On Manometer

PROCESS AND INSTRUMENTATION
Differential manometers are also used to compare the pressure of two different containers. They
reveal both which container has greater pressure and how large the difference between the two
is.
Principle: Hydrostatic equilibrium.
Construction: The simplest differential manometer is a U-shaped tube . Contains 2 liquids, usually
water or mercury, rests at the bottom of the tube.
Working: If one end of the tube is in a place with higher air pressure, the pressure will push down
the liquid on that side of the tube. By measuring the difference between the heights of liquid, it is
possible to calculate the difference in pressure.
Advantage:
1. Differential manometers have a wide range of uses in different disciplines. One example is
that they can be used to measure the flow dynamics of a gas by comparing the pressure at
different points in the pipe.
2. Portable and economical.
Disadvantages:
1. Inaccuracy for measuring small pressures.
DERIVATION OF DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETER:-
Let,
S1 = Specific gravity of liquid in pipe A
S2 = Specific gravity of liquid in pipe B
S = Specific gravity of manometer liquid
hA be the pressure head in terms of height of
fluid in the pipe at point A
hB be the pressure head in terms of height of
fluid in the pipe at point B
h is the distance of mercury level in the right
limb from the datum line XX
h1 is the height of manometer liquid level in the
left limb from the from the datum line XX
right limb from the from the centre of pipe at
point B.
Principle: Hydrostatic equilibrium. The inverted U-Tube Differential
manometer is reciprocal of U-Tube Differential manometer at the
different level. This type of manometers are used to measure accuracy of
small difference if pressure is increased.
Construction: The simplest differential manometer is a U-shaped tube .
Contains a liquid, usually a light liquid like oil, rests at the top of the
tube.
Working: Used when difference of density between 2 liquids is less.
Advantages:
1. Simple in use.
2. Economical
3. Simple construction
Disadvantages:
1. Inaccuracy for measuring small pressures as h will be small.
WORKING AND DERIVATION FOR INVERTED MANOMETER
Let,
S1 = Specific gravity of liquid in pipe A
S2 = Specific gravity of liquid in pipe B
S = Specific gravity of manometer liquid
hA be the pressure head in terms of height of
fluid in the pipe at point A
hB be the pressure head in terms of height of
fluid in the pipe at point B
h is the distance of manometer liquid level in the
right limb from the datum line XX
left limb from the from the datum line XX
right limb from the from the centre of pipe at
point B
INCLINED MANOMETER
Principle: Works on the principle of hydrostatic equilibrium. Small angle alpha of the
narrow measuring tube with horizontal provides accurate measurements of small
pressures.
Construction: The inclined tube manometer is an enlarged leg manometer with its
measuring leg inclined to the horizontal axis by an angle alpha.
Working: Initially, when there is no fluid flowing in the pipe the level of manometer
liquid is at datum line. But due to liquid pressure in the pipe the level of manometer
liquid rises by a vertical height of Rm.
Advantages
1. Inclined manometers are more sensitive than vertical column manometers.
2. Used to measure small pressures
3. Inclined manometers do not have any parts that can wear or age, unlike mechanical
or electronic manometer types
Disadvantages:
1. The inclined monometer has no over range protection
2. It has lack of portability
3. it has slow response, which makes it unsuitable for measuring fluctuating pressures
WORKING AND DERIVATION FOR INCLINED
MANOMETER
 SIMPLE MANOMETER
Principal:- A manometer works on the principle of hydrostatic equilibrium.
Construction:- It consists of a glass tube with one end open to the atmosphere
and other end connected to a point at which pressure is to be measured.
Working:- one end of the piezometer is open to atmospheric pressure, and the
other end is connected where pressure is to be measured. The rise of liquid will be
in accordance with the pressure at that point. If h is the height of liquid then,
Let,
ρ = density of liquid
h = height of liquid in the piezometer .
g = acceleration due to gravity.
The pressure in piezometer is given by the

following equation.
p= ρgh
 ADVANTAGES:-
• It Is Simple In Construction.
• It Has Higher Accuracy.
 DISADVANTAGES:-
• Manometers Have Poor Dynamic Response.
• They Are Less Portable.
• They Have Smaller Operating Range Which Is On The Order Of 1000 KN/m2.
• The Manometric Fluids Density Depends On Temperature. Hence Errors May Result
Due To Change In The Temperature.
 VERTICAL COLUMN MICRO-MANOMETER
 Principal:-
• It works on the principle of hydrostatic equilibrium and pascal’s law.
 Construction:-
• One limb of manometer is a tank of large cross sectional area as compared to the
cross sectional area of the other limb.
• This tank acts as a reservoir to hold the manometer fluid
• The cross sectional area of the tank is 100 times greater than that of the other
limb.
• ρ1 = density of liquid for which pressure has to be determined
• ρ2 = density of manometer liquid (assume mercury)
• S1 = Specific gravity of given liquid
• S2 = Specific gravity of manometer liquid
• δh = Fall in the level of liquid in the tank
• A = Area of cross-section of the tank
• a = Area of cross-section of the right limb
• h = Pressure head of fluid in the pipe (as head of water)

• Let h be the pressure in terms of height of fluid in the pipe.
• h1 is the distance from the datum line XX to the centre of pipe
• h2 is the height of heavy liquid from the datum line XX in the right limb
The rise in the manometer fluid in the right limb will be equal to the fall of level in the tank.
δhA=a.h2----------(1)
Pressure in the left limb at YY = h+(h1+δh)S1
Pressure in the right limb at YY = (h2+δh)S2
According to Pascal’s Law
h+(h1+δh)S1=(h2+δh)S2
h=δh(S2-S1)+(h2S2-h1S1)-------------(2)
Combining both equations:

h={ah2(S2-S1)+(h2S2-h1S1)}/A
• If the cross sectional area of the tank A is very large compared to cross sectional
area of the right limb then i.e. A >> a, then
h=(h2S2-h1S1)
 Inclined column Micro-manometer

 Principal:-
 It works on the principle of hydrostatic equilibrium and pascal’s
law.
 Construction:-
• One tube is inclined at certain required angle rest is same as that of vertical
column Macro-Manometer
• From equation for vertical column micro-manometer we have:
h=(h2S2-h1S1)
And since h2 = l Sin α
h=lS2sinα-h1S1
 Advantages:-
• Simple and Accurate
• Good repeatability
• Wide range of fluid can be used
 Disadvantages:-
• Not portable
• Need of accurate leveling
• Small range
• SOURCE:-
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On Manometer

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PROCESS AND INSTRUMENTATION

The pressure in piezometer is given by the

• ρ2 = density of manometer liquid (assume mercury)

• S1 = Specific gravity of given liquid

• S2 = Specific gravity of manometer liquid

• δh = Fall in the level of liquid in the tank

• A = Area of cross-section of the tank

• a = Area of cross-section of the right limb

• h = Pressure head of fluid in the pipe (as head of water)

Combining both equations:

 Inclined column Micro-manometer

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