Celular Analogicos

• AMPS Advanced Mobile • NMT Nordic Mobile

Phone. Estandar norte Telephone System.
americano que trabaja Estandar escandinavo
en la banda de 800 Mhz. en la banda de 450 y
• TACS Total Access 900 Mhz.
Communications
System. Estandar del
Reino Unido el cual esta
basado en AMPS en la
banda de 900 Mhz.

1
GSM – Global System for Mobile
Communications

2
 Advantages of GSM

. GSM uses radio frequencies efficiently, and due to the digital radio path, the system
tolerates more intercell disturbances.

• The average quality of speech achieved is better than in analogue cellular systems.

• Data transmission is supported throughout the GSM system.

• Speech is encrypted and subscriber information security is guaranteed.

• Due to the ISDN compatibility, new services are offered compared to the analogue
systems.

• International roaming is technically possible within all countries using the GSM
system.

• The large market increases competition and lowers the prices both for investments
and usage
3
 GSM Customers

(actualmente 3.000 millones en 212 paises)

4
GSM Subsystems

5
Network Switching Subsystem NSS

6
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

7
Network Management Subsystem - NMS

8
Fault Management

9
Configuration Management

10
Performance Management

11
SIM Subscriber Identity Module

12
Subscriber Identity Module

13
Traffic Management

14
Databases in a GSM Network

15
Location update

16
Call Set-Up in a GSM Network

17
Incoming Call from PSTN

18
International Mobile Subscriber Identity IMSI

19
Mobile Station Roaming Number

20
MSRN request from HLR to the second MSC

21
Paging Process

22
23
Handover

24
Handover

25
Handover

26
Handover

27
Authentication Principle

28
Authentication Principle

29
30
31
32
33
International Mobile Equipment Identity IMEI

34
Equipment Identity Register

35
Short Message Service (max. 160 Characters)

36
Cell Broadcast SMS

37
Data Services

38
Signalling

39
 SS7

Thus the initial phase of SS7 consisted of two parts

1. Message Transfer Part - MTP (responsible for transferring messages)

2. Telephone User Part - TUP (user of messages)

104

40
Message Transfer Part (MTP)

41
Telephone User Part (TUP)

42
Signalling Connection and Control Part (SCCP)

43
ISDN User Part

44
45
Base Station Subsystem Application Part (BSSAP)

46
 Mobile Application Part (MAP) and
Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP)

47
48
49
50
51
 CCS7 – Protocol stack
TDM-based link IP-based link

MAP MAP
NFB / NH BSSAP BSSAP NFB / NH
TCAP TCAP

NFD / NG SCCP SCCP NFD / NG

M3UA NSP / NR / NL / NV
NL / NV
NC / NS / NR MTP SCTP OY

IP QR / QK (U3)

52
53
54
SIGTRAN

55
 SIGTRAN

The Sigtran Working Group has defined a Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
[1] which aims to address the shortcomings of TCP. SCTP itself is a general purpose
protocol, a replacement for TCP. 56
SIGTRAN

57
SIGTRAN

58
SIGTRAN

59
 CAMEL

CAMEL Customised Applications for Mobile

networks Enhanced Logic
Service Control Point (SCP) 60
 CAMEL & INAP

Intelligent Network Application Part (INAP)

Service Control Point (SCP) 61

 CAMEL & INAP

Service Control Point (SCP) 62

 CAMEL

Service Control Point (SCP) 63

 CAMEL

Service Control Point (SCP) 64

 CAMEL

Service Control Point (SCP) 65

 CAMEL

HPLMN - Home Public Land Mobile Network

VPLMN - Visited Public Land Mobile Network
Service Control Point (SCP) 66
CAP Camel Application Part

67
68
69
GPRS Architecture and Interfaces
SGSN

Gn

PDN
MS BSS SGSN GGSN

Um Gb Gn Gi

MSC HLR/
GR

VLR EIR

70
71
 GPRS protocol architecture
MS Um BSS Gb SGSN Gn GGSN Gi
apps.

IP/X.25 IP/X.25

SNDCP GTP GTP

SNDCP
LLC LLC UDP/TCP UDP/TCP

RLC BSSGP BSSGP IP IP

RLC
MAC MAC
FR FR L1/L2 L1/L2
radio radio

72
 GPRS Data Transmission Plane
MS BTS BSC SGSN GGSN

Base Station Subsystem

IP IP

SNDCP SNDCP GTP GTP

LLC LLC
UDP/TCP UDP/TCP

RLC RLC BSSGP BSSGP IP IP

MAC MAC BTSM BTSM NS NS L2 L2

Frame Relay Frame Relay Ethernet Ethernet

GSM RF GSM RF L1 bis L1 bis L1 bis L1 bis Layer 1 Layer 1

Um Abis Gb Gn

73
74
75
Transmission

76
Transmission

77
Transmission

78
Transmission

79
Transmission

80
Transmission

81
Transmission

82
Transmission

83
Transmission

84
Transmission

85
Transmission

86
87
88
 GSM Phase 1
• Phase 1 of the standardization of GSM900 was completed by ETSI in 1990
and included all necessary definitions for GSM network
• operations.

• GSM standards were enhanced in Phase 2 (1995) to incorporate a large

variety of supplementary services that were comparable to digital fixed
network ISDN standards.

• In 1996 ETSI decided to further enhance GSM in annual Phase 2+ releases

that incorporate 3G capabilities.

89
 GSM Phase 2+
• GSM Phase 2+ releases have introduced important 3G features such as
Intelligent Network services with CAMEL, enhanced speech codecs EFR
and AMR, high data rate services and new transmission principles with
HSCSD, GPRS and EDGE.

• UMTS is a 3G GSM successor standard that is downward compatible with

GSM, using the GSM Phase 2+ enhanced Core Network.

• Currently all GSM, GPRS, EDGE and UMTS standards are organized by 3gpp
(www.3gpp.org)

90
 3G Networks

• Requirements
– Multimedia Support (Voice
and data)
– High Speed Service
– Multiplexing of services with
different quality requirements
– Simple and effective system
for developing services
– Multi-system compatibility
 Third Generation (3G): IMT-2000

• The main characteristics of 3G systems, known

collectively as IMT-2000, are a single family of
compatible standards that are:

– used world-wide
– used for all mobile applications
– support both packet and circuit switched data
transmission (PS & CS)
– offer high data rates up to 2 Mbit/s (depending on
mobility/velocity)
– offer high spectrum efficiency
 IMT-2000 is a Set of Requirements Defined by the
ITU

• IMT stands for International Mobile Telecommunication, “2000” represents both the
scheduled year for initial trial systems and the frequency range of 2000 MHz (WARC’92:
1885 - 2025 MHz & 2110 - 2200 MHz).

• All 3G standards have been developed by “regional” Standard Development Organizations

(SDO). In total, proposals for 17 different IMT-2000 standards were submitted by regional
SDOs to ITU in 1998 – 11 proposals for terrestrial systems and 6 for Mobile Satellite Systems
(MSS).

• Evaluation of the proposals was completed at the end of 1998, and negotiations to build
consensus among differing views were completed in mid 1999. All 17 proposals have been
accepted by ITU as IMT-2000 standards. The specification for the Radio Transmission
Technology (RTT) was released at the end of 1999.

• The most important IMT-2000 proposals are the UMTS (W-CDMA) as the successor to GSM,
cdma2000 as the IS-95 successor and TD-SCDMA (UWC-136/EDGE) as TDMA-based
enhancements to D-AMPS/GSM – all of which are leading previous standards toward the
ultimate goal of IMT 2000.

93
 UMTS: A Global 3G Mobile Standard
• Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) is a:

– Global broadband 3rd generation (3G) mobile standard for a public

land mobile network
– (PLMN) designed by 3GPP (3G Partnership project). Members of 3GPP
are: ETSI, ARIB/TTC, TTA, CWTS, TIA and T1.
– Member of the International Mobile Telecommunication system 2000
(IMT-2000) family

94
 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)

• UMTS is the successor of GSM

– GSM core network is upgraded to support UMTS
– New Radio Access Network (UTRAN)
– Base Stations use WCDMA to communicate with the Mobile Stations
– First WCDMA network launched in Japan (Oct 1st 2001), followed by
Europe (2003-2004), Hong Kong (Jan 2004)

• Different Releases
– 3GPP R99, R4, R5, R6
– Gradually move from mixed circuit-switching/packet-switching network
to all packet-switching network
– R5/6 will be All-IP (IPv6)
• VoIP, Mobile IP, etc
95
 UMTS Advanced Features
• All IP Networking (Radio and Core)
– IP in MS, BTS, BSC
– BTS = Node B
– BSC=RNC
• Uses IPv6
– Better security
– Better QoS
– Better support for P2P applications
• SIP as signaling standard for VoIP, IPTV

96
 The paths to 3GPP technologies

IMT-2000

GSM GPRS W-CDMA Family

FDD 3.84 Mcps DS

TDD 3.84 & 1.28 Mcps
(aka: TD-SCDMA) TC

EDGE SC

Voice & low-speed data Voice & medium-speed data Voice & high-speed data

Circuit Packet Switched IP (option)

Switched

Paths from other technologies, e.g. TDMA, PDC… 97

 UMTS Releases

etc
Release 99 v3.0.0 v3.1.0 v3.2.0 v3.3.0 v3.4.0
.
12/99

etc
Release 4 v4.0.0 v4.1.0 v4.2.0
03/01 .

Release 5 etc
v5.0.0 v5.1.0 .
06/02

Release 6
v6.0.0 etc
12/03 or 03/04 .

Corrections
Release 7 and etc. New Functions
98
 UMTS Releases

R99 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

HSPA
HSPA
HSPA
UMTS

LTE

LTE
Adv
UL
DL

EPC
Common
MMTel
IMS

IMS 99
 Releases

GSM 3G

Phase 1 Phase 2 Rel '96 Rel '97 Rel '98 Rel '99 Rel-4 Rel-5 Rel-6

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
100
 Release '99

• Content frozen December 1999

• Main features:
– Creation of the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) both in FDD and TDD (3.84 Mcps) modes.
• Fully referenced in ITU-R M.1457

– Narrowband AMR (new codec)

• Other features:
– CAMEL phase 3
– Open Service Architecture (basic version)
– Location Services (LCS)
• improvements and corrections of the basic version

• Lot of other smaller uncorrelated improvements

• multicall, HSCSD for 2G, etc

101
 Release '99 Summary
                                                                                                     

Current operational systems are based on Release '99:

• Japan – FOMA & J-PHONE

• Isle of Man – Manx Telecom
• United Kingdom – 3
• Austria – Mobilkom

• Many more planned in 2003

NTT DoCoMo

J-PHONE
102
 Release 4

• Content frozen March 2001

• Main features:
– Low Chip Rate TDD (1.28 Mcps) – i.e. TD-SCDMA
– New Messaging Systems
• Enhanced messaging (rich text formatting and still image)
• Multimedia messaging (multimedia attachments)
– Streaming
• Retrieval of real time video (e.g. movie playback)
– GERAN concept established (EDGE/GPRS Iu interface)
– Bearer independent Circuit Switched network architecture
• the MSC is split into “Media Gateway” for transport
and “MSC server” for signalling

103
 Release 4 Summary

• Introduces low chip rate TDD (aka TD-SCDMA)

• Early operational systems in
China may be based on
Release 4
• Release 4 compliant products
on show at 3GSM Cannes, 2002

Siemens press picture

104
 Release 5

Introduces:

• IMS - IP-based Multimedia Services

– In two phases (Phase 1 in Release 5)
– IP core network (IPv6)
– Handling of multimedia services using SIP signalling and the
bearers offered by the PS domain

• HSDPA - High Speed Downlink Packet Access

– Opens up throughput in order of 10Mbit/s
– Included in latest ITU-R update of M.1457

105
 What does IMS provide?

IMS provides:
– IP Transport in the Core network
– IP Transport in the UTRAN

And this therefore provides the possibility for:

– End to end IP services
– Increased potential for service integration
– Easy adoption and integration of instant messaging, presence and
real time conversational services

106
 What does HSDPA provide?

HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) provides:

– The next step in the evolution of the 3GPP air interface

– Provides integrated voice on a dedicated channel (DCH) and high speed data on
downlink shared channel on the same carrier (HS-DSCH)
– Combines Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) and Hybrid Automatic Repeat
Request (HARQ) with Fast Cell Selection (FCS) and Multiple Input/Multiple Output
(MIMO)
– May be deployed in both Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex
(TDD) modes (in both high and low chip rate)
– Provides data rates of at least 3 Mbit/s and expected to evolve to data rates in the
order of 10Mbit/s

A growing number of operators regard HSDPA as a key to expansion of 3G

107
 Other Release 5 Features

Other major features in Release 5 include:

– Wideband AMR (new 16 kHz codec)

– End-to-end QoS in the PS domain and Global Text Telephony (GTT)
(i.e. real time text)
– Messaging enhancements (EMS, MMS)
– Intra domain connection of RAN nodes to multiple CN nodes
• i.e one RNC serving two or more MSCs within the same network
• opens the way to Network Sharing
– CAMEL Phase 4
• new functions such as mid-call procedures, Interactions with Optimal
Routing, etc.
• Support of CAMEL in IMS

108
 Release 5 Summary

• Introduces IMS - IP-based Multimedia Services

– Manufacturers already demonstrating IMS solutions

• HSDPA - High Speed

Downlink Packet Access
– An enabling technology
for advanced services

• Release 5 opens the door to

Microsoft
major commercial exploitation
of 3G

109
 Release 6

GSM 3G

Phase 1 Phase 2 Rel '96 Rel '97 Rel '98 Rel '99 Rel-4 Rel-5 Rel-6

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
110
 What's next ? - Release 6

• Currently planned for 2nd half 2003 includes:

– IMS "Phase 2" (including IMS Messaging, IMS Group Management)
– Presence
– Speech recognition and speech enabled services
– Wireless LAN/UMTS interworking
– Network sharing
– Digital Rights Management
– Identity Portability (formerly Number Portability)
– Radio optimisation
– Feasibility studies on Priority service
– Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS)
– Generic user profile

111
 And what's beyond Release 6?

• 3GPP studies already looking beyond Release 6

– ad hoc study group on 3G evolution
– preparing a "Road Map" for the long-term role
of 3GPP

• New areas to explore, e.g.

– New radio modulation techniques
– Use of UTRA in other spectrum arrangements
– Exploitation of high speed packet operation
– Exploitation of IP
– Further Integration and interworking with Wireless LANs

112
 Release 6 Summary

• HSUPA - High Speed

Uplink Packet Access
– An enabling technology
for higher uplink access rates
– 5 Mbps (UE RAN)

Microsoft
113
 3GPP Rel.’99 Network Architecture

Radio access network Core network (GSM/GPRS-

UTRAN based)

PSTN
Iub RNC
RNC MSC
MSC GMSC
GMSC
Iu CS
BS VLR
VLR
BS
UE
UE Iur HLR
HLR
Uu
AuC
AuC
Iub RNC
RNC SGSN
SGSN
Iu PS EIR
EIR
BS
BS Gn

IP GGSN
GGSN
Backbone

database

Internet

114
 3GPP Rel.’99 Network Architecture

Radio access network

UTRAN
2G => 3G MS => UE
(User Equipment), often
Iub RNC
also called (user) terminal
RNC
BS
New air (radio) interface
BS
UE
based on WCDMA access
UE Iur
Uu technology
Iub RNC
RNC New RAN architecture
(Iur interface is available
BS
BS for soft handover,
BSC => RNC)

115
 3GPP Rel.’99 Network Architecture

Changes in the core Core network (GSM/GPRS-

based)
network:

PSTN
MSC is upgraded to MSC
MSC GMSC
GMSC
Iu CS
3G MSC VLR
VLR
SGSN is upgraded to HLR
HLR
3G SGSN
AuC
AuC
GMSC and GGSN SGSN
SGSN
Iu PS EIR
EIR
remain the same Gn
AuC is upgraded GGSN
GGSN
IP
(more security Backbone
features in 3G)

Internet

116
3GPP Rel. 4 Network Architecture

UTRAN Circuit Switched (CS)

(UMTS Terrestrial core network
Radio Access
Network) MSC GMSC
MSC GMSC
Server
Server Server
Server

SGW SGW

PSTN
SGW SGW
MGW
MGW MGW
MGW
New option in Rel.4:
GERAN
(GSM and EDGE
Radio Access
Network) PS core as in Rel.’99

117
 3GPP Rel. 4 Network Architecture

MSC Server takes care Circuit Switched (CS)

of call control core network
signalling
MSC
MSC GMSC
GMSC
The user connections Server
Server Server
Server
are set up via MGW
(Media GateWay) SGW SGW

PSTN
SGW SGW
“Lower layer” protocol MGW
MGW MGW
MGW
conversion in SGW
(Signalling GateWay)
RANAP
RANAP // ISUP
ISUP
PS core as in Rel.’99
SS7
SS7 IP
IP
MTP
MTP Sigtran
Sigtran

118
3GPP Rel. 5 Network Architecture

UTRAN CS core
(UMTS Terrestrial

PSTN
Radio Access MGW
Network) New core MGW
network part:

IMS
IMS (IP
(IP
Multimedia HSS
Multimedia HSS
System)
System)
GERAN

Internet
(GSM and EDGE
Radio Access
Network) SGSN
SGSN GGSN
GGSN

PS core

119
 3GPP Rel. 5 Network Architecture

The IMS can establish CS core

multimedia sessions

PSTN
(using IP transport) MGW
MGW
via PS core between
UE and Internet (or

Internet / other IMS

IMS
IMS (IP
(IP
another IMS) HSS
Multimedia
Multimedia HSS
Call/session control System)
System)
using SIP (Session
Initiating Protocol)
SGSN
SGSN GGSN
GGSN
Interworking with the
PSTN may be required
for some time ... PS core

120
 3G Protocol Stacks (R99)
RNC

Network
Radio Network

Radio
RRC PDCP NBAP FP
RLC RLC
MAC MAC Q.2630.1
FP SSCF-UNI Q.2150.2
Iub Iub
SSCOP SSCOP
AAL2 AAL5 AAL5 AAL2
Transport

Transport
ATM ATM
Physical Physical
Node-B ps Iu- Node-B
Iu- cs

Iu-r
Network
Radio

RANAP Iu UP RNSAP RANAP Iu UP

Q.2630.1
SCCP SCCP Q.2150.1 SCCP Q.2150.1
MTP-3b M3UA GTP-U MTP-3b M3UA MTP-3b M3UA MTP-3b MTP-3b
Transport

SSCF-NNI SCTP UDP SSCF-NNI SCTP SSCF-NNI SCTP SSCF-NNI SSCF-NNI

SSCOP IP IP SSCOP IP SSCOP IP SSCOP SSCOP
AAL5 AAL5 AAL5 AAL5 AAL2 AAL5 AAL5 AAL2
ATM ATM ATM
Physical Physical Physical
SGSN RNC MSC

121
 QoS in New Operators Markets
Content
subscriber
• IP Core Operators (bandwidth brokers)
xDSL
– International Content
subscriber Cable
– Long Haul modem Stock Market
– Regional Bells Content DOCSIS Quotes
subscriber Mobile
• Access & Service Operators (services & SS7 Internet MPLS
bandwidth brokers) Radio
– CLEC & ILECs (voice, Internet) Access &
Services Content IP Core
– Cable (video, Internet)
VOD
– Mobile Operators (voice) Softswitch IP
Shopping
– Multi-media IP (voice trunking, video APON/BPON DWDM
Content
conferencing) News & Sports
subscriber
GPRS Scores
• New Content Operators (services brokers) Content UMTS
– Media Distribution (video on demand) subscriber
V.90
– MVNOs (voice, multi-media) Content
subscriber

122
 The Next Generation
S

S Content Network S

Applications S Content

MGW

MGW Multi Service IP Backbone MGW

Mobile Mobile
Access MGW Access
Fixed
Access

123
 3G Release 3 (R99)
Core Network
Abis (T1/E1) ATM (STM1/OC-3) Frame Relay (T1/E1) SS7 (T1/E1) Ethernet (10/100)

Abis Gb
A MAP MAP
BTS BSC

P
MSCV

MA
GMSC

MA
LR

P
Gr
GSM RAN
HLR
PSTN
Iu-CS
Iub CS Domain
Iu-PS
Node-B
Gn Gi
Iur

SGSN GGSN
Gn

Iub Iu-PS
Internet
Node-B RNC

SGSN
UTRAN PS Domain 124
 Release 4 Network Topology

Abis (T1/E1) Manufacturer’s Option Frame Relay (T1/E1) SS7 (T1/E1) Ethernet (10/100)

Abis Gb
A MAP MAP
M
BTS BSC AP AP
MSC M MSC

GSM RAN
PSTN
Iu-CS
Iub
MGW MGW
Iu-PS
Node-B
Gr
Iur

HLR

Iub Iu-PS
Gn Gi
Node-B RNC
SGSN GGSN Internet
UTRAN Core Network 125
Release 5 Network Topology
IMS
MSC MSC
Abis Gb
A MAP MAP
M
BTS BSC AP AP
M

GSM RAN
PSTN
MGW MGCF
Iub Iu
Gr
Node-B HSS
Iur

MRF
CSCF
Iub Iu

Node-B RNC Gn Gi

Internet
SGSN GGSN
UTRAN Core Network
126
127