Chapter 1

CHAPTER 1
 Scientific Name: Elaeis Guineensis

 Originated from central Africa “Nigeria”
 Can produced 6 to 10 times more than any
other vegetable oil plant
 Oil palm has an economic life of about 25
years. [Life span around 25 years]
 The harvesting of the palm could begin 30
months after field planting.
 In Malaysia, the most commonly cultivated
palm tree is TENERA, which is a cross
between dura and pisifera species.
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 Indonesia had started planted in 1911
 Arrived at Malaysia 103 years ago in 1917 at
Rantau Panjang which was known as Tennamaran
Estate
 Early 1938, about 29,000 hectares under
cultivation
 In 1985, 1.5 million hectares were planted with
palm tree.
 In 2007 increased to 4.3 million hectares & It has
become the most important commodity crop in
Malaysia.
 In 2011, the total planted area was 4.917 million
hectares.
3
 Bek Nielsen informed early 1951 total production
of palm oil was 51,000 tonnes
 In 1975, the production increased to 1,257,573
tonnes
 In 2011, Malaysia’s export of palm oil rose to
17.99 million tonnes.
 In the same year, the export of palm kernel oil
volume reaching 1.17 million tonnes.
4
 Yield Fresh fruit bunches (FFB) about 32.6
metric ton
 Yield oil about 8.55 metric ton/hectare
 Seed from Dura x Pisifera family
 Normal production costs RM 238 to
520/hectare/ year (new planting)
 The oil palm planted currently is the tenera
hybrid which yields about 4.0 t of palm oil per
hectare [together with 0.5 t palm kernel oil and
0.6 t palm kernel cake].
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 FELDA
 GUTHRIE
 SIME DARBY
 KULIM PLANTATION
 TAIKO PLANTATION
 STATE GOVERNMENT FOUNDATION
 MANY MORES…
IOI and SIME DARBY dominate the world palm oil

industry.
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 What is palm oil?
 Oilproduced from oil palm by extracting them
from its mesocarp (fruitlet)
 What makes the difference between palm oil
and other vegetables oil?
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Monounsaturates Polyunsaturates Saturates
Palm Oil 40% 10% 50%
Peanut Oil 39% 42% 19%
Butter Fat 30% 44% 66%

Corn Oil 30% 54% 16%
Soybean Oil 25% 60% 15%
Safflower Oil 13% 77% 10%
Coconut Oil 5% 1% 94%
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CPD 30203 (JAN 2016) 10
 Fresh fruit Bunches (FFB) Fruitlet
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 Examples of fresh fruit bunches are given in
the following picture.
 Picture: Fresh fruit bunches showing three
categories of ripeness.
 The black bunch on the left has oil with the
lowest DOBI.
 The bunch in the centre has oil with the
highest DOBI.
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ADDITIONAL
INFO
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• Palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) industry is one of the major
contributors to the Malaysia economic growths.
• Malaysia produces 17.5 million tonnes of CPO (MPOB) in 2009.
• Jan 2010 ~ 1,321,304 tonnes of CPO was produced.
• Main components palm oil – triglyserides with mono- and

diglycerides (Yusuf, 2005).
• Minor – carotenoids, tocopherols, sterols, phosphatides, triterpenic

and aliphatic alcohols form (Yusuf, 2005),
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Figure 1 : Elaeis guineensis
Figure 3 : Tenera Hybrid obtained from

Figure 2 : Cross-section of Dura and Pisifera Parents
palm oil fruit
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Figure 4 : Flowchart of crude palm oil (CPO) production
23
CRUDE PALM OIL
(CPO)
Physical Chemical
Refining Refining
Degumming Gum Degumming

Soap
Fresh Stock
Bleaching Bleachin Alkali
g Clay Neutralization Splitting
Spent FILTRATION
Bleaching (FBC)
FFA
Clay (SBC) Deodorization Bleaching
FILTRATION Spent
Bleaching
Deodorization Clay (SBC)
Palm Fatty Refined Bleached
Acid Deodorized Palm
Distillates Oil Neutralized,
(PFAD) (RBDPO) Bleached,
Deodorized Palm Oil
Figure 5 : Chemical and physical refining routes (NBDPO)
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• Bleaching clay/earth - have the capacity to adsorb
coloring matters and undesirable residues from oils (Tsai
et al., 2002).
• 0.5-1.0% of bleaching clay dosages used for refining

industry (Wahid, 2006).
• Spent bleaching clay (SBC) - solid waste product from

the edible oil industry contains in excess of 20% w/w
residual oil (Pollard et al., 1993).
• According to Cheah and Siew (2004), typically, SBC

contains 17-35% of residual oil, metallic impurities and
other organic compounds.
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• Reuse of SBC and the recovery oil - recurrent focus of research for
nearly 60 years and also find most economical and environmentally
safe way to dispose SBC (Pollard et al., 1993).
• Waldmann and Eggers (1991) studied high pressure CO2

extraction of oil from SBC (palm oil & rapeseed oil) and reported oil
extracted is good quality.
• Ng et al. (1997) - SBE was de-oiled using hexane, methanol, and

supercritical CO2 solvent extraction and then regenerated thermally
in a box furnace and TGA system.
• Al-Zahrani and Daous (2000) extracted residual oil on SBC using

organic solvents - methylethylketone (MEK), acetone, petroleum
ether and hexane.
• Boey et al., 2009 found that ethanol capable to extract both polar
components and triglyseride in a single run as consequent cleaner
clay is obtained through ethanol extraction.
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 Scientific Name: Elaeis Guineensis

IOI and SIME DARBY dominate the world palm oil

Peanut Oil 39% 42% 19%

Butter Fat 30% 44% 66%

Soybean Oil 25% 60% 15%

Safflower Oil 13% 77% 10%

Coconut Oil 5% 1% 94%

• Malaysia produces 17.5 million tonnes of CPO (MPOB) in 2009.

• Jan 2010 ~ 1,321,304 tonnes of CPO was produced.

• Main components palm oil – triglyserides with mono- and

• Minor – carotenoids, tocopherols, sterols, phosphatides, triterpenic

Figure 3 : Tenera Hybrid obtained from

Degumming Gum Degumming

• 0.5-1.0% of bleaching clay dosages used for refining

• Spent bleaching clay (SBC) - solid waste product from

• According to Cheah and Siew (2004), typically, SBC

• Waldmann and Eggers (1991) studied high pressure CO2

• Ng et al. (1997) - SBE was de-oiled using hexane, methanol, and

• Al-Zahrani and Daous (2000) extracted residual oil on SBC using

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