Introduction To Radar Signal Processing

Lecture II
Introduction to Radar Signal Processing

Dr. Twe Ta Oo
Lecturer
Faculty of Computer Systems and Technologies
University of Computer Studies, Yangon
1 Acknowledgement: 4/29/2020
Most of the contents are prepared according to the “radar training course at BIRM”.
Radar Theory (cont.)
Radar System Components
 This simple approach can be achieved by means of many complex
process including hardware and software components.
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Generalized Block Diagram (cont.)
 Transmitter
 source of the EM radiation emitted by radar; it generates powerful
pulses of electromagnetic energy at precise intervals;
 the required power is obtained by using a high-power microwave
oscillator (such as a magnetron) or a microwave amplifier (such as a
klystron) that is supplied by a low- power RF source;
 Receiver
 detects and amplifies the very weak signals received by antenna;
 radar receivers must be of very high quality because the signals that
are detected are often very weak;
 Duplexer (transmit/receive switch)
 a special switch added to the radar system to protect the receiver
from high power of the transmitter;
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Generalized Block Diagram (cont.)
 Antenna
 transmits the microwaves into atmosphere and collects the reflected
microwaves from objects in its path;
 most radar antennas are directional; i.e., they focus the energy into a
particular direction; antenna that sends radiation equally in all
directions is called isotropic antenna;
 Display Processor
 removes the unwanted signals, e.g. clutter, but keeps those from
targets and displays the results on the screen;
 E.g. oscilloscope, Plan Position Indicator (PPI), etc;
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Antenna Types
 Parabolic Reflectors
 emit all radiation at focus and emerges in a beam parallel to axis;
 Parabolic reflectors are suitable mainly at microwave frequencies;
 Mechanical scanning
Elevation
 One antenna
 One TR module
Az
im
uth
5 4/29/2020
Antenna Types
 Phased Array Antenna
 Usually has a planar aperture that is assembled from a great many
similar radiating elements, such as slots or dipoles, each element
being individually controlled in phase and amplitude;
 Achieves accurately predictable radiation patterns and beam
pointing directions;
 Electrical scanning along azimuth

 Mechanical scanning along elevation
 Multiple radiating elements
 Multiple TR modules
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Continuous-Wave Radar
 Continuous-wave (CW) radars continuously transmit electromagnetic
waves and simultaneously continuously receive echo reflections
scattered from objects;
 For stationary object, frequency of the echo signal is unchanged from
that transmitted.
 For moving object, frequency of the echo signal is altered due to the
Doppler effect, from which the object’s motion can be determined.
7 4/29/2020
Ref: “Principles of Modern Radar: Radar Applications” by William L. Melvin, James A. Scheer.
Continuous-Wave Radar (cont.)
 The velocity of an object in the radial direction with respect to the radar
is related to the Doppler frequency shift, fDop by
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Continuous-Wave Radar (cont.)
 The time delay, ∆t, between the transmitting frequency and the
frequency of the echo signal, at any instant in time, is proportional to
the distance to an object.
 The time taken for an echo to be received is given by
(3 x 108 m/s)
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Disadvantages of Continuous-Wave Radar
 A disadvantage of CW radars is reduced dynamic range because of
simultaneous transmission and reception.
 Transmission is continuous and therefore competes with the weak
reflected echo signal, which it can easily swamp, thus preventing
detection of objects.
 To solve that,
 Isolation is needed between the transmit and receive signals.
 To further improve matters, it is usual to use separate antennas for
transmission and reception arranged to keep the transmit signal
from “leaking” across into the receive antenna.
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Thank YOU!
11 4/29/2020

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Lecture II

Introduction to Radar Signal Processing

 Electrical scanning along azimuth

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