F5 Chapter 2 - Electricity

Chapter 2 - Electricity
Electric Field and Charge

Flow
Electric current is the rate of flow of

charge.
I=Q/t
If 1 coulomb of charge flows past in 1

second, then the current is 1 Ampere
(A)
Relationship between V and

I
Potential difference is the work done

in moving one coulomb of charge from
one point to another.
V = W /Q
When 1 J of energy is needed to transfer
1 coulomb of charge potential
difference or voltage rom one point to
another, then the is 1 volt (V).
Ohms Law
Ohms Law states that the current
flowing through a conductor or resistor is
directly proportional to the potential
difference/ voltage.
VI
V=IR
Ohms Law
Resistance is defined as the ratio of
voltage to current.
R = V / I
The SI unit for resistance is ohm ()
Resistance can be thought of as the
barriers that charges encounter when
they flow through a conductor.
Ohms Law
Factors that affect the resistance
1. Length
2. Cross-sectional area
3. Type of material
Metal low resistance

Non-metal high
resistance
Ohms Law
Factors that affect the resistance
4. Temperature
Conductor
Semiconductor
Superconductor
Series and Parallel Circuits

Series circuits
Parallel circuits
Series and Parallel Circuits

Series circuits
Parallel circuits
1. IT = I1 = I2 = I3 =
1. IT = I1 + I2 + I3 +
2. VT = V1 + V2 + V3 +
2. VT = V1 = V2 = V3 =
3. RT = R1 + R2 + R3 +
3. 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 +
RT R 1 R 2 R 3
Electromotive Force
Sources of electrical energy (ex: dry cell,
a dynamo, solar cell, electric generator)
When the circuit is open (switched off)
e.m.f
When the circuit is closed (switched on)

V
V < e.m.f
Electromotive Force
Why is V less then e.m.f?
The e.m.f is the maximum energy per
unit charge which can be supplied by the
cell.
The value decreases when connected
to a circuit.
We say that there is a drop in potential
across the dry cell.
Electromotive Force
How is e.m.f calculated?
When no current flows in a

circuit, the potential
difference across the
terminals is the e.m.f.
When current flows

through the circuit, the
potential difference is less
than the e.m.f. It is V.
Electromotive Force
e.m.f = V + I r
V = voltage
I = current
r = internal resistance
Electromotive Force
How to determine electromotive
force from a graph
V/V
E
r = EV
I
EV
I/A
Electromotive Force
Worked example
A circuit contains a cell of e.m.f. 3.0 V and
internal resistance, r. if the external resistor
has a value of 10.0 and the potential
difference across it is
2.5 V, find the value of
the current in the
circuit and the internal
resistance, r.
Electromotive Force
Mastery Practice 2.4
1. A cell of e.m.f. 12V and internal
resistance 0.4 is connected to a bulb.
The current in the circuit is 5A. What is
(a)The resistance of the bulb?
(b)The potential difference across the bulb?
Electromotive Force
2. A cell of e.m.f. 1.5 V has a terminal
potential difference of 1.25 V when a
resistor of 10 is connected to it.
(a)Calculate the current and the internal
resistance of the circuit.
(b)The 10 resistor is replaced by an 18
resistor. What is the terminal potential
difference of the cell?
Electromotive Force
3. A voltmeter connected directly across a
battery gives a reading of 12 V. The
voltmeter reading drops to 11.4V when a
bulb is connected to the battery. The
current flow through the bulb is 3 A when
operated at 12 V.
(a)What is the e.m.f. of the battery?
(b)Calculate the resistance of the bulb.
(c)Find the internal resistance of the
battery.
Analysing Electrical Power and

Energy
Relationship between Energy (E),
Voltage, (V), Current (I), and Time (t)
The potential difference (V) across two
points is the energy (E) dissipated/
transferred by a coulomb of charge that
moves across two points.
V = E / Q
Current is the rate of flow of charge.
I = Q / t
Hence, E can be written as:

Energy
Relationship between Power (P),
Voltage, (V) and Current (I)
Power is defined as the rate of energy
dissipated or transferred.
P = E / t
Since E = V I t P = V I t / t P = V I
The unit for power is Watt (W).
1 Watt of power means that 1 joule of
electrical energy is being transferred
every second.

Energy
Additional Formulae for Electrical Energy
From V = I R,
E=VIt
Hence E = I2 R t
and E = V2 t / R
Additional Formulae for Power
Likewise:
P = I2 R
P = V2 / R

Energy
Quick Quiz
A light bulb is labelled 12 V 24 W.
1. How much energy is consumed in 2
minutes when it is connected to a 12 V
battery?
2. What happens to the light bulb if it is
connected to a 6 V battery? Will it
consume the same amount of energy in 2
minutes?

Energy
Worked Example1
An electric kettle is rated 240 V 2 kW.
Calculate the resistance of its heating
element and the current at normal usage.

Energy
Worked Example 2
The lamp of a motorcycle is labelled 12 V, 15
W.
(a)Explain the meaning of 12 V, 15 W.
(b)What is the value of the current flowing
through the lamp when it is connected to a
12 V supply?
(c)How much is the resistance of the filament
of the lamp?

Energy
Worked Example 3
Two identical bulbs M
and N are connected in
series to a 12 V battery
as shown in the figure.
(a)When switch K is open, the ammeter
reading is 0.25 A.
i.
What is the resistance of each of the bulbs M

and N?
ii. What is the energy produced by bulb M in 5

Energy
Worked Example 3
(b)Switch K is then switched on. Find
i.
The reading on the ammeter
ii. The energy produced by bulb M in 5

minutes.
Power Rating and Energy

Consumption
Household electrical appliances that work
on heating effect of current are marked
with voltage and power ratings.
If it is marked 240V 60W, this means that
the bulb will consume 60J of electrical
energy every 1 second if it is connected
to a 240V power supply.
We know that: P = E / t
Hence:
E=Pt

Consumption
We can see that energy consumption of
any electrical appliance depends on the
power rating and the usage time.
When the power rating increases, the
more electrical energy is used in 1
second.
The longer the usage time, the more
electrical energy is used in 1 second.

Consumption
Appliances that use the heating effect such as:
air conditioner
electric oven
have higher power rating and consume more
electricity.
Cost of Using Electricity

The unit used to calculate the cost of electrical
energy is kilowatt-hour (kWh).
1kWh is the total energy consumed by an
electrical appliance of power 1kW in 1 hour.
Example:
If a television set of power 700W is switched on
for 6 hours a day, then the total electrical
energy used in one day is:
Energy = Power x Time
= 700/1000 kW x 6h = 4.2kWh

kWh is also known as Joules (J).
Since it measures the total energy consumed by
an electrical appliance of power 1kW in 1 hour,
we can calculate how much energy this is.
1kWh = 1000W x 1h
= 1000J/s x 3600s
= 3.6x106 J
Hence, 1kWh is an easier way to define
3,600,000J of energy being used.

Extra Example 1
The usage of electrical appliances in Alis
household in one day is as shown in the table
below:

Extra Example 1
(a)Determine the total electrical energy (in kWh)
used in Alis house in 1 day.

Extra Example 1
(b)Calculate the cost of electrical energy usage in
Alis house in one week if the cost per unit is
as follows:
First 100 units: 22sen per unit
Every additional unit: 26sen per unit
Efficiency
Efficiency = Output power x 100
Input power
100% efficiency means that the electrical
appliance is using all its input power
efficiently.
For most electrical applicances, the
efficiency is less than 100%.
This is caused by loss of input power. It
can be lost in the form of heat.
Efficiency
Filament Bulbs
The filament in a bulb is made of
tungsten wire.
Tungsten is used because it has a
high melting point.
When a current passes through the filament, it
becomes white hot and light is produced.
Inside the glass bulb, there is argon and
nitrogen gas.
These gases help to prevent the filament from
melting at high temperatures.
Efficiency
Filament Bulbs
The filament is in the form of
a coil so that a very long
coil of wire can be fitted into
a small space in the bulb.
A normal bulb will convert 90% of the input
energy into heat and only 10% into light.
Hence, its efficiency is about 10% only.
Efficiency
Filament Bulbs
This means that it wastes a
lot of energy.
This led to the use of
energy saving bulbs that
operate at a higher efficiency.
These bulbs are also known as flourescent light
bulbs.
It can produce light energy at an efficiency of 30%.
Efficiency
Hairdryer
A hairdryer consists of three switches: two heating

coils made of nichrome wire and a small fan.
To increase the efficiency, two switches A and B are
provided so that the user can choose either cool
air, warm air or very hot air from the hairdryer.
Efficiency
Hairdryer
The figure shows the electrical circuit inside the

hairdryer.
When the main switch is on, only the fan is
turned on. The heating coils R1 and R2 are not
switched on. Hence only cool air is blown out.
Efficiency
Hairdryer
When the main switch and switch A are both

switched on, the fan is working and a current
passes through coil R1.
Hence, cool air blown over the hot heating coil R 1
is heated to become warm air.
Efficiency
Hairdryer
When all the three switches are on, cool air blown
out is heated by R1 and R2 to become hot air.
The safety feature in the hairdryer is that the fan
must be turned on first before the heating
coils R1 and R2 can be switched on.
Efficiency
Extra Example 2
A filament bulb which is labelled 60W input

power produces light energy of 8J per
second.
(a)What is the efficiency of the bulb?
Efficiency
Extra Example 2
(b)How much heat energy is produced by the bulb
in 1 hour?
(c)A flourescent of input power 18W is found to

produce the same brightness as the 60W
filament bulb. Determine the efficiency of the
flourescent lamp.
Fuses and Plugs
A fuse is a short piece of thin wire which overheats

and melts if current of more than a certain
value flows through it.
A fuse is made of fine tin or lead wire which has a
low melting point and low heat capacity.
The fuse is used in case there is a short-circuit in an
appliance. It will blow causing the circuit to be
broken.
Fuses and Plugs

How to find the current that can pass through an
appliance:
If an electrical appliance is rated 960W 240V then
the current in normal use is:
P=VI
I = P / V = 960 / 240 = 4.0 A
The fuse suitable for use in this appliance must be
slightly higher than the normal current flowing
through the appliance. Hence a 6A fuse is suitable.
Fuses and Plugs

The three-pin plug
The three-pin plug has three wires:
1. Live wire (brown colour)
The potential of this wire alternates between +240V and

-240V
This means the current can flow forwards and backwards
in the circuit
2. Neutral wire (blue colour)
A current passes through this wire but it is at zero

potential
3. Earth wire (green/yellow colour)
This is a safety wire which connects the appliance to the

earth.
This prevents a person from electrocution.
Fuses and Plugs

The three-pin plug
Fuses and Plugs

Extra Example 3
An electric kettle is connected to a mains
supply of 240V a.c. through a fuse as
shown in the figure.
(a)State which wire P or Q is LIVE and

which is NEUTRAL.
Fuses and Plugs

Extra Example 3
An electric kettle is connected to a mains supply of
240V a.c. through a fuse as shown in the figure.
(a)State which wire P or Q is LIVE and which is

NEUTRAL.
(b)The power of a kettle is 2.5kW. Among the fuses
(5A, 10A, and 13A), which one is suitable for use in
the kettle?

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F5 Chapter 2 - Electricity

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Chapter 2 - Electricity

Electric Field and Charge

Electric current is the rate of flow of

If 1 coulomb of charge flows past in 1

Relationship between V and

Potential difference is the work done

Metal low resistance

Series and Parallel Circuits

Series and Parallel Circuits

When the circuit is closed (switched on)

When no current flows in a

When current flows

(b)The potential difference across the bulb?

Analysing Electrical Power and

Analysing Electrical Power and

Analysing Electrical Power and

Analysing Electrical Power and

Analysing Electrical Power and

Analysing Electrical Power and

Analysing Electrical Power and

What is the resistance of each of the bulbs M

Analysing Electrical Power and

The reading on the ammeter

ii. The energy produced by bulb M in 5

Power Rating and Energy

Power Rating and Energy

Power Rating and Energy

Cost of Using Electricity

Cost of Using Electricity

Cost of Using Electricity

Cost of Using Electricity

Cost of Using Electricity

A hairdryer consists of three switches: two heating

The figure shows the electrical circuit inside the

When the main switch and switch A are both

A filament bulb which is labelled 60W input

(c)A flourescent of input power 18W is found to

Fuses and Plugs

A fuse is a short piece of thin wire which overheats

Fuses and Plugs

Fuses and Plugs

The potential of this wire alternates between +240V and

2. Neutral wire (blue colour)

A current passes through this wire but it is at zero

3. Earth wire (green/yellow colour)

This is a safety wire which connects the appliance to the

Fuses and Plugs

Fuses and Plugs

(a)State which wire P or Q is LIVE and

Fuses and Plugs

(a)State which wire P or Q is LIVE and which is

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