VOLCANIC

ERUPTION
GROUP VOLCANISM:
Leader: Marlet Anne Ramos Lantican

Members: Rijenn Cabido

Pamela Gayahan
Gwyneth Catipon
Lowebelle Dayson
Pamela Mae Gonzales
Janelle Marie Elyse Leyte
Mark Jerome Ilagan
 INTRODUCTION

What is Volcanic Eruption?

A volcanic eruption is one of the most dangerous and magnificent natural
disasters. Volcanic eruption occurs when molten rocks, ash and steam pour through a vent in
earth's crust. When volcano erupts, the volcano sends out ash clouds, lava and even volcanic
bombs. All volcanic eruptions can vary in strength; some eruptions are not as strong as others.
However , others can spread over a vast area.

Added information:
There is a high risk of danger from slow moving lava; though, the lava might
move slowly, it is very dangerous and can cause a lot of damage to property and human life.
There are 3 stages that comprises volcanic eruption. First is MAGMATIC ERUPTIONS , when
gas is released under decompression. Second PHREATOMAGMATIC ERUPTIONS, when a
thermal contraction comes from water. And third is PHREATIC ERUPTIONS, when steam erupts.
 ASHFALL
- A rain of airborne ash resulting from a volcanic eruptions.

THINGS TO DO WHEN ASHFALL OCCURS:

• Make sure to wear face masks to avoid breathing ash that can cause respiratory problem. If
you already have any respiratory ailment, then avoid contact from the ash. You may hold a
damp cloth over your face to help you breathe.

• Stay inside your home or evacuation camps. Make sure to close doors, windows, and other
ventilation. However, if there is a danger of roof collapsing, evacuate immediately.

• Protect your eyes by wearing goggles.

• Stay away from areas downwind from the volcano to avoid volcanic ash.
 ASHFALL

• Wear long - sleeved shirts and long pants to prevent irritation caused by ashes.

• If your drinking water was contaminated with ash, then drink bottled water instead.

• Keep roofs free of ash as this can cause the collapse of roofs.

• Thoroughly wash fruits and vegetables from the garden before eating.

• Avoid traveling in heavy ash fall as it can clog your vehicle's engines. If driving is really
needed, make sure to close car windows and turn off the air conditioning system because it
will cause the ash to center inside the car.

• Avoid the use of electronic devices as ashes might have entered the vent of these devices
and could short - circuit the devices.
 DURING VOLCANIC ERUPTION

When a volcano erupts, the volcano sends out ash clouds, lava and even volcanic bombs.

• Stay calm. Cover your nose and mouth with mask or clean cloth.

• If you are outside, immediately seek cover in case of ash and rock falls. Wear glasses to
protect yopur eyes and avoid all low-lying places.

• If you are inside a house, listen to the radio for updates and developments regarding the
volcanic eruptio. Close all windows and doors of the house and your car to prevent ashes
from getting inside.

• If you are driving a vehicle, pull to the side of the road and stop if there is a heavy ashfall.
 AFTER VOLCANIC ERUPTION
HERE ARE SOME THINGS TO DO AFTER
VOLCANIC ERUPTION:

 Do not go near the eruption area and stay away

from areas with volcanic ash falls.
 Clear heavy ash from flat or low - pitched roofs and
rain gutters.
 Event after the eruption, fine ashes can be blown by
the wind so it is important to cover your mouth and
nose with a face mask, wear goggles to protect your
eyes, and keep your skin covered to avoid irritation.
 Clear roofs of ashfalls. Ashfall is very heavy and can
cause buildings to collapse. Exercise great caution
when working on a roof.
 Avoid driving during a heavy ashfall. Driving will stir
up more ash that can clog engines and stall
vehicles.
 MUDFLOW

 Is a moving mass of soil made fluid by rain or melting

snow.

 A downhill movement of soft, wet, unconsolidated earth

and debris, made fluid by rain or melted snow and often
building up great speed.
 PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
 It is a high - density mixture of hot, fragmented solids and
expanding gases.

Pyroclastic flows are volcanic phenomena.

 It can sweep down the volcano's sides and other steep hills at
speeds over 100 miles per hour.
 LAVA FLOWS
 Are streams of molten rocks that pour or ooze from an erupting
vent.

 It can be form during fountaining eruptions or they can well out of

the ground.

 It is a dangerous substance that a volcanic eruption releases.

 THINGS TO DO WHEN MUDFLOW, PYROCLASTIC AND LAVA
FLOWS:

• Stay away from the restricted zone identified by local

authorities.
• Avoid river valleys and low - lying areas. Do not watch an
erupting volcano up close.
• If you see the water level of a stream rising, then quickly
move to higher ground. If a mudflow is approaching a bridge,
then away from the bridge. Move toward higher ground if
mudflow are approaching.
• Drive across the danger path and be observant of warning
signs on the road. Avoid being in the path of molten lava flow.
• Avoid weak structures, including the fresh layers which might
have been formed by solidifying of lava during earlier
discharges. Do not stand on such structures which are
unstable and could slide.
 DISASTER RECOVERY ( D.R. )
Is an area of security planning that aims to protect
an organization from the effects of significant negative
events. DR allows an organization to maintain or quickly
resume mission - critical functions following a disaster.
It cannot be denied that disasters such as volcanic
eruption can cause impacts on various apects of society.
For example, health and socio - psychological support are
needed in th recovery phase as being a victim during a
volcanic eruption can cause trauma. The affected people
whose properties had been damaged should be provided
an alternative resettlement b the government. Also,
livelihoods affected by volcanic eruption in both agricultural
and industrial sector should be part of the immediate and
long - term economic recovery plan of the government.
 ASSESSMENT AND MAPPING OF RISKS AND
HAZARDS

Undoubtedly, volcanic risk reduction is

highly complex. Hazard and risk assessment
are used significantly to make sense of the
experiences gained from previous volcanic
activities.
Hazard map show possibility of impacts
based from the certain intensity of volcanic
activity. Risks maps highlights the hotspots
exposure to risks are high it should indicate the
extent threatened zones.
 STRENGTHENING INFRASTRACTURE
SYSTEM
Buildings should be
more resistant against
disasters. Also, roads and
bridges should be included
on strategic classifications
based on how important they
are for access.
 PUBLIC AWARENESS, EDUCATION AND
TRAINING.

If we want disaster
management initiativities to
become successful, the the
people from various
sectorz must be trainesd,
educated, and actively
involved.
 MAYON VOLCANO

Mayon is nestled in the eastern portion of Albay

Province. It rises 2462 meters above the sea level and
covers up to 314 sq. km. It surrounded by six municipalities
and three cities with a population of ove 600,000
Mayon is classified as a composite volcano and is a
considered as the most active volcano in the Philippines.
Since its first recorded eruption in 1616. Although Mayon
poses several threats to its near-by communities, Mayon is
intentionally awed for its nearlyu perfect cone. It is one of
the most famous spots in the Philippines.
HAZARDS ASSOCIATED
(a)PYROCLASTIC FLOW
(B) ASH FALL
(C) VOLCANIC AVALANCHE

A volcanic avalanche is formed when an unstable slope collapses and debris

is transported away from the slope. Large scale avalanches normally occur
on very steep volcanoes. There are two general types of debris avalanches:
those that are "cold" and those that are "hot".
(D) LAVA FLOW
(E) MUD FLOW
 (F) EARTHQUAKE

A sudden and violent shaking

of the ground, sometimes causing
great destruction, as a result of
movements within the earth's crust or
volcanic action.
Institutionalizing disaster risk
reduction and management
• Albay is situated in Southeastern Luzon,through which tropical storms
typhoons frequently passes during the country’s rainy season. Because of
this geographic location, the province experiences more inescapable and
prominent rain or tropical depression and no notable dry season all year
round. In a study conducted by the Human Development Network on the
geography and public planning in the province, it describes how vulnerable
Albay is not only to hazards posed by Mt. Mayon’s volcanic eruption, but
also by typhoons, storm surges and floods. Each year roughly 198,000
houses are threatened with destruction from storm surges and at least
350,000 people need to be evacuated. As such, it is considered to be one of
the most disaster prone provinces in the country.

• With this its provincial government created the PSEMO.

(PSEMO) PUBLIC SAFETY AND EMERGENCY
MANAGEMENT OFFICE

• PSEMO was made in 1995 to educate the citizens on

what to do before during and after a disaster
• They conducted a quarterly drill and exercises to enhance
their adaptive capacity in coping with disaster events.
• PSEMO also conducted risk mapping to locate areas that
are prone to disasters as well as areas that are safe.
• They also shared Albay’s sound practices to other
provinces that are also vulnerable to disasters.
MT. PINATUBO

• In January 1990 ,a magnitude 7.8 earthquake

approximately 100 km northeast of Mt. pinatubo triggered
the major disturbance of the volcano’s 600 years of
quiescence. During march and april 1991 ,steam
explosions and rumbling sounds were recorded. This
state of volcanic unrest was observed for several weeks.
Earthquakes were also recorded periodically and tons of
sulfur dioxide (SO2) was emitted in the air. Due to
alarming situations, the PHILVOLCS together with the US
geological survey organized various seismic monitoring
stations around Mt. Pinatubo in May 1991.
• From june 7- 12 the first magma reached the surface
of mount pinatubo. Its main eruption began in june 15
wherein cauliflower columns of ash, gas and steam
rose 35 km into the air and were dispersed in the
atmosphere which affected the earth’s climate and
ozone layer in the tropics. Pyroclastic flows (mixture
of hot rock fragments ,lava particles and ash buoyed
up by hot gas) went in all directions.
 Early warning and disaster management
• The experts ,local government and communities widely acknowledge
that if early warning can be given during an impending disaster , the
severity of the resulting disaster or adverse consequences can be
reduced.
• The 1991 eruption provided an example of how accurate forecasting
and timely warning saved lives from the hazards of violent eruption.
The number of casualties was relatively small despite violent
explosions. Like other disaster events, volcanoes often show an
advance warning of imminent eruption. The Pinatubo volcanic eruption
also highlighted the importance of communication hazard information
to the authorities and the public, as well as the power of monitoring and
emergency preparedness in saving lives and damage to properties.
 How Do Pyroclastic Flows Occur?

Pyroclastic flows are hot mixtures of fresh

lava, gas, rock, pumice, and ash that lows
down the sides of a volcanic crater at high
speeds during art eruption. The mobolity and
speed of Pyroclastic flows are derived from its
gas contents that further generates more
gases.
 TYPES OF PYROCLASTIC FLOWS

Recognized the different types of pyroclastic flows is

as essential as differentiates volcano types. Different
volcano behave differently, there are the violent types and
their are the quiet types. All pyoclastic flows are dangerous
that victims will not be able to the difference between the
types of pyroclastic flow that hit them.
Distribution of the 1991 pyroclastic flow deposits of Pinatubo
and lahars as observed by astronauts just a few days after
heavy monsoon rainfalls after the eruption
 INHALATION OF HOT ASH AND GASES

Hot ash and gas not only burn but also impact
breathing. Aside from water, volcanoes also emit
toxic gases such as H, S, SO and F.
 What are the effects of Pyroclastic flow?

A pyroclastic flow is so dangerous because

of its speed. It is so hot and moves so quickly
that it gives anyone little opportunity
 BURN

The extreme temperatures of rocks and gas inside

pyroclastic flows can burn people, houses and vegetation.
Though hot gases may have killed the first. Pompeli
residents were petrified by the ash and pumice of pyroclastic
flow form Mt. Vesuvius in 79 A.D. Some residents suffered
the same fate from hibok-hibok's pyroclastic flow in 1951. On
the margins of pyroclastic flows, death and serious injury to
people and animals may result from burns.
 IMPACT AND BURIAL

By its speed, mass, and volume, a pyroclastic flow will

knock down, shatter, bury, or carry away nearly all objects
and structures in its path. Rock fragments range in size
from ash to bouldersand travel at speeds usually greater
than 80km/hour. Pyroclastic flows from the 1991 eruption of
PInatubo left bare ofvegetation a large part of its western
slope and a smaller portion of the eastern slope.
 Vesuvius, Italy, 79 A.D

One of the most cetastrophic and famous eruptions of

all time. A series of pyroclastic flows consisting of pumice and
ash came down from eruption columns as high as 33km.
Herculeneum and Pompeli were buried by pyroclastic flow
tephra fall and about 16,000 were killed, some probably by
gas asphyxiation.
 Tambora, Indonesia, 1815

The largest eruption ever in recorded history; prior to 1815

eruption, other eruption were in 3910 BC 200 years, 3050
BC and 740 AD 150 years. Pyroclastic flows reached more
than 20km from the summit and caused 4 m high tsunami
waves in Indonesia. Pyroclastic flows wiped out Tambora
village killing 10,000; tens of thousands more died due to
famine and disease.
 HIBOK-HIBOK PHILIPPINES, 1915

On December 4, 1951, 500 people were killed by

pyroclastic flows that cascaded down the volcano's
northeasthern flank. The explosion of fresh magma rather
than dome collapse caused the deposition of large
quantities of pumice and ash.
 PINATUBO, PHILIPPINES, 1991

2nd largest eruption of the 20th century; it had six

eruption periods since 33,000 B.C. During its climactic
eruption on June 15, 500 years since it last, pyroclastic flows
reached as far as 16 km from the summit; early warning
prevented deaths from the pyroclastic flow. Most of the 847
deaths were due to roof collapsing from the weight of the
wet ash.
 Lahars and Flooding

Valleys and othe low-lying areas along the slopes of

volcanoes act as channel ways and receptors of pyroclastic
flow deposit. The thick accumulation of loose pyroclastic
flow deposit easily mobilized by stream flow to become part
of lahar. The damming of reverse upstream may lead to the
rush of enormous amount of water and debris down slope.
Pyroclastic flows can melt snow and ice too and send a
sudden torrent of water that can carry new pyroclastic flow
deposits as well as older debris on the way down.
 Types of Tephra Falls and Ballistic
projectiles

There are many kinds of tephra that differ in size,

shape, density, and chemical composition. To simplify
things, volcanologists first classify tephra deposits
according to size.
 What are Tephra Falls and Ballastic Projectiles?

Tephra refers to volcanic rock and lava materials that

are ejected into the air by explosions or carried upward by
eruption column's hot gases or lava fountains.
Large-sized tephra typically falls back to the ground on
or close to the volcano and progressively smaller fragments
are carried away from the vent by wind. Ash can travel
hundreds to thousands of kilometers down wind from a
volcano. If often leaves a mantle of ash layer over the
landscape that diminishes in thickness the farther it goes
from the volcanic center. Ash can circle the globe if the
eruption column is high enough.
LAHARS
WHAT ARE LAHARS?

• Lahar is a process wherein cement likes mixture of

volcanic material and water flows down the slope of a
volcano
• In Javanese (Indonesian dialect), it actually means lava
flow, but volcanologists have adapted the term to refer to
this volcanic event.
• Lahar usually carries fresh eruption material like
pyroclastic flows and tephra fall
• Large lahars which can flow at a rate of several tens of
meters per second are impossible for people to outrun
Examples

• Omaraya Sanchez was a 13 year old school girl in

armero, a town that is badly stricken by the 1985 lahar in
Nevado del ruiz in columbia. These are the deadliest
lahars in volcanic history. The Armero tragedy is
Columbia's worst natural disaster and one of the 20th
century’s worst disaster with 23,000 fatalities.
• The deadliest philippine lahar was from mayon, which
buried cagsawa church in Daraga, Albay in 1814.
 Nevado del ruiz ,
Columbia

Cagsawa church
HOW ARE LAHARS GENERATED?

• Many lahars are formed by intense rainfall during

eruption
• Rainwater can easily erode loose volcanic material
deposited on the upper slope of the volcano along the
path of a river on its way down the slope
• Eruptions alone can trigger lahars directly by melting
of snow and ice caps
• Lahars can occur not only during eruptions, it can
occur right after or long after eruption especially when
there is a heavy rainfall
• Adding more water and eroding rock, lahars can grow
more than 10 times their initial size and eventually
decreases in sizes as it moves farther away
• The occurrence of lahar favors stratovolcanoes (those
that tend to erupt explosively), tall and steep and with
erodible volcanic rock layers
LAHAR DEPOSITS

• Poor sorting (mix of different sizes of fragment);

fragments are from clay sized to boulder sized
• May contain a wide variety of clasts (rocks)
• Matrix supported – means pebbles, rocks and boulders
are not touching each other, majority of the out crop is slit,
sand or clay
LAHAR RUN-OUT FLOW DEPOSIT

• Display better bedding than lahar, shows better sorting

than lahar
• Normal grading (above a possible reverse graded base)
• Better clast imbrication than lahar
• Boulders not as common
THE MANY FACES OF LAHAR

• Water in rivers normally contains less than 20% sediment

by volume. Add more sediments and it transforms into a
dangerous kind of steam flow
• Lahar refers to the dense, viscous flow of a mixture of
60% volcanic debris and 40% of water
• Dilute pure lahars called hyper concentrated stream flows,
contains 20% - 60% volcanic debris
EFFECTS OF LAHAR
• Lahars can vary from hot to cold, depending on the origin of
debris and water
• A hot lahar can be as hot as 100 degrees Celsius, because of this
properties lahars can cause serious economic and environmental
damage to floodplain areas
• Boulders as large as 3m in diameter and tree trunks had also
been documented in mayon lahars. Large track of agricultural
lands and residential areas may be buried by one or more pulses
of lahar. The buried cagsawa church in albay is a living witness to
what lahars from mayon can do.
• Few year after its eruption in 1991, rain induced lahars from
pinatubo’s slope buried more than 400 square kilometre of land,
residential areas and caused the relocation of more than 50,000
people
• Typhoons and rains brought about by habagat from july to
october had been responsible for the desctructive lahars in the
pinatubo. Roads may be blocked and bridges destroyed.
• After a river channel had been filled with lahar, severe flooding
and extremely high rates of sedimentation may follow. Debris
may form a dam along a river , breaking the dam may lead to
flash floods
MT. PINATUBO LAHAR
• The breaking of the lake formed along pasig-potrero river
resulted in 25 deaths down stream. Lahars from lake
breaout had also been observed at pinatubo’s zambales
side, along the sto tomas river.