and a

a)Find tensional and bending stresses in the shaft

DAM 21503 -Engineering Design 16

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