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    Data and Computer Communications: Chapter 16 - High Speed Lans

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    Meenakshi Dhasmana
    High speed LANs have emerged to meet increasing bandwidth demands. Ethernet technologies have evolved from traditional CSMA/CD access with 10Mbps Ethernet to faster versions like 100Mbps, 1Gbps, and 10Gbps Ethernet. Higher speeds are achieved through methods like multilane distribution, which transmits data across multiple parallel physical lanes. Emerging standards like IEEE 802.1Q also allow flexible virtual LAN configurations over switched Ethernet networks.

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    Data and Computer Communications: Chapter 16 - High Speed Lans

    Uploaded by

    Meenakshi Dhasmana
    246 views41 pages
    High speed LANs have emerged to meet increasing bandwidth demands. Ethernet technologies have evolved from traditional CSMA/CD access with 10Mbps Ethernet to faster versions like 100Mbps, 1Gbps, and 10Gbps Ethernet. Higher speeds are achieved through methods like multilane distribution, which transmits data across multiple parallel physical lanes. Emerging standards like IEEE 802.1Q also allow flexible virtual LAN configurations over switched Ethernet networks.

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    High Speed LAN

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    High speed LANs have emerged to meet increasing bandwidth demands. Ethernet technologies have evolved from traditional CSMA/CD access with 10Mbps Ethernet to faster versions like 100Mbps, 1Gbps, and 10Gbps Ethernet. Higher speeds are achieved through methods like multilane distribution, which transmits data across multiple parallel physical lanes. Emerging standards like IEEE 802.1Q also allow flexible virtual LAN configurations over switched Ethernet networks.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    246 views41 pages

    Data and Computer Communications: Chapter 16 - High Speed Lans

    Uploaded by

    Meenakshi Dhasmana
    High speed LANs have emerged to meet increasing bandwidth demands. Ethernet technologies have evolved from traditional CSMA/CD access with 10Mbps Ethernet to faster versions like 100Mbps, 1Gbps, and 10Gbps Ethernet. Higher speeds are achieved through methods like multilane distribution, which transmits data across multiple parallel physical lanes. Emerging standards like IEEE 802.1Q also allow flexible virtual LAN configurations over switched Ethernet networks.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 41

    Data and Computer

    Communications
    Chapter 16 High Speed LANs

    Ninth Edition
    by William Stallings
    Data and Computer Communications, Ninth
    Edition by William Stallings, (c) Pearson
    Education - Prentice Hall, 2011

    High Speed LANs

    Congratulations.Iknewtherecordwouldstand
    untilitwasbroken.
    YogiBerra

    Introduction
    rapid

    changes in technology designs


    broader use of LANs
    new schemes for high-speed LANs
    high-speed technologies:

    Fast and Gigabit Ethernet


    Fibre Channel
    High-Speed Wireless LANs

    Characteristics of Some HighSpeed LANs

    802.11n : 540 Mbps max


    100 Mbps typical

    CSMA/CD Precursors
    earliest was ALOHA

    developed for packet radio networks


    station may transmit a frame at any time
    if frame is determined invalid, it is ignored
    maximum utilization of channel about 18%

    next came slotted ALOHA


    organized slots equal to transmission time
    increased utilization to about 37%

    CSMA/CD Precursors
    Carrier

    Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)

    station listens to determine if there is another


    transmission in progress
    if idle, station transmits
    waits for acknowledgment
    if no acknowledgment, collision is assumed
    and station retransmits
    utilization far exceeds ALOHA

    Nonpersistent CSMA

    If the medium is
    idle, transmit;
    otherwise, go to
    step 2

    If the medium is
    busy, wait an
    amount of time
    drawn from a
    probability
    distribution and
    repeat step 1

    Disadvantage:
    capacity is wasted
    because the medium
    will generally remain
    idle following the
    end of a
    transmission even if
    there are one or
    more stations
    waiting to transmit

    1-persistent CSMA
    1-persistent CSMA avoids idle channel time
    1-persistent CSMA rules:

    1.
    2.

    if medium idle, transmit;


    if medium busy, listen until idle; then transmit
    immediately

    1-persistent stations are selfish


    if two or more stations waiting, a collision is
    guaranteed

    P-persistent CSMA

    a compromise to try and reduce collisions and


    idle time
    p-persistent CSMA rules:
    1.

    2.
    3.

    if medium idle, transmit with probability p, and delay


    one time unit with probability (1p)
    if medium busy, listen until idle and repeat step 1
    if transmission is delayed one time unit, repeat step 1

    issue of choosing effective value of p to avoid


    instability under heavy load

    Value of p?

    have n stations waiting to send


    at end of tx, expected number of stations is np

    if np>1 on average there will be a collision

    repeated tx attempts mean collisions likely


    eventually when all stations trying to send have
    continuous collisions hence zero throughput
    thus want np<1 for expected peaks of n

    if heavy load expected, p small


    but smaller p means stations wait longer

    CSMA

    fig 16.1

    Description of CSMA/CD

    1.If the
    medium is
    idle,
    transmit;
    otherwise,
    go to step 2.

    2.If the
    medium is
    busy,
    continue to
    listen until
    the channel
    is idle, then
    transmit
    immediately.

    3.If a
    collision is
    detected
    during
    transmission,
    transmit a
    brief
    jamming
    signal to
    assure that
    all stations
    know that
    there has
    been a
    collision and
    then cease
    transmission.

    4.After
    transmitting
    the jamming
    signal, wait a
    random
    amount of
    time,
    referred to as
    the backoff,
    then attempt
    to transmit
    again (repeat
    from step 1).

    CSMA/CD
    Operation

    Which Persistence
    Algorithm?
    IEEE

    802.3 uses 1-persistent


    both nonpersistent and p-persistent have
    performance problems
    1-persistent seems more
    unstable than p-persistent
    because of greed of the stations
    wasted time due to collisions is short
    with random backoff unlikely to collide on
    next attempt to send

    Binary Exponential Backoff

    for backoff stability, IEEE 802.3 and Ethernet


    both use binary exponential backoff
    stations repeatedly resend when collide

    on first 10 attempts, mean random delay doubled


    value then remains same for 6 further attempts
    after 16 unsuccessful attempts, station gives up and
    reports error

    1-persistent algorithm with binary exponential


    backoff efficient over wide range of loads
    backoff algorithm has last-in, first-out effect

    Collision Detection
    on baseband bus
    collision produces
    higher signal voltage
    collision detected if
    cable signal greater
    than single station
    signal
    signal is attenuated
    over distance
    limit to 500m
    (10Base5) or 200m
    (10Base2)

    on twisted pair
    (star-topology)

    activity on
    more than one
    port is collision
    use special
    collision
    presence
    signal

    Envelope
    frame

    IEEE 802.3
    MAC
    Frame
    Format
    Preample: 10101010
    Start of Frame Delimiter: 10101011
    Length/Type:
    - If less than or equal to 1500, then the
    Length/Type field indicates the number
    of MAC client data octets contained in
    the subsequent MAC Client Data field
    - If greater than or equal to 1536 decimal
    then the Length/Type field indicates the
    nature of the MAC client protocol (Type
    interpretation).

    Jumbo frame : 9000 bytes


    payload

    A VLAN Configuration

    A VLAN Configuration
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1Q

    Petite erreur dans cette figure:


    Length/Type simplement dplac
    (voir lien ci-haut)

    CFI : Canonical format indicator (used for compatibility between


    Ethernet networks and token ring networks)

    10Mbps Specification
    (802.3# where #=e,i,)

    10Base5 : link
    10Base2 : link

    100Mbps Fast Ethernet


    100BASETX

    100BASEFX

    100BASET4

    Transmission
    medium

    2pair,STP

    2pair,Category
    5UTP

    2opticalfibers

    4pair,Category
    3,4,or5UTP

    Signaling
    technique

    MLT3

    MLT3

    4B5B,NRZI

    8B6T,NRZ

    Datarate

    100Mbps

    100Mbps

    100Mbps

    100Mbps

    Maximum
    segmentlength

    100m

    100m

    100m

    100m

    Networkspan

    200m

    200m

    400m

    200m

    MLT-3
    4B/5B-NRZI
    8B6T

    100BASE-X

    uses a unidirectional data rate 100 Mbps over


    single twisted pair or optical fiber link
    encoding scheme same as FDDI

    4B/5B-NRZI
    100BASE
    -TX

    uses two pairs of


    twisted-pair cable
    for tx & rx
    STP and Category 5
    UTP allowed

    two physical
    medium
    specifications

    MLT-3 signaling
    scheme is used
    100BASE
    -FX

    uses two optical fiber


    cables for tx & rx
    convert 4B/5B-NRZI code group
    into optical signals

    100BASE-T4

    100-Mbps over lower-quality Cat 3 UTP

    can not get 100 Mbps on single twisted pair

    takes advantage of large installed base


    does not transmit continuous signal between packets
    useful in battery-powered applications
    so data stream split into three separate streams
    four twisted pairs used
    data transmitted and received using three pairs
    two pairs configured for bidirectional transmission

    use ternary signaling scheme (8B6T)

    Full Duplex Operation

    traditional Ethernet half duplex


    using full-duplex, station can transmit and
    receive simultaneously
    100-Mbps Ethernet in full-duplex mode, giving a
    theoretical transfer rate of 200 Mbps
    stations must have full-duplex adapter cards
    and must use switching hub

    each station constitutes separate collision domain


    CSMA/CD algorithm no longer needed
    802.3 MAC frame format used

    Mixed Configurations

    Fast Ethernet supports mixture of existing 10Mbps LANs and newer 100-Mbps LANs
    supporting older and newer technologies
    stations attach to 10-Mbps hubs using 10BASE-T
    hubs connected to switching hubs using 100BASE-T
    high-capacity workstations and servers attach directly to
    10/100 switches
    switches connected to 100-Mbps hubs use 100-Mbps links
    100-Mbps hubs provide building backbone
    connected to router providing connection to WAN

    Gigabit Ethernet Configuration

    Gigabit Ethernet - Differences


    Carrier

    extension

    at least 4096 bit-times long (512 bit-times for


    10/100 Mbps)

    Frame

    bursting (for a small number of


    frames)
    The last two features are not needed if a
    switched hub is used to provide dedicated
    media access

    Gigabit Ethernet Physical

    Ethernet Switch
    GBIC (Gigabit Interface Converter)

    10Gbps Ethernet
    (IEEE 802.3a# where #= e, k, n, p, q)

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Gigabit_Ethernet
    growing interest in 10Gbps Ethernet

    high-speed backbone use


    future wider deployment

    alternative to ATM and other WAN technologies


    uniform technology for LAN, MAN, or WAN
    advantages of 10Gbps Ethernet

    no expensive, bandwidth-consuming conversion


    between Ethernet packets and ATM cells
    IP and Ethernet together offers QoS and traffic
    policing approach ATM
    have a variety of standard optical interfaces

    10Gbps Ethernet
    Configurations

    10Gbps Ethernet Options

    10Gbps Ethernet coding


    64B/66B coding is used (guarantees a bit transition every 66 bits)
    PCIe and USB 3.0 use the double-version of this coding.

    100-Gbps Ethernet
    (IEEE 802.3ba)
    preferred

    technology for wired LAN


    preferred carrier for bridging wireless
    technologies into local Ethernet networks
    cost-effective, reliable and interoperable
    popularity of Ethernet technology:

    availability of cost-effective products


    reliable and interoperable network products
    variety of vendors

    100Gbps Ethernet (100GbE)


    40Gbps Ethernet (40GbE)

    Multilane Distribution
    used to achieve the required data rates

    multilane distribution:

    switches implemented
    as multiple parallel
    channels

    virtual lanes:

    separate physical
    wires, different
    frequencies or wave
    lengths

    if a different number of
    lanes are actually in
    use, virtual lanes are
    distributed into
    physical lanes in the
    PMD (physical medium
    dependent) sublaver
    (n. of virtual lanes may
    not be equal to n. of
    physical lanes)
    form of inverse
    multiplexing

    Multiline Distribution for


    100Gbps Ethernet
    Coding used:
    64B/66B

    VL# : lane number


    ~VL#: bit inverse of VL#
    Frm # : frame marker
    (to locate the alignment block)

    Multiline Distribution for


    100Gbps Ethernet
    Multiplexing

    virtual lanes to physical media

    https://
    www.ixiacom.com/sites/default/files/resources/whitepaper/PCS_white_paper
    .pdf

    Media Options for 40-Gbps


    and 100-Gbps Ethernet

    Summary
    traditional

    Ethernet
    high speed LANs emergence
    Ethernet technologies

    CSMA & CSMA/CD media access


    10Mbps Ethernet
    100Mbps Ethernet
    1Gbps Ethernet
    10Gbps Ethernet

    multilane

    distribution
    IEEE 802.1Q VLAN standard

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