Closed System Exergy Balance

Introducing the
Closed System Exergy Balance

Mass, energy, entropy, and exergy are all
extensive properties.
Just as mass, energy, and entropy are accounted
for by mass, energy, and entropy balances, exergy is
accounted for by an exergy balance.
Like mass, energy, and entropy, exergy can be
transferred across the system boundary.
Mass and energy are conserved quantities but
entropy and exergy are not conserved.
Introducing the
The exergy balance for a closed system is

developed by combining the closed system energy
and entropy balances. The result is
(Eq. 7.4a)
Introducing the
The first two terms on the right side account for
exergy transfer accompanying heat transfer and
work, respectively:
(Eq. 7.5)
where Tb is the temperature on the boundary where heat

transfer occurs,
(Eq. 7.6)
Introducing the
The third term on the right accounts for the
destruction of exergy due to irreversibilities within
the system:
(Eq. 7.7)
In accord with the interpretation of the entropy

production term of the entropy balance
= 0 (no irreversibilities present within the system)

Ed: > 0 (irreversibilities present within the system)
< 0 (impossible)
Introducing the
There are two ways for evaluating the exergy

destruction:
1)Solve the exergy balance for exergy
destruction when all other terms are known.
2)Apply Eq. 7.7 when the entropy production
is known from an entropy balance.
Exergy Rate Balance for Closed Systems
On a time rate basis, the closed system exergy
rate balance is:
(Eq. 7.10)
At steady state, Eq. 7.10 reduces to give
(Eq. 7.11a)
(Eq. 7.10) (Eq. 7.11a)
In both expressions, the term represents the

time rate of exergy transfer accompanying heat transfer at

the rate Qj occurring where the temperature on the
boundary is Tj.

Also, in both expressions Ed accounts for the time rate of
exergy destruction due to irreversibilities within the system.
Finally, note that for a system at steady state, the rate of

exergy transfer accompanying the power W is simply the
power.
Example: A cylindrical rod insulated on its lateral
surface is in contact at one end with a wall at T1 = 600 K.
The other end, at T2 = 310 K, is exposed to the
atmosphere, which is at T0 = 300 K. At steady state,
energy is conducted by heat transfer through the rod at
a rate of 100 kW. Determine, in kW, (a) the rates of
exergy transfer accompanying heat transfer into and out
of the rod, (b) the rate of exergy destruction within the
rod, and (c) an accounting of the exergy entering the
rod.
Insulation T2 = 310 K
T1 = 600 K

Q = 100 kW Q = 100 kW
T0 = 300 K
Insulation
(a) The rates of exergy transfer accompanying heat transfer
into and out of the rod are, respectively
T0 300 K

E q1 1 Q 1 100 kW 50 kW
T1 600 K
T0 300 K

E q 2 1 Q 1 100 kW 3 kW
T2 310 K
(b) Applying the exergy rate balance, Eq. 7.11a
0 E q1 E q 2 W E d
E d E q1 E q 2 50 kW 3 kW 47 kW
The irreversibility in this case is spontaneous heat transfer
within the rod from the high-temperature end to the low-
temperature end.
(c) While the rates of heat transfer are the same at
each end of the rod, the rates of exergy transfer at
the ends are much different. The exergy transfer
rates provide truer measures of thermodynamic
value than the heat transfer rate. The
thermodynamic value of a heat transfer depends
on the temperature at which it occurs.
The magnitude of the exergy transfer rate at the high-
temperature end signals an opportunity for doing
something useful.
The smaller exergy transfer rate at the low-
temperature end indicates much reduced usefulness,
but still an opportunity.
An exergy accounting for the rod reads:
Rate of exergy in: 50 kW
Disposition of the Exergy:
Rate of exergy out: 3 kW (6%)
Rate of exergy destruction: 47 kW (94%)
In principle the exergy transferred from the rod can be
used for some purpose. Accordingly, it is accounted for
here as exergy transfer out of the rod. However, as this
exergy is not used in the surroundings, it is more
appropriately charged as an exergy loss for the rod.
The exergy transferred from the rod is fully destroyed in
the surroundings owing to heat transfer irreversibility there.
In the end, all of the exergy entering the rod is destroyed,
thereby missing a seeming opportunity.
Examples :
(exergy analysis closed system)
Problem 7.43 (electric pump

motor)
Problem 7.45 (electric water

heater) - HW
Examples :
(exergy analysis closed system)
Problem 7.47 (water-steam mixture

changing state undergoing for two
different processes, but both having
same end point)

Closed System Exergy Balance

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Closed System Exergy Balance

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Introducing the

Closed System Exergy Balance

The exergy balance for a closed system is

where Tb is the temperature on the boundary where heat

In accord with the interpretation of the entropy

= 0 (no irreversibilities present within the system)

There are two ways for evaluating the exergy

At steady state, Eq. 7.10 reduces to give

(Eq. 7.10) (Eq. 7.11a)

In both expressions, the term represents the

Problem 7.43 (electric pump

Problem 7.45 (electric water

Problem 7.47 (water-steam mixture

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