Sustainable Development Using Energy - II-250420

UPES-UNIVERSITY WITH A PURPOSE
About the presenter…

Avinash M Bhardwaj
• Total Professional experience of 38 Years, 18 years with
BHEL & NTPC and 20 years in Academics & Training.
• Working with Subhash Jain & associates since 2014.
• Previously worked on UDAAN project of MHRD, GOI for
IISD, Gurgaon.
• Director of ‘Institute of Business Management’ at
Mangalayatan University, Aligarh during 2010-2012.
• Worked with UPES in various capacities during 2005-2010
at Gurgaon as well as Dehradun.
• Worked with Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering,
New Delhi during 2003-05.
• Associated with DIAS, JIMS and other institutions of
GGSIP University, Delhi as Visiting Faculty.
Centre for
Continuing Education
Energy for Sustainable

Development-II
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We shall talk about ..

• Mandate for sustainable development.
• Role of energy in sustainable development.
• Impact of policies so far.
• Determinants for sustainability
• Opportunity for Development
• Health & Development objectives – Indian
Context
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Developmental Goals (UN 2012)
• Eradicating extreme poverty and hunger;

• Achieving universal primary education;
• Promoting gender equality and empowering
women;
• Reducing child mortality rates; improving maternal
health;
• Combating HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases;
• Ensuring environmental sustainability;
• Developing a global partnership for development.
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Can energy play any role?

• Energy – a reference point –
– serves to meet growing demand of the
population.
– Improves quality of life
– Addresses important environmental issues viz.
climate change etc.
– Impact on HDI.
• Virtually all these goals are dependent on
Energy, the golden thread connecting ALL.
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Need for a relook into energy space
• In India (and globally too)

– > 63% electricity generation using coal
– 7-10% use Oil & gas
– <4% through Nuclear Fuels
– 1-3% using biomass & other sources
– Transportation sector is dependent (mainly) on Oil & Gas.
• Environmental concerns are rising.
• Cost of sources ( and hence products)???
• Deliverability ???????
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• The extraction, transport, refining and use of

fossil and nuclear fuels result in
– damage to land from mining;
– pollution of air and water;
– consumption of vast amounts of fresh water,
– loss of biodiversity;
– risk of nuclear accidents;
– global climate change;
– Negative impacts on human health.
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• Quantity of fossil fuels is limited.

• Environmental pollution is growing.
• Human life is effected adversely.
• Demand for growth is ever increasing and
resolved at UN too.
• Newer Sources of Energy need be explored to
meet social & economic demands for
development.
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Role of Energy in Development

• Energy plays an important in supporting all
activities.
• Simultaneously, it is the principal provider of
greenhouse gas emissions (harmful for health
and leads to environment pollution).
• A balanced view is needed to be correlated with
the HDI values in order to make compatible
climatic policies and development strategies.
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Role of Energy in Development

• Development results in social and economic
transformations.
• Economic development can be experienced in 3 ways:
– Changes regarding the welfare of individuals in
society viz. income per capita and quality of the
environment.
– Changes in education, health, quality of life by
improving skills, capabilities, knowledge.
– Changes in dependence of society on others.
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Role of Energy for Sustainable Development

• Development is impossible without Energy.
• Sustainable development is not possible
without sustainable Energy availability.
• Environment needs a careful look while
attending to development.
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Solution – Renewable Energy

• Why?
– provides energy services e.g. lighting and electricity,
heating and cooling, mechanical energy and mobility.
– additional socio-economic benefits viz. lower
dependence on grid, economy etc.
– Easy access.
– Economy of operation.
– Energy Security.
– No negative impact on environment and health.
– Safer, reliable and affordable.
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Drivers for Renewable Energy

• Three main categories:
– Economic Drivers (viz. investment and industry
turnover; employment in the renewables industry;
impact of reduced fossil fuel imports; and overall
net change in GDP and employment from
renewable energy technology deployment);
– Environmental damages
– Political and Security Drivers
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Environmental Drivers
• Reduce pollution and improve public health.
• Modern renewable policies aim at reducing use of
biomass, kerosene and other fossil fuels for cooking
as well as the need to reduce local deforestation.
• Reduce fresh water use.
• Protection against volatile fossil fuel prices.
• Reduce reliance on nuclear power.
• Mitigate climate change (combined with energy
efficiency).
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Economic Drivers
• A number of economic advantages can be drawn using
renewable technologies:
– Cost of renewable energy is on a rapid decline.
– Health care expenses can be avoided.
– Costs related to global change are avoided.
– Improve balance of trade and reduce price volatility.
– Supply risk is mitigated.
– National Energy Policy and the Energy Action plan are being
enacted to improve the national economy and the lives of its
inhabitants through renewable energy deployment.
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Economic Drivers
• Create jobs (positive impact) and develop new
industries and skills.
• Policies help strengthen local economies, and
to stem or reverse depopulation and brain
drain.
• Promotes skill development activities.
• Building local capacity, fostering innovation,
and attracting investment in the process.
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Economic Drivers
• Meet rapidly rising energy demand.
– Modularity of many renewable technologies
– Relative speed of implementation,
– Rapidly falling costs (particularly for solar PV and
wind power.
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Economic Drivers
• Provide access to energy and alleviate
poverty:
– In remote areas, electricity generated with
renewable technologies is generally less costly
than the alternatives, including imported diesel
fuel and grid extension.
– In many areas it may be the only viable option,
economically or otherwise, within any reasonable
timeframe.
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Economic Drivers
• Alleviate fuel poverty and advance rural
economic development.
• Keep energy revenue local – local renewables
result in plugging outflow of economy.
• Increase tax revenue – local levies from local
project owners.
• Reduce public health costs – due to burning of
fossil fuels and transport fuel.
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Political And Security Drivers

• Energy is critical to a healthy economy and
energy services can sustain or improve
people’s quality of life. Hence, the
uninterrupted physical availability of highly
reliable and reasonably affordable energy
products and services is critically important to
economic and political security.
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Political And Security Drivers

• Improve energy security:
– Many conventional fuels rich nations are politically
unstable and might stop the flow of supply at any
time.
– Though dependence on fossil fuel cannot be denied,
renewables provide an alternative.
– To address energy security and access to energy,
economic development, and environmental and
climate goals, governments support an energy system
through renewable energy and energy efficiency.
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Political and Security Drivers

• Increase reliability, sustainability and resilience.
– Distributed renewable energy systems are less prone to
large-scale failure;
– Power grid and other energy systems turn more resilient to
a variety of threats, including weather-related impacts of
global climate change;
– Distributed power can be available locally (on rooftops, or
from wind power projects in a city’s harbor), so there is
less concern about transporting power to demand areas.
– Renewable installations achieve high levels of energy
security in the event of conventional grid outages.
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Political and Security Drivers

• Ensure energy democracy (retain ownership of
the project, acquire jobs, skills, training and
economic development that result from it).
– Local control over energy production and
distribution, is playing an increasingly important role
in driving local targets and policies to support
renewable energy, often in combination with energy
efficiency improvements, particularly at the local
level.
– Reduce energy poverty.
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Impact of Renewable energy

• No precise method for impact assessment so
far.
• Local implementation of projects has its own
complications.
• Varying experiences from different
communities.
• Minimal efforts to collect and analyze data so
far on sustainability.
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Environmental Impact
• According to IRENA, an estimated 3.1 Giga tons (Gt)

of CO2-equivalent (CO2-e) of emissions was avoided
worldwide in 2012 through the use of renewable
electricity (primarily hydropower).
• Renewable energy’s share of global electricity
production was an estimated 23.7 %, with
hydropower accounting for about 16.6 % in end
2015.
• Globally, solar and wind energy are the major
contributors for reducing carbon emissions.
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Economic Impacts
• Reduction in air pollutants and health costs.
• Reduced (direct) costs associated with the consumption of
fossil fuels, including fuel imports and environmental and
health impacts.
• Load shedding – reduced.
• Renewables helped to create jobs worldwide, with global
employment in the sector reaching an estimated 8.1 million
in 2015.
• The leading countries for renewable energy jobs in 2015
were China, Brazil, the United States, India, Japan, and
Germany.
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Political and Security Impacts

• Energy security fosters political and economic
security, and vice versa.
• Renewables need be supplemented with
conventional electricity supplies.
• Risks related to unreliable supply needs to be
mitigated.
• Citizens involvement is ensured in investment,
management and operations. Ensures projet
success.
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• Focus towards energy consumption and energy efficiency established.
• Reduced dependence on a limited number of energy producers and
broader distribution of assets and influence within the energy
system.
• Reinvestment of energy money in the community rather than its
migration into global financial flows (through imports of fuels,
electricity, etc.)
• Local energy needs are more likely to be met.
• Local value creation through use of local services.
• Local job creation and skills acquisition.
• Increased economic resilience of community members through
diversified sources of income.
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• Innovation stemming from volunteerism and
free exchange of knowledge.
• Increased pool of financiers.
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COST – BENEFIT Analysis

• The challenge:
– To accurately identify and quantify the myriad benefits
and costs of pursuing a policy for a complete transition to
renewables;
– To predict and account for the scale of these variables
individually and in relation to other variables;
– To do so on the appropriate geographic and temporal
scales;
– To find a common unit of measurement that allows
proper proportional weighting of each variable in an
aggregate frame of accounting .
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COST – BENEFIT Analysis

• Efforts are on for switching over to renewables
to create a sustainable and secure future.
• India playing a significant and leading role in
creating a sustainable future for the world and
its own citizens.
• India has seen a considerable impact on the
lives of its population but still to go quite far.
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Sustainable Development
• Determinants for sustainability:
– Consumption
– Production
– Distribution
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Opportunity for Development

• Job Opportunity Potential:
– Agriculture: conventional and modern methods
help improve quantity and quality.
– Industry – depends upon economic, intra and inter
national socio-economic and socio-political
environment.
– Tourism – Vast scope for job generation – long
term (Sustainable Tourism development)
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Sustainable Tourism Development

• How?
– Local residents and communities should be involved in
planning.
– Different stakeholders should participate in tourism
development.
– Tourism Destinations must be studied, products
identified and developed.
– Local capacities must be strengthened through skilling
of stakeholders, technological advancement etc.
– Impact of all above steps must be controlled.
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Sustainable Livelihood
• Poverty Eradication – Pre-condition – Basic Education.
– Restoring natural systems and improving natural resource

management practices at the grass root level are central to a
strategy to eliminate poverty.
– Process of sustainable development guided by principles of
inclusive social development and protection and conservation
of environment.
– The inclusive and social development will come only when
people displaced from their lands and environmental
resources are provided new opportunities in the vicinity of
their lost habitats.
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PROTECTING AND CONSERVING NATURAL RESOURCE BASE
• Evaluation of all developmental projects must be

guided by an environmental protection
perspective. (Role of natural resources in local
livelihoods should not be ignored.
• Recognition of all stakeholders and their roles in
protection and management of natural resource base
is essential for ensuring sustainability.
• Enforceable social rights need be defined to ensure
equal access toland, water and other natural
and biological resources for the disadvantaged
groups of the society.
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INDIA’S PROGRESS TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Progress So far…
• Made remarkable gains so far in sustainable

development, as measured, for example, in
three summary ‘outcome’ indicators.
a.Life Expectancy India has advanced by 10
years - a broad indicator of economic well-being
with social justice.
b.Gains in literacy among younger women, are
indicators of future generations’ well-being.
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Progress So far…
c.Forest Cover: A rise in forest cover despite the

pressures on land use, a measure of
environmental sustainability.
e.The Constitution of India with relevant

amendments reinforce the policy and legal basis
of sustainable development. The pillars of
sustainable development are embedded in the
fundamental rights guaranteed by the
Constitution, which lay down the framework for
social justice in India.
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Progress So far…
f.Article 21 conferring the Right to Life has been assigned
the broadest interpretations by the judiciary to encompass
the right to a clean environment, right to livelihood, right to
live with dignity, and a number of other associated rights.
g.The National Environment Policy 2006-has attempted to

mainstream environmental concerns in all developmental
activities. The Government of India, through its various
policies, has been factoring ecological concerns into the
development process so that economic development can be
achieved without permanently damaging the environment
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Indian Initiatives…
• National Solar Mission: Ambitious target of setting up
of 20,000 MW of solar electricity capacity in the
country by 2020.
• National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency:
Create new institutional mechanisms to enable
awareness about energy efficient technology and
strengthening of energy efficiency markets.
• National Mission on Sustainable Habitat:
Introduction of sustainable transport, energy-efficient
buildings, sustainable Habitat and sustainable waste
management in cities.
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Indian Initiatives…
• National Water Mission: Promote integrated
management of water resources and increase
efficient use of water.
• National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan
Eco-system: The Himalayas, are a relatively new
ecosystem and is too fragile. This program, therefore,
establishes an observational and monitoring network
for Himalayan glaciers, and looks forward to promote
community- based management of ecosystems.
• National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture:

Focus - enhancing productivity and resilience of
agriculture, in order to reduce vulnerability to
extremes of weather, long dry spells, flooding, and
variable moisture availability.
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SDG-3
Good Health & Well Being
• Suggested Solution – Clean Cooking Program –
fundamentally clean fuels:
– LPG
– Electricity
– Bio-gas
– Ethanol
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Draft Energy Policy

• Published by GOI, 2017.
• Household use of clean cooking fuel: Focus on
rural area.
• Electricity for all – rural focus
• Motivate use of clean fuels: socio-economic &
socio-political impacts.
• Choice of fuel.
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Clean Fuel Options

• Energy Options
– LPG
– Wood
– Charcoal
– Ethanol
– Biogas
– Natural gas
– Solar
– Grid electricity
• Choice of Intervention needs to be embedded in the DSS
depending upon objectives and assessment of scenario.
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LPG – Clean Fuel

• Low cost & ease of distribution – availability &
affordability - efforts are being made to expand
distribution.
• Provides opportunities to address health and climate
challenges.
• LPG distribution program depends upon subsidies to
the poor.
• Rural areas face problems of cost comparison to that
of available bio-mass, weak distribution networks,
credit systems and safety concerns.
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Other Fuels
• Ethanol, bio-gas, electricity, wood pellets etc.
• FACIT tools (The Fuel Analysis, Comparison &
Integration Tool – developed by Global
Alliance for Clean Cooking) gives an
assessment of health and climate impact
required for adoption.
• Useful in remote and rural areas – reason:
weak distribution channels.
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Barriers in the program

• Continued use of open fires for cooking
alongside new technology.
• Heating and other household energy needs.
• Weak fuel distribution systems
• High cost to households.
• Specific cultural preferences
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SDG-3
Good Health & Well Being
• Effects of Household Air Pollution – Diseases
– Pneumonia – major concern for SDGS – leading
source of under-five mortality in low & middle
income countries.
– Non-communicable diseases (stroke, heart
diseases, lung cancer etc.) – leading to early
deaths & disabilities
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Clean Cooking Fuels

Clean Fuels Improved Biomass
• Reduce use of wood & other bio- • Higher deforestation and
mass fuel + net reduction in CO2 CO2 emission.
emission targets.
• Climate impacts are favorable. • Climate impact is negative.
(SDG 13 & 15) • Empowerment of women &
• Empowerment of women & girls girls fails.
as more time for them & no need
to collect wood for fuel. (SDG 5)
• Important step towards Modern
& Reliable source of energy. (SDG
7)
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Other Fuels
• Ethanol, bio-gas, electricity, wood pellets etc.
• FACIT tools (The Fuel Analysis, Comparison &
Integration Tool – developed by Global
Alliance for Clean Cooking) gives an
assessment of health and climate impact
required for adoption.
• Useful in remote and rural areas – reason:
weak distribution channels.
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Barriers in the program

• Continued use of open fires for cooking
alongside new technology.
• Heating and other household energy needs.
• Weak fuel distribution systems
• High cost to households.
• Specific cultural preferences
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Summary..
THANKS
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UPES-UNIVERSITY WITH A PURPOSE

About the presenter…

Energy for Sustainable

We shall talk about ..

Developmental Goals (UN 2012)

• Eradicating extreme poverty and hunger;

Can energy play any role?

• In India (and globally too)

• The extraction, transport, refining and use of

• Quantity of fossil fuels is limited.

Role of Energy in Development

Role of Energy in Development

Role of Energy for Sustainable Development

Solution – Renewable Energy

Drivers for Renewable Energy

Political And Security Drivers

Political And Security Drivers

Political and Security Drivers

Political and Security Drivers

Impact of Renewable energy

• According to IRENA, an estimated 3.1 Giga tons (Gt)

Political and Security Impacts

Political and Security Impacts

Political and Security Impacts

COST – BENEFIT Analysis

COST – BENEFIT Analysis

Opportunity for Development

Sustainable Tourism Development

– Restoring natural systems and improving natural resource

PROTECTING AND CONSERVING NATURAL RESOURCE BASE

• Evaluation of all developmental projects must be

• Made remarkable gains so far in sustainable

c.Forest Cover: A rise in forest cover despite the

e.The Constitution of India with relevant

g.The National Environment Policy 2006-has attempted to

• National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture:

Draft Energy Policy

Clean Fuel Options

LPG – Clean Fuel

Barriers in the program

Clean Cooking Fuels

Barriers in the program

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