PHILIPPINE

ELECTRICAL
CODE
PEC
 PARTS:

• PEC I – Regulates electrical installation inside the

buildings.
• PEC II – Regulates electrical installation outside
buildings.
* PEC Consists of rules which are intended to make
use of electricity safe for person and property.
 CATEGORIES OF PEC RULES

• 1. MANDATORY RULES - Characterized by the

use of the word “SHALL’’ or “SHALL NOT”.
• 2. ADVISORY RULES - Characterized by the use
of the word “SHOULD” or are stated as
recommendations of that which is advised but
not required.
 OBJECTIVES
A) SAFE USE OF ELECTRICITY
- To establish basic materials quality and electrical work
standards for the safe use of electricity for light, heat,
power, communications, signaling and for other purposes.
B) ADEQUACY 
• -Strict compliance with the provisions of this code will
ensure safety in electrical installation and construction, but
not necessarily efficient, convenient, or adequate for good
service or future expansion of electrical use.
 MANDATING LAW OR REFERRAL CODES

1.P.D. 1096 -NATIONAL BUILDING CODE

2.P.D. 1185 -FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
3. R.A. 7920 -STRUCTURAL CODE (Is an act
providing for a more responsive and comprehensive
regulation for the practice, licensing, and registration
of electrical engineers and electricians).
 WHO AUTHORIZES THE CODE?

1.Board of electrical engineer (BEE)

2.Professional regulatory commission
(PRC)
3.New electrical engineering law (RA
7920)
GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES WHO IMPLEMENT/ENFORCE PEC

1. Office of the building official

2. Office of the supervising city electrician or city
electrical supervising engineer (city)
3. Office of the supervising municipal electrician or
municipal electrical supervising engineer (municipal)
4. Regional office of department of public works and
highway or DPWH (region)
 SCOPE OF THE PEC

- Covers the electric conductors including optical fiber cable and

installed within or on, to or from:

1. Public and private buildings

2. Electrical generating plants
3. Temporary and permanent substations
4. Industrial plants
5. Transformer stations
6. Railway switchyards
7. Yards, carnival, parking, etc.
 SCOPE OF THE PEC
8. Watercraft
9. Dockyards
10. Airfields
11. Quarries and mines
12. Mobile homes, travel trailers and recreational vehicles
13. Offshore facilities
14. Trailers
15. Other premises which requires electrical installation
EXCEPT to those which are done in; a) aircraft b)
motor vehicles c) railway rolling stocks
 WIRE PLANNING

A. Future expansion and convenience

-Ample space in raceways, spare raceways and
additional spaces for future expansions
B. Number of circuits in enclosure
-Limiting the number of circuits confined in a single
enclosure will minimize the damaging effects from
short circuit or ground fault in one circuit.
 MEASUREMENTS
The unit of measurement to be used shall be the
metric system (mm, cm, m, g, kg).

PERMITS AND INSPECTION CERTIFICATES

•A permit is required before undertaking any electrical
installation.
•An inspection is also required after which certificate
of electrical inspection (cei) is issued by the authority.
 EXCEPTIONS

A permit is not required for;

1. The installation of electrical portable
equipment rated not more than 1,200 VA.
2. Reconnection of disconnected service due to
non-payment of electric bill or change of
occupants for a period of one year.
 REQUIREMENTS FOR ELECTRICAL PERMIT

-A permit is required before starting any electrical installation

work, alteration repair or extension on any electrical system and an
inspection is also required after which certificate of final electrical
inspection (CFEI) is issued by the authority.

a.Only a licensed electrical engineer (ree or pee if more than 600 v)

or electrician (rme if 600 v or less) is authorized to obtain an
electrical permit from the office of the local building official (lbo)
for buildings, trailers, mobile homes and other premises and
maritime industry authority (marina) for watercrafts.
b.Signed and sealed electrical plans and specifications by the pee
 REQUIREMENTS FOR ELECTRICAL PERMIT

c. The duly registered electrical contractor (with philippine

contractors accreditation board (PCAB) license with
specialty in electrical works) for 200 A main and above
accomplishes and submits to the authorities the required
form for the application of permit.

d. The required fees of the permit and inspection must be

paid.

e. The required electrical plans must be submitted.

 REQUIREMENTS FOR ELECTRICAL PLAN

1.The electrical plan, if required, shall be

submitted in 5 copies.
2.The electrical practitioner shall accomplish and
submit the form for the application of permit to
the authority.
3.The required fees of the permit and inspection
must be paid.
4.The required electrical plans must be submitted.
 INSTANCE WHERE ELECTRICAL PERMIT NOR
CFEI IS NOT REQUIRED

1.One time installation of not more than 2 additional

general purpose branch circuits for lighting and
receptacle or convenience outlets.

*In cases where service entrance has been cut off for
more than one (1) year, a new cfei shall be required
before reconnection.
 STANDARD SIZE OF ELECTRICAL PLAN

a.760 mm X 1000 mm (30” X 40”) – commercial building

b.600 mm X 900 mm (24” X 36”) – residential building
c.500 mm X 760 mm (20” X 30”) – residential building
 
SERVICES

A building or other structure served shall be supplied by

only one service.
 *EXCEPTIONS*

1. For fire pump where a separate service is required.

2. For emergency, electrical system where a separate service is required.
3. Multiple-occupancy building
4. Capacity requirements. Two or more services shall be permitted:

a) where the capacity requirements are in excess of 2,000 amperes at a supply

voltage of 600 volts or less; or
b) where the load requirements of a single-phase installation are greater than
the serving agency normally supplies through one service; or

5. Building of large area (10,000 m2 or more total area).

6. For different voltage characteristics, such as for different voltage, frequencies,
or phases, or for different uses, such as for different rate schedules.
 THE OVERHEAD SERVICE-DROP CONDUCTOR

This is the overhead service conductor from the last pole or other aerial
support to and including the splices if any, connecting the service entrance
conductors at the building or other structure.
 
SIZE AND RATING:

A) General. Service drop shall have sufficient ampacity to carry the load

without a temperature rise detrimental to the covering or insulation of the
conductors and shall have adequate mechanical strength.

B) Minimum size. The conductors shall not be smaller than 8 mm 2copper,

14 mm2 aluminum or copper-clad aluminum.
 CLEARANCES:

A) Above roofs.

Conductors shall have a vertical clearance of not less than 2,500 mm from the roof
surface.

B) Vertical clearance from ground.

3,100 mm - at the electric service entrance to buildings, or at the drip loop of the
building electric entrance, or above areas or sidewalks
3,700 mm - for those areas listed in the 4,600-mm classification when the voltage is
limited to 600 volts to ground.
4,600 mm - over residential property and driveways, and those commercial areas not
subject to truck traffic.
5,500 mm - over public streets, alleys, roads, parking areas subject to truck traffic,
driveways on other than residential property, and other land traversed by vehicles such
as cultivated, grazing, forest, and orchard.
 UNDERGROUND SERVICE-LATERAL
CONDUCTOR

This is the underground service conductor

between the street main, including any risers at a
pole or other structure or from transformers, and
the first point of any connection to the service-
entrance conductors in a terminal box or meter or
other enclosure with adequate space, inside or
outside the building wall.
 INSULATION

Service-lateral conductor shall

withstand exposure to atmospheric
and other conditions of use without
detrimental leakage of current.
 SIZE AND RATING

a)General. Service lateral conductors shall have sufficient

ampacity to carry the current for the load and shall have
adequate mechanical strength.
b)Minimum size. The conductors shall not be smaller than 5.5
mm2copper or 8.0 mm2 aluminum or copper-clad aluminum.

Where two to six service disconnecting means in separate

enclosures supply separate loads from one service drop or
lateral, one set of service entrance conductors shall be permitted
to supply each or several such service equipment enclosures.
 SERVICE ENTRANCE

- Service is defined as the portion of the supply

which extends from the street main duct or
transformer to the service switch or switchboard
of the building supply.
- It is the conductor and equipment for delivering
energy from the electricity supply system to the
wiring system of the premises served.
 TYPES:

1. OVERHEAD SERVICE ENTRANCE

The most common type of service entrance employed by the power
companies supplying electricity which is either a 2, 3 or 4-wire
connection. Generally, the overhead service cable between the building
property line and the supply point is supplied by electric company to a
limit of 30 meters.
 
2. THE UNDERGROUND SERVICE ENTRANCE
The underground service entrance consists of a raceway conduit
extending from the building to the property line where it is tapped to the
main. The type of cable recommended is the underground service
entrance cable commonly referred to as USE.
 SERVICE ENTRANCE CONDUCTORS

•No. Of service-entrance conductor sets

•Each service drop or lateral shall supply only one set of
service-entrance conductors.

Exceptions:

1. Buildings with more than one occupancy.

2. Where two to six service disconnecting means in a
separate enclosure are grouped at one location and supply
separate loads from one service drop or lateral.
 Installation of service conductors

Service entrance conductors shall be installed in accordance with the applicable

requirements of this code covering the type of wiring method used and limited to the
following methods:

1. Open-wiring on insulators
2. Rigid metal conduit (RMC)
3. Intermediate metallic tubing (IMT)
4. Electrical metallic tubing (EMT)
5. Service-entrance cables
6. Wireways
7. Busways
8. Auxiliary gutters
9. Rigid non-metallic conduit (RNMC) or polyvinyl chloride conduit (PVC)
10. Cable bus
11. Mineral-insulated metal-sheathed cable
12. Type MC cables
 Protection:

Service entrance conductors subjected to physical

damage shall be protected in any of the following
ways or methods:
1. By RMC
2. By IMC
3. By RNMC suitable for the location
4. By EMT
5. Type MC cable or other approved means
Number of disconnecting means:

The service disconnecting means for each

set or each subset of service entrance
conductor shall consist of not more than six
switches or six circuit breakers mounted in a
single enclosure, or in a switchboard.
 Location:

The service disconnecting means shall be

installed either inside or outside the building
or other structure at a readily accessible
location nearest the point of entrance of the
service entrance conductor
 RATING:

The service disconnecting means shall have a rating of not less than the load to
be carried. In no case shall the rating be lower than specified through:

1. One circuit installation -- the service disconnecting means shall have a rating of
not less than 15 amperes.
2. Two circuit installation -- the service disconnecting means shall have a rating of
not less than 30 amperes.
3. One family dwelling -- the service disconnecting means shall have a rating of:
60 A -- where the initial computed loads is 10 kva or more
100 A -- where the initial installations consist of six or more 2-wire branch circuit.
4. Others -- for all other installations, the service disconnecting means shall have
a rating of not less than 40 amperes.
 FEEDERS AND MAIN
Essential considerations being adapted or followed.

1. On large installation, one feeder is provided for each floor.

2. In small installations, one or two feeders is satisfactory.

3. Feeder for motor must be separate and independent from the light circuits.

4. Feeders requiring more than 50 mm diameter conduit should not be used.

5. Feeders should be subdivided if there are several bends or offsets because a 50 mm conduit is the largest
that could be economically used.

6. Feeders radiating from the distributing panel should be provided each with a properly rated switch and circuit
breaker.
7. Good practice dictates that feeders and main shall be installed inside a conduit pipe as it carries high voltage
that should be well protected.
 GROUNDING PROTECTION

A ground is an electrical connection which may either be intentional

or accidental between an electric circuit or equipment and the earth, or
to some conducting body that serves in place of the earth. The
purpose of grounding a circuit is to fix permanently a zero voltage point
in the system. The grounded line of a circuit should not be broken nor
fused to maintain a solid and uninterrupted connection to the ground.

Grounding could be accomplished in the following manner:

1.Connection to a buried cold water main.
2.Connection to a rod or group of rods.
3.Connection to a buried ground plate.
 GROUNDING ELECTRODE SYSTEM

-The following should be bonded together to form THE GROUNDING ELECTRODE

SYSTEM:

1. Metal underground water pipe

-A buried metal water pipe is a suitable grounding electrode if there is 3000mm (10’)
or more of it in direct contact with the earth (including any metal well-casing bonded to the
water pipe), but by itself is not an adequate grounding electrode and must be
supplemented by at least one other electrode to provide a “grounding electrode system”.

2. Metal frame of the building

-May be used as grounding electrode provided it is effectively grounded (embedded in

earth and/or in buried concrete) and would give the same protection as the other methods
of grounding.
3. Concrete-encased electrode
-An electrode encased by at least 50mm (2”) of concrete, located within
and near the bottom of the concrete foundation or footing that is in direct
contact with the earth, consisting of at least 6000mm of one or more bare
or zinc galvanized or other electrically conductive coated steel reinforcing
bars or rods of not less than 13mm diameter, or consisting of at least
6000mm of bare copper conductor not more than 22mm2. Reinforcing bars
shall be permitted to be bonded together by the usual steel tie wires or
other effective means. 

4. Ground ring
-Consisting of at least 6000mm of bare copper conductor not smaller
than 30mm2 encircling the building or structure, in direct contact with the
earth at the depth below earth surface not less than 750mm.
•5. MADE AND OTHER ELECTRODES

- Rod and pipe electrodes

- Shall not less than 2400mm in length and shall consist of the following
materials and shall be installed in the following manner:

 Electrodes of pipe or conduit shall not be smaller than 20mm (3/4”)

trade size. When iron or steel, the conductor shall have the outer
surface galvanized or otherwise metal-coated for corrosion protection.

 Rods used as electrodes made of steel or iron shall be less than

16mm (5/8”) in diameter. Nonferrous rod such as solid copper
stainless steel, or steel that is copper clad or their equivalent less
than 16mm in diameter shall be PS- or UL- listed and shall not be less
than 13mm (1/2”) in diameter.
 The electrode shall be installed such that at least 2400mm
(8’) of length is in contact with the soil. It shall be driven to a
depth of not less than 2400mm except that, the electrodes in
a mountainous area where bedrock is encountered close to
the surface the rod electrode may be driven at an oblique
angle not to exceed 45̊ from the vertical or may be buried in a
trench that is at least 750mm deep.
 Plate electrode where each plate electrode shall expose not
at less than 1/5m2 of surface to exterior soil. Electrodes of iron
or steel plates shall be at least 1.5mm (0.06”) in thickness.
These are often used by utilities at the bottom of a pole hole.
 Aluminum electrodes shall not be used as grounding
electrodes.
 RESISTANCE OF ROD PIPE AND PLATE
ELECTRODE
A single electrode consisting of a rod, pipe or plate
which does not have a resistance to ground of 25 ohms
or less shall be augmented by one additional electrode.
When the resistance is greater than 25 ohms, two or
more electrodes may be connected in parallel, and they
shall be less than 1800 apart
 THE PANELBOARD

A panelboard is a single panel or group of panel units designed for

assembly in the form of a single panel. This includes buses, automatic
overcurrent protective devices, and with or without switches for the control of
light, heat or power circuit. It is designed to be placed in a cabinet or cutout
box placed in or against a wall or partition and accessible only from the front.

Principles applied in installing panel board

1. The approach should be accessible and convenient.
2. The panelboard must be centrally located to shorten the home wiring runs.
3. It must be installed near the load center. As in most cases, panelboard is
installed near the kitchen and the laundry where heavy loads are expected.
•MAIN- is the feeder interior wiring extending from service
switch, generator bus, or converter bus to the main
distribution.

•Branch circuit- is defined as the circuit conductors between

the final overcurrent device protecting the circuit and the
outlets. This means that the branch circuit is only the wiring
between the circuit overcurrent protection device such as
fuses or circuit breaker and the outlets. However, it is a
common knowledge and practice that the branch circuit
comprises the entire circuit including the outlet receptacles
and other wiring devices.
 BRANCH CIRCUITS
TYPES:
A. General purpose branch circuit
-Supplies a number of outlets for lighting and appliance

B. Appliance branch circuit

-Supply energy to one or more outlets to which appliance are to be connected

C. Individual branch circuit

-Supplies only one utilization equipment

D. Multi wire branch circuit

-Supply only line-to-neutral connected loads
-Consist of two or more ungrounded conductors that have a potential difference between
them, and a grounded conductor having equal potential difference between it and each
ungrounded conductor of the circuit and which is connected to the neutral (grounded)
conductor of the system.
 Distribution center

A point at which energy is divided

among feeders or branch circuits or
combination of both, and where
overcurrent devices are usually
loaded.
 PROTECTION OF THE BRANCH CIRCUIT

Any current in excess of the rated current capacity of the equipment

or the rated ampacity of the conductor is called overcurrent.

The causes of overcurrent are:

1. Overload in the equipment conductors.
2. Short circuit or ground fault

As per pec requirement, conductors shall be protected against

overcurrent in accordance with their ampacities (art. 4.5.1.3)

Ampacity - is the current-carrying capacity of an electric conductor.

 • BRANCH CIRCUIT PERMISSIBLE LOADS

A.15a and 20a branch circuits

1. Lighting units, other utilization equipment, and or combination of both
2. One cord-and-plug connected utilization equipment
3. Utilization equipment fastened in place

B. 30A branch circuits

4. Fixed lighting units with heavy duty lamp holders in other than dwelling units or utilization
equipment in any occupancy.
5. One cord-and-plug connected utilization equipment

C. 40A and 50A branch circuits

6. For dwelling units (cooking appliance that are fastened in place in any occupancy
7. For non-dwelling units (fixed lighting units with heavy duty lamp holders, infrared heating
units, or other utilization equipment.
A.Larger than 50a branch circuits
 THE CIRCUIT BREAKER AND THE FUSE

•A circuit breaker is an overcurrent protective device also

designed to function as a switch. It is equipped with an
automatic tripping device to protect the branch circuit from
overload and ground fault.

•A fuse is also an overcurrent protective device with a circuit

opening fusible element which opens when there is an
overcurrent in the circuit. It is considered as the simplest and the
most common circuit protective device used into the house
wiring connection.
 Advantages of circuit breaker over a fuse

1.The circuit breaker acts as a switch aside from

its being an overcurrent device.
2.When there is an overcurrent, the circuit breaker
trips automatically and after correcting the fault,
it is ready to be switched on again, unlike the
fuse which has to be discarded and replaced
after it is busted.
 ADVANTAGES OF FUSE OVER A CIRCUIT
BREAKER

1. One of its major advantage is its reliability and

stability. It can stay on its position for years and act
when called on to act as designed, unlike the circuit
breaker which requires proper maintenance and
periodic testing to keep it into a tip-top condition.
2. The cost of a fuse is less than that of a circuit
breaker.
STANDARD AMPERE RATINGS OF FUSES AND INVERSE
TIME CIRCUIT BREAKERS

•15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 45, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150,
200, 225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800,
1000, 1200, 1600, 2000, 2500, 3000, 4000, 5000 AND 6000
 
•Fuses, circuit breakers or combinations shall not be
connected in parallel.
•Exception: circuit breakers or fuses, factory assembled in
parallel, and approved as a unit.
 POSITION OF KNIFE SWITCHES

A) single-throw knife switches. Single-throw knife

switches shall be so placed that gravity will not
tend to close them. Single-throw knife switches,
approved for use in the inverted position, shall be
provided with a locking device that will ensure that
the blades remain in the open position when so
set.
 POSITION OF KNIFE SWITCHES

B) DOUBLE-THROW KNIFE SWITCHES. 

Double-throw knife switches shall be permitted to
be mounted so that the throw will be either vertical
or horizontal. Where the throw is vertical, a
locking device shall be provided to hold the
blades in the open position when so set.
 FEEDERS
All circuit conductors between the service
equipment, the source of separately derived
system, or other power supply source or the
final branch circuit overcurrent device
 SUB FEEDER

Originate a distribution center other

than a service equipment or generator
switch board and supply one or more
other distribution panel boards, branch
circuit panel boards, or branch circuits.
 FEEDER MINIMUM RATING
Not lower than minimum required to supply
the computed load and before the application
of any adjustment or correction factors, shall
have an allowable ampacity not less than the
non-continuous load plus 125% of the
continuous load
 FEEDER MINIMUM SIZE

Must not less than 30A where the load supplied consist of
any of the following number and type of circuits:
1.Two or more 2-wire branch circuit supplied by a 2-wire
feeder.
2.More than 2-wire branch circuits supplied by 3-wire feeder.
3.Two or more 3-wire branch circuits supplied by 3-wire
feeder.
4.Two or more 4-wire branch circuits supplied by three
phase, 4-wire feeder.
 RECOMMENDED BASIC LIMITATIONS ON VOLTAGE
DROP

They are sized to prevent exceeding a 3% voltage drop

at the farthest outlet of power, heating, and lighting loads,
or combination of such loads for reasonable efficiency of
operation.

A maximum of 5% voltage drop on both feeders and

branch circuits to the farthest outlet will provide reasonable
efficiency of operation.
 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS

Electrical conductors are substances that offer a very low resistance to

current flow.
Insulators are substances that offer a very high resistance to current
flow.

List of some good electrical conductors

1. Silver  6. Zinc
2. Copper  7. Platinum
3. Aluminum 8. Iron
4. Nickel  9. Tin
5. Brass  10. Lead
 List of some insulating materials

1. Rubber  7. Asbestos
2. Porcelain  8. Thermoplastics
3. Varnish  9. Paper
4. Slate  10. Oils
5. Glass  11. Wax
6. Mica  12. Dry air
13. Latex
 WIRES AND CABLES

Wires are those electrical conductors

which are 8 mm2 (AWG no. 8) or smaller,
while cables are those larger than the wires.
They are either solid or stranded.
Stranded wire - consists of a group of
wires twisted to form metallic string. The
total circular-mil area of a stranded wire
is found by multiplying the circular mil
area of each strand by the total number
of strand.
Cord is the term given to an insulated
stranded wire.
•CIRCULAR MIL. This is the unit of cross
section in the american wire gauge. The
term “mil” means one-thousandth of an
inch (0.001 in.). It is the area of a circular
wire having a diameter of one mil. To find
the number of circular mils in a circle of a
given diameter, we have to square the
number of mils in the diameter.
 Different types of cables

•1. Armored cable. This type of cable,

the type AC is a fabricated assembly of
insulated conductors enclosed in flexible
metal sheath. Armored cable is used in
both exposed and concealed work.
2. METAL CLAD CABLE. Cable of the type
MC is a factory assembled cable of one or
more conductors, each individually insulated
and enclosed in a metallic sheath of
interlocking tape, or a smooth or corrugated
tube. This type is used specifically for
services, feeders, branch circuits, either
exposed or concealed and for indoor or
outdoor work.
3. MINERAL INSULATED CABLE. This type
of cable, type MI, is a factory assembly of
one or more conductors insulated with a
highly compressed refractory mineral
insulation and enclosed in liquid-tight and
gas-tight continuous copper sheath. The type
MI is used in dry, wet or continuously moist
location as service, feeders or branch circuit
4. NONMETALLIC SHEATHED CABLE. Types
NM and NMC are factory assembled two or
more insulated conductors having a
moisture-resistant outer sheath, flame-
retardant and non-metallic material. These
types are used specifically for one or two
dwelling not exceeding 3 storey buildings.
5. SHIELDED NONMETALLIC SHEATHED CABLE.
This type of cable, the type SNM, is a factory assembly
of two or more insulated conductors in an extruded
core or moisture-resistant and flame-retardant
material, covered with an overlapping spiral metal
tape. This type is used in hazardous locations and in
cable trays or in raceways.
6. SERVICE ENTRANCE CABLE. This is a single
conductor or multi-conductor assembly provided with
or without an over-all covering, primarily used for
services and of the types SE and USE.
7. UNDERGROUND FEEDER AND BRACH CIRCUIT
CABLES. This type of cable, the type UF cable is a
moisture-resistant cable used for underground,
including direct burial in the ground, as feeder or
branch circuit.
8. POWER AND CONTROL TRAY CABLE. Type TC
cable is a factory assembly of two or more insulated
conductors with or without associated bare or covered
grounding under a metallic sheath. This is used for
installation in cable trays, raceways or where
supported by a messenger wire.
9. FLAT CABLE ASSEMBLIES. This is an assembly of parallel
conductors formed integrally with an insulating material web designed
specifically for field installation in metal surface raceway. Cables of this
type are the types FC.
10. FLAT CONDUCTOR CABLE. This type of cable, type FCC
consists of three or more flat conductors placed edge to edge,
separated and enclosed within an insulating assembly. This used for
general purpose, appliance branch circuits and for individual branch
circuits specifically on hard, smooth, continuous floor surfaces, etc.
11. MEDIUM VOLTAGE CABLES. MV cable is a single or multi-
conductor solid dielectric insulated cable rated 2,001 volts or higher
and is used for power systems up to 35,000 volts. The MV cables are
of different types and characteristics
 RACEWAYS

Raceways are channels designed for holding wires, cables or bus-bars,

which are either made of metal or insulating materials. The common types
of raceways in household wiring are the a) conduits, b) connectors, and c)
others.

A) CONDUITS
• Conduits, pipes or tubing are the most common electrical raceway.
• According to the type of materials used, conduit maybe classified as
either metallic such as steel pipes or nonmetallic such as pvc, and the
like.
• According to its make, conduits maybe classified as: rigid metal,
flexible metal, rigid nonmetal and flexible nonmetal.
B) CONNECTORS
A connector is a metal sleeve usually made of copper that is slipped
over and secured to the butted ends of conductors in making joint. A
connector is also called a splicing sleeve.
C) OTHER RACEWAYS
 
Aside from the conduits and connectors there are still numerous types
and kinds of raceways, among these are:

A) conduit couplings, elbows and other fittings;

B) conduit supports, such as clamps, hangers, etc.;
C) cable trays, cable bus;
D) metal raceways;
E) nonmetallic raceways.
•Outlets. An outlet is a point in the wiring
system at which current is taken to supply
utilization equipment. The kinds of outlets are:
convenience outlet or attachment cap, lighting
outlet, and receptacle outlet.
•A convenience outlet or attachment cap is a
device which by insertion in a receptacle,
establishes connection between the conductor of
the flexible cord and the conductors connected
permanently to the receptacle.
•A lighting outlet is an outlet intended for
direct connection of a lamp holder, a
lighting fixture, or a pendant cord
terminating in a lamp holder.

•A receptacle outlet is an outlet where

one or more receptacles are installed.
 TYPES OF WIRES
A. TYPES T, TW, THW
The most ordinary type of plastic insulated wire is the “type T”. It may be
used only in dry locations. Some manufactures no longer make the ordinary
Type T, instead produce Type TW, which is identical in appearance, but may
be used in wet or dry locations. Also available is Type THW, is similar to
Type TW but withstand a greater degree of heat, and consequently has a
higher ampacity rating in the larger sizes.

B. TYPES THHN, THWN

These are comparatively new types of wire, consisting of the basic Type
THH and THW but with less thermoplastic insulation, and with a final
extruded jacket of nylon. Nylon has exceptional insulating qualities and
great mechanical strength, all of which results in a wire which is smaller in
diameter than ordinary Types T, TW, and TW of corresponding size.
 Types of wires

C. Type XHHW
In appearance, it resembles types T, TW, and THW but because of somewhat thinner
layer of insulation, the over-all diameter is smaller. The insulation is “cross-linked
synthetic polymer,” which has an extraordinary property as to insulating value, heat
resistance, and moisture resistance. It may be used in dry or wet locations. While at
present, it is an expensive wire, it would be no surprise if in due course of time, this
one single type will replace all the many types and subtypes of type T or R now
recognized by the code.

D. Rubber-covered wire
It consists of copper conductor, tinned to make it easier to remove the insulation, and
for easy soldering. Over the copper is a layer of rubber, the thickness of which
depends on the size of the wire. Then follows an outer fabric braid which is saturated
with moisture-and-fire-resistant compounds; if it is set on fire with a blowtorch, the
flame dies out when the torch is removed.
 Types of wires

E. OTHER TYPES
Other types such as the basic type R, which is
suitable for only in dry locations, is no longer being
made. The most ordinary kind is type RHW, which
may be used for dry or wet locations. Types RH and
RHH have insulation which withstands more heat
and therefore have a higher ampacity in the larger
size. They may be used only in dry locations.
 KINDS OF LOCATIONS

•Damp location
Partially protected locations under canopies, marquees, roofed open porches, and
like locations, and interior locations subjected to moderate degree of moisture, such
as some basements, some barns, and some cold-storage warehouses.
 
•Dry location
A location not normally subject to dampness or wetness. A location classified as dry
may be temporarily subject to dampness or wetness, as in the case of a building
under construction.
 
•Wet location
Installations underground or in concrete slabs or masonry in direct contact with the
earth, and location subject to saturation with water or other liquids, such as vehicle
washing areas, and locations exposed to weather and unprotected.
 HAZARDOUS (CLASSIFIED) LOCATIONS

Locations where fire or explosion hazards may exist due to flammable gases or
vapors, flammable liquids, combustible dust, or ignitable fibers or flyings.
 
1.Class i locations. Class I locations are those in which flammable gases or vapors
are or may be present in the air in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or
ignitable mixtures.

• A) class i, division 1. A class I, division 1 location is a location: I) in which

ignitable concentrations of flammable gases or vapors can exist under normal
operating conditions; or ii) in which ignitable concentrations of such gas vapors
may exist frequently because of repair or maintenance operations or because of
leakage; or iii) in which breakdown or faulty operation of equipment or processes
might release ignitable concentrations of flammable gases or vapors, and might
also cause simultaneous failure of electric equipment.
• B) class I, division 2. A class I, division 2 location is a location: I) in
which volatile flammable liquids or flammable gases are handled,
processes, or used, but in which the liquids, vapors, or gases will
normally be confines within closed containers or closed systems from
which they can escape only in case of accidental rupture or breakdown
of such containers or systems, or in case of abnormal operation of
equipment; or ii) in which ignitable concentrations of gases or vapors
are normally prevented by positive mechanical ventilation, and which
might become hazardous through failure or abnormal operation of the
ventilating equipment; iii) that is adjacent to class I, division 1 location,
and to which ignitable concentrations of gases or vapors might
occasionally be communicated unless such communication is
prevented by adequate positive ventilation from a source of clean air,
and effective safeguards against ventilation failure are provided.
2. Class II locations. Class II locations are those that are hazardous because of the presence of
combustible dust.

• A) class ii, division 1. A class II, division 1 location is a location: I) in which combustible dust is in
the air normal operating conditions in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitable
mixtures; or ii) where mechanical failure or abnormal operation of machinery or equipment might
cause such explosive or ignitable mixtures to be produced, and might also provide a source of
ignition through simultaneous failure of electric equipment, operation devices, or from other
causes; or iii) in which combustible dusts of an electrically conductive nature may be present in
hazardous quantities.
 
• B) class ii, division 2. A class II, division 2 location is a location where combustible dust is not
normally in the air in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitable mixtures, and dust
accumulations are normally insufficient to interfere with the normal operation of electrical
equipment or other apparatus, but combustible dust may be in suspension in the air as a result
of infrequent malfunctioning of handling or processing equipment and where combustible dust
accumulations on, in, or in the vicinity of the electrical equipment may be sufficient to interfere
with the safe dissipation of heat from electrical equipment or may be ignitable by abnormal
operation or failure of electrical equipment.
3. Class III locations. Class III locations are those that are
hazardous because of the presence of easily combustible fibers
or flyings, but in which such fibers or flyings are not likely to be
in suspension in the air in quantities sufficient to produce
ignitable mixtures.

• A) class iii, division 1. A class III, divisions 1 location is a

location in which easily ignitible fibers or materials producing
combustible flyings are handled, manufactured, or used.
• B) class iii, division 2. A class III, division 2 location is a
location in which easily ignitable fibers are stored or handled.
Nema enclosure types
•The purpose of this document is to provide general
information on the definitions of nema enclosure types to
architects, engineers, installers, inspectors and other
interested parties. [For more detailed and complete
information, NEMA standards publication 250-2003,
“enclosures for electrical equipment (1000 volts
maximum)” should be consulted. This standards
publication as well as all other NEMA publications are
available from IHS @ 800 854-7179 or
http://www.Global.Ihs.Com]
Nema enclosure types
•The purpose of this document is to provide general
information on the definitions of nema enclosure types to
architects, engineers, installers, inspectors and other
interested parties. [For more detailed and complete
information, NEMA standards publication 250-2003,
“enclosures for electrical equipment (1000 volts
maximum)” should be consulted. This standards
publication as well as all other NEMA publications are
available from IHS @ 800 854-7179 or
http://www.Global.Ihs.Com]
In non-hazardous locations, the specific enclosure types, their applications,
and the environmental conditions they are designed to protect against,
when completely and properly installed, are as follows:

Type 1 enclosures constructed for indoor use to provide a degree of

protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts and to provide a
degree of protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress
of solid foreign objects (falling dirt).

Type 2 enclosures constructed for indoor use to provide a degree of

protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to provide a
degree of protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress
of solid foreign objects (falling dirt); and to provide a degree of protection
with respect to harmful effects on the equipment due to the ingress of water
(dripping and light splashing).
Type 3 enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use to provide a
degree of protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to
provide a degree of protection of the equipment inside the enclosure
against ingress of solid foreign objects (falling dirt and windblown dust); to
provide a degree of protection with respect to harmful effects on the
equipment due to the ingress of water (rain, sleet, snow); and that will be
undamaged by the external formation of ice on the enclosure.

Type 3r enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use to provide

a degree of protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to
provide a degree of protection of the equipment inside the enclosure
against ingress of solid foreign objects (falling dirt); to provide a degree of
protection with respect to harmful effects on the equipment due to the
ingress of water (rain, sleet, snow); and that will be undamaged by the
external formation of ice on the enclosure.
• Type 3S enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use to provide a
degree of protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to
provide a degree of protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against
ingress of solid foreign objects (falling dirt and windblown dust); to provide a
degree of protection with respect to harmful effects on the equipment due to
the ingress of water (rain, sleet, snow); and for which the external
mechanism(s) remain operable when ice laden.
• Type 3x enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use to provide a
degree of protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to
provide a degree of protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against
ingress of solid foreign objects (falling dirt and windblown dust); to provide a
degree of protection with respect to harmful effects on the equipment due to
the ingress of water (rain, sleet, snow); that provides an additional level of
protection against corrosion and that will be undamaged by the external
formation of ice on the enclosure.
• Type 3RX enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use to provide a degree
of protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to provide a degree of
protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solid foreign objects
(falling dirt); to provide a degree of protection with respect to harmful effects on the
equipment due to the ingress of water (rain, sleet, snow); that will be undamaged by
the external formation of ice on the enclosure that provides an additional level of
protection against corrosion; and that will be undamaged by the external formation of
ice on the enclosure.

• Type 3sx enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use to provide a degree
of protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to provide a degree of
protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solid foreign objects
(falling dirt and windblown dust); to provide a degree of protection with respect to
harmful effects on the equipment due to the ingress of water (rain, sleet, snow); that
provides an additional level of protection against corrosion; and for which the external
mechanism(s) remain operable when ice laden.
• Type 4 enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use to provide a degree of
protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to provide a degree of protection
of the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solid foreign objects (falling dirt and
windblown dust); to provide a degree of protection with respect to harmful effects on the
equipment due to the ingress of water (rain, sleet, snow, splashing water, and hose directed
water); and that will be undamaged by the external formation of ice on the enclosure.
• Type 4x enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use to provide a degree of
protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to provide a degree of protection
of the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solid foreign objects (windblown
dust); to provide a degree of protection with respect to harmful effects on the equipment due
to the ingress of water (rain, sleet, snow, splashing water, and hose directed water); that
provides an additional level of protection against corrosion; and that will be undamaged by
the external formation of ice on the enclosure.
• Type 5 enclosures constructed for indoor use to provide a degree of protection to personnel
against access to hazardous parts; to provide a degree of protection of the equipment inside
the enclosure against ingress of solid foreign objects (falling dirt and settling airborne dust,
lint, fibers, and flyings); and to provide a degree of protection with respect to harmful effects
on the equipment due to the ingress of water (dripping and light splashing).

• Type 6 enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use to provide a degree of
protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to provide a degree of protection
of the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solid foreign objects (falling dirt); to
provide a degree of protection with respect to harmful effects on the equipment due to the
ingress of water (hose directed water and the entry of water during occasional temporary
submersion at a limited depth); and that will be undamaged by the external formation of ice
on the enclosure.
• Type 6P enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use to provide a degree of
protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to provide a degree of protection of
the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solid foreign objects (falling dirt); to
provide a degree of protection with respect to harmful effects on the equipment due to the
ingress of water (hose directed water and the entry of water during prolonged submersion at a
limited depth); that provides an additional level of protection against corrosion and that will be
undamaged by the external formation of ice on the enclosure.

• Type 12 enclosures constructed (without knockouts) for indoor use to provide a degree of
protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to provide a degree of protection of
the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solid foreign objects (falling dirt and
circulating dust, lint, fibers, and flyings); and to provide a degree of protection with respect to
harmful effects on the equipment due to the ingress of water (dripping and light splashing).
• Type 12K enclosures constructed (with knockouts) for indoor use to provide a degree of
protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to provide a degree of protection
of the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solid foreign objects (falling dirt and
circulating dust, lint, fibers, and flyings); and to provide a degree of protection with respect to
harmful effects on the equipment due to the ingress of water (dripping and light splashing).

• Type 13 enclosures constructed for indoor use to provide a degree of protection to

personnel against access to hazardous parts; to provide a degree of protection of the
equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solid foreign objects (falling dirt and
circulating dust, lint, fibers, and flyings); to provide a degree of protection with respect to
harmful effects on the equipment due to the ingress of water (dripping and light splashing);
and to provide a degree of protection against the spraying, splashing, and seepage of oil and
non-corrosive coolants.