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    CHE 555 Roots of Polynomials

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    CHE 555 Roots of Polynomials

    Uploaded by

    Saiful Haffizi
    117 views12 pages
    ji

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    ji

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    117 views12 pages

    CHE 555 Roots of Polynomials

    Uploaded by

    Saiful Haffizi
    ji

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 12

    Chapter 2

    ROOTS OF EQUATIONS:
    POLYNOMIALS
    Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

    by Lale Yurttas, Texas


    A&M University

    Chapter 2

    Roots of Polynomials
    The roots of polynomials such as

    f n ( x) ao a1 x a2 x an x
    2

    Follow these rules:


    1. For an nth order equation, there are n real or
    complex roots.
    2. If n is odd, there is at least one real root.
    3. If complex root exist in conjugate pairs (that is,
    +i and -i), where i=-1.
    by Lale Yurttas, Texas
    A&M University

    Chapter 2

    Conventional Methods
    If only real roots exist, bracketing and
    open methods could be used.
    However finding good initial guesses
    complicates both the open and bracketing
    methods, also the open methods could be
    susceptible to divergence.
    To find the real and complex roots of
    polynomials Mller and Bairstow
    methods.

    by Lale Yurttas, Texas


    A&M University

    Chapter 2

    MLLERS METHOD

    Obtains a root estimate by projecting a


    parabola to the x-axis through three
    Figure 7.3
    function values.

    Secant
    method
    by Lale Yurttas, Texas
    A&M University

    Mllers
    method
    Chapter 2

    Procedures
    1. Choose three initial guesses: x0, x1 and x2
    2. Find coefficient of a, b and c by using the
    following equations:

    h o x1 - x o

    h1 x 2 - x1

    f ( x1 ) f ( xo )
    f ( x2 ) f ( x1 )
    o
    1
    x1 xo
    x2 x1
    1 o
    a
    h1 ho
    by Lale Yurttas, Texas
    A&M University

    b ah1 1 c f ( x2 )

    Chapter 2

    3. Roots can be found by applying an alternative


    form of quadratic formula:

    x3 x2

    2c

    b b 4ac
    2

    term yields two roots, the sign is chosen to


    agree with b. This will result in a largest
    denominator, and will give root estimate that is
    closest to x2.
    4. The error can be calculated as

    x3 x2
    a
    100%
    x3

    by Lale Yurttas, Texas


    A&M University

    Chapter 2

    5. Once x3 is determined, the process is


    repeated using the following guidelines:
    a) If only real roots are being located, choose
    the two original points that are nearest the
    new root estimate, x3.
    b) If both real and complex roots are estimated,
    employ a sequential approach just like in
    secant method, x1, x2, and x3 to replace xo, x1,
    and x2.

    by Lale Yurttas, Texas


    A&M University

    Chapter 2

    Example 1
    Use Mllers method with guesses of
    xo, x1 and x2 = 4.5, 5.5, and 5,
    respectively, to determine a root of
    equation f(x) = x3 13x 12. Note
    that the roots of this equation are -3,
    -1 and 4.

    by Lale Yurttas, Texas


    A&M University

    Chapter 2

    BAIRSTOWS METHOD
    An iterative approach loosely related to both Mller
    and Newton-Raphson methods.

    by Lale Yurttas, Texas


    A&M University

    Chapter 2

    Procedures
    1. Choose initial guesses of r & s:
    2. Find the value of bo, b1, b2, , bn by using
    the following equation:
    bn an
    bn-1 an-1 rbn
    bi ai rbi 1 sbi 2

    i n-2 to 0

    3. Find the value of c1, c2, c3, , cn by using


    the following equation:
    cn bn

    cn 1 bn 1 rcn
    by Lale Yurttas, Texas
    A&M University

    ci bi rci 1 sci 2
    Chapter 7

    i n 2 to 1

    10

    Then

    c2 r c3 s b1
    c1r c2 s bo

    Solved for r and s, in


    turn are employed to
    improve the initial guesses.

    At each step the error can be estimated as

    a ,r

    100%
    r

    a,s

    100%
    r

    by Lale Yurttas, Texas


    A&M University

    Chapter 2

    11

    The values of the roots are determined by

    r r 2 4s
    x
    2
    At this point three possibilities exist:
    1. The quotient is a third-order polynomial or greater. The
    previous values of r and s serve as initial guesses and
    Bairstows method is applied to the quotient to evaluate
    new r and s values.
    2. The quotient is quadratic. The remaining two roots are
    evaluated directly, using the above eqn.
    3. The quotient is a 1st order polynomial. The remaining
    single root can be evaluated simply as x=-s/r.
    by Lale Yurttas, Texas
    A&M University

    Chapter 2

    12

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