Sample programs continued..

Programs related to

Basic data types

Basic Operators

Operator precedence

Loops

If

Switch

Case

Cin

Cout

 WRITE

C++ CODE TO SWAP TWO INTEGERS

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int a, b, c;
cout<<"enter a : ";
cin>>a;
cout<<"enter b : ";
cin>>b;

c=a;
a=b;
b=c;
cout<<"\n new a=
"<<a;
cout<<"\nanew
b="<<b;
return 0;
}

 FIND

THE GREATER OF TWO GIVEN NUMBERS

note

cout

<<

message to be displayed to display

// insertion operator

cin

>>

numberr; // to read through keyboard

//***** if you use quotes

//message will be displayed
//extraction operator

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

if (num1>num2)
{
cout << "1st number is
int main()
greater.";
{
}
int num1, num2;
else
cout << "please enter the first number : {
";
cout << "2nd number is
cin >> num1;
greater.";
cout << "please enter the second
}
number :";
return 0;
cin >> num2;
}
/*note: inside if condition if you
more than one condition dont
forget to use opening and closing
{ } brackets
For only one condition it is not
required*/

 Write

c++ code to find greatest, second

greatest and the least of three numbers

//GREATER OF THREE NUMBERS

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int a, b, c;
cout<<"ENTER NUMBER1 : ";
cin>>a;
cout<<"ENTER NUMBER2 : ";
cin>>b;
// ********* or convert into single line ex:
cin>>a>>b>>c;
cout<<"ENTER NUMBER3 : ";
cin>>c;
if(a>b && a>c && b>c)
{
cout<<a<<" IS GREATEST.\n; // CAN BE COMBINED OR DIVIDED***************
cout<<b<<" IS SECOND GREATEST.\n;
cout<<c<<" IS LEAST.";
}
else if(a>b && a>c && c>b)
{
cout<<a<<" IS GREATEST."<<endl; // IN PLACE OF \N (CARRIAGE RETURN)*************
cout<<c<<" IS SECOND GREATEST."<<endl;
cout<<b<<" IS LEAST.";

else if(b>a && b>c && a>c)

{
cout<<b<<" IS GREATEST."<<endl;
cout<<a<<" IS SECOND GREATEST."<<endl;
cout<<c<<" IS LEAST.";
}
else if(b>a && b>c && c>a)
{
cout<<b<<" IS GREATEST."<<endl;
cout<<c<<" IS SECOND GREATEST."<<endl;
cout<<a<<" IS LEAST.";
}
else if(c>a && c>b && b>a)
{
cout<<c<<" IS GREATEST."<<endl;
cout<<b<<" IS SECOND GREATEST."<<endl;
cout<<a<<" IS LEAST.";
}

else if(c>a && c>b && a>b)

{
cout<<c<<" IS GREATEST."<<endl;
cout<<a<<" IS SECOND GREATEST."<<endl;
cout<<b<<" IS LEAST.";
}
else
cout<<"INVALID INPUT.";
return 0;
}

Operator precedence

Continued..

find x

X=5+8<14-2||6>3

X=6+7>=12&&(3+4)>2*4

Answer..

X=1

X=0

//TO FIND THE SUM OF TWO NUMBERS

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
int no1,no2,sum;
cout<<"ENTER FIRST NUMBER : ";
cin>>no1;
cout<<"ENTER SECOND NUMBER :";
cin>>no2;
sum=no1+no2;
cout<<"THE SUM OF TWO NUMBER : "<<sum;
return 0;
}

// TO DIVIDE A NUMBER WITH ANOTHER

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
float quotient, remainder;
int no1,no2;
cout<<"\nENTER THE DIVIDEND : ";
cin>> no1;
cout<<"\nENTER THE DIVISOR : ";
cin>>no2;
quotient=no1/no2;
remainder=no1%no2;
cout<<"\nTHE QUOTIENT IS "<<quotient;
cout<<"\n\nTHE REMAINDER IS "<<remainder;
return 0;
}

// CLASSIFY THE TOTAL NUMBER OF DAYS INPUT INTO YEAR, WEEK AND DAYS

#include<iostream.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
long num, temp, days, week, year;
char ch;
do
{
cout<<"ENTER THE TOTAL NUMBER OF DAYS : ";
cin>>num;
year=num/365;
temp=num%365;
week=temp/7;
days=temp%7;
cout<<"\n"<<year<<" years " << week << "
weeks " << days << " days.";
cout<<"\n\nRepeat? (y/n) : ";
cin>>ch;
}while(ch=='y'||ch=='Y');
return 0;
}

 DISPLAY

MONTH CORRESPONDING TO
INPUT, USING IF-ELSECONSTRUCT

// DISPLAY MONTH CORRESPONDING TO INPUT,

USING IF-ELSECONSTRUCT
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int n;
cout<<"ENTER A NUMBER LESS THAN OR EQUAL
TO 12 : ";
cin>>n;
while(n>12||n<1)
{
cout<<"\nINVALID ENTRY. PLEASE RE-ENTER YOUR
CHOICE : ";
cin>>n;
}
if(n==1)
cout<<n<<" IMPLIES JANUARY.";
else if(n==2)
cout<<n<<" IMPLIES FEBRUARY.";
else if(n==3)
cout<<n<<" IMPLIES MARCH.";

else if(n==5)
cout<<n<<" IMPLIES
else if(n==6)
cout<<n<<" IMPLIES
else if(n==7)
cout<<n<<" IMPLIES
else if(n==8)
cout<<n<<" IMPLIES
else if(n==9)
cout<<n<<" IMPLIES
else if(n==10)
cout<<n<<" IMPLIES
else if(n==11)
cout<<n<<" IMPLIES
else if(n==12)
cout<<n<<" IMPLIES
return 0;
}

MAY.";
JUNE.";
JULY.";
AUGUST.";
SEPTEMBER.";
OCTOBER.";
NOVEMBER.";
DECEMBER.";

 MONTH

DISPLAY USING SWITCH

#include<iostream.h>
int main()
{
int m;
cout<<"ENTER A NUMBER : ";
cin>>m;
while(m>12||m<1)
{
cout<<"INVALID ENTRY. RE-ENTER YOUR CHOICE :
";
cin>>m;
}

switch(m)
{
case 1 : cout<<"JANUARY";break;
case 2 : cout<<"FEBRUARY"; break;
case 3 : cout<<"MARCH"; break;
case 4 : cout<<"APRIL"; break;
case 5 : cout<<"MAY"; break;
case 6 : cout<<"JUNE"; break;
case 7 : cout<<"JULY"; break;
case 8 : cout<<"AUGUST"; break;
case 9 : cout<<"SEPTEMBER"; break;
case 10 : cout<<"OCTOBER";break;
case 11 : cout<<"NOVEMBER"; break;
case 12 : cout<<"DECEMBER"; break;
}
return 0;
}

//DISPLAY MEANING OF GRADES USING SWICH

CASE STRUCTURE

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
char ch;
cout<<"ENTER GRADE : ";
cin>>ch;
switch(ch)
{
case 'a':
case 'A':
cout<<"\nEXCELLENT"<<endl;
break;
case 'b':
case 'B':
cout<<"\nGOOD"<<endl;
break;

case 'c':
case 'C':
cout<<"\nO.K."<<endl;
break;
case 'd':
case 'D':
cout<<"\nPOOR"<<endl;
break;
default:
cout<<"\nINVALID GRADE :"<<endl;
}
getch();
}

// SIMPLE CALCULATOR FOR 2 FRACTIONS

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<process.h>
void main()
{
float num1,num2,den1,den2,result; char sign,
choice;
do
{
clrscr();
cout<<"FRACTION 1 : "<<endl;
cout<<"\nENTER THE NUMERATOR : ";
cin>>num1;
cout<<"\nENTER THE DENOMINATOR :";
cin>>den1;
cout<<"\nENTER THE CALCULATION OPERATOR (+,
-, *, /) : ";
cin>>sign;
cout<<"\nFRACTION 2 : "<<endl;
cout<<"\nENTER THE NUMERATOR : ";
cin>>num2;
cout<<"\nENTER THE DENOMINATOR :";
cin>>den2;
if(num1==0 || num2==0 || den1==0|| den2==0)

switch(sign)
{ case '+': result=((num1/den1)+(num2/den2));
break;
case '-': result=((num1/den1)-(num2/den2)); break;
case '*': result=((num1/den1)*(num2/den2));
break;
case '/': result=((num1/den1)/(num2/den2)); break;
default :
cout<<"\nOOPS!!!INVALID CALCULATION
OPERATOR. BYE!!";
exit(0);
}
cout<<"\nRESULT IS : "<<result;
cout<<"\n\nDO YOU WISH TO RE-EXECUTE THE
PROGRAM? (Y/N) : ";
cin>>choice;
}while(choice=='y'||choice=='Y');
}

// A SAMPLE PROGRAM TO PRINT

#include<iostream.h>
Using namespace std;
Int main ()
{
int num;
for (num=1; num<=100; num ++)
{
cout <<num<<"\t";
}
Return 0;
}

// TO DETERMINE A PRIME NUMBER.

#include<iostream.h>
Using namespace std;
int main ()
{
long num, fact; int count;
cout << "ENTER A NUMBER : ";
cin >> num;
for ( fact=1, count=0; fact<=num/2; fact=fact+1)
{
if (num%fact==0)
count=count+1;
}
if (count==1)
cout << "\nYES! ITS IS A PRIME NUMBER." <<
endl;
else
cout << "\nNO! IT IS NOT A PRIME NUMBER." <<
endl;
return 0;
}

// PRINT THE MULTIPLES OF A NUMBER USING A

DO-WHILE LOOP;

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int num, multi=0;
clrscr();
cout<<"\nPLEASE ENTER THE NUMBER : ";
cin>>num;
cout<<"\nTHE MULTIPLES OF " <<num <<" are: "
<<endl << endl;
do
{
multi++;
cout <<num << " X " << multi << " = "
<<num*multi << endl;
} while(multi<10);
getch();
}

// PRINT THE MULTIPLICATION TABLE OF A NUMBER

USING A FOR LOOP;

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int num, multi;
clrscr();
cout<<"\nPLEASE ENTER THE NUMBER : ";
cin>>num;
cout<<"\nTHE MULTIPLES OF " <<num <<" are: "
<<endl << endl;
for(multi=1; multi<=10; multi++)
{
cout<< num<<" X " <<multi << " = " <<
num*multi <<endl;
}
getch();
}

// TO DISPLAY SERIES : 2,6,12,20,30,42,56.......N

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int sum=0, i,n, t;
clrscr();
cout<<"Enter the number of terms : ";
cin>>n;
cout<<"\n";
for(i=2, t=1; t<=n; t++,i=i+2)
{
cout<<sum<<"\t";
sum+=i;
}
getch();
}

// PRINT THE FIBONACCI SERIES

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
/*FIBONACCI SERIES */
char choice;
do
{
clrscr();
long double num, a=1, b=0, count;
cout<<"ENTER THE NUMBER OF ELEMENTS
REQUIRED : ";
cin>>num;
cout<<"\n\n";
for(count=1; count<=num/2;count++)
{
a+=b;
cout<<b << "\t";
b+=a;
cout<<a << "\t";
}
cout<<"\n\nREPEAT THE SAME PROGRAM? (Y/N) :
";
cin>>choice;
}while(choice=='y'||choice=='Y');

/* SUM OF AN ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION WHOSE

FIRST TERM AND LAST TERMS ARE
ENTERED BY THE USER AND THE COMMON
DIFFERENCE IS 1 */

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
long double first, last, sum ; char choice;
do
{
clrscr();
cout<<"\n\nPLEASE ENTER THE FIRST TERM :";
cin>>first;
cout<<"\n\nPLEASE ENTER THE LAST TERM :";
cin>>last;
for(sum=0;first<=last;first++)
sum=sum+first;
cout<< "\n\n THE FINAL SUM IS : " << sum;
cout<<"\n\nPRESS Y TO REPEAT ELSE EXIT
PRESSING ANY KEY : ";
cin>>choice;
}while(choice=='y' || choice=='Y');
}

// TO CALCULATE THE SUM OF DIGITS IN A NUMBER

RETURN TO
INDEX
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main ()
{
long num, digit, sum;
clrscr();
cout << " ENTER A NUMBER : ";
cin >> num;
for (sum=0; num!=0; num=num/10)
{
digit=num%10;
sum=sum+digit;
}
cout << "\nTHE SUM OF THE DIGITS : "<<sum;
getch();
}

%400==0)
julian=366;
else
julian=365;
switch(month)
{
case 1: julian -= 0;
case 2: julian -= 31;
case 3: if ( (year%100!=0 && year%4==0) || year
%400==0)
julian -= 29;
else
julian -= 28;
case 4: julian -= 31;
case 5: julian -= 30;
case 6: julian -= 31;
case 7: julian -= 30;
case 8: julian -= 31;
case 9: julian -= 31;
case 10: julian -= 30;
case 11: julian -= 31;
case 12: julian -= 30;
}
julian+=date;
fours=(year-1)/4;

// INCREMENT AND DECREMENT OPERATORS

RETURN
TO INDEX
#include<iostream.h>
Using namespace std;
Int main();
{
clrscr();
int num, a,b,c,d;
cout<<"ENTER A NUMBER : ";
cin>>num;
a=num;
b=num;
c=num;
d=num;
cout<<"\n"<<num<<" is assigned to a,b,c and d :
"<<endl;
cout<<"++a = " << ++a<<"\n--b = "<<
--b<<"\nc++ = " << c++<<endl;
cout<<"d-- = " << d--<<endl;
cout<<"a = "<<a<<"\nb = "<<b<<"\nc =
"<<c<<"\nd = "<<d<<endl;
getch();

// SUM OF ALL TERMS OF AN ARRAY INPUT BY THE

USER RETURN TO INDEX
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr(); long float num[10], sum=0, y=1;
cout<<"\nEnter 10 elements for the array :
"<<endl<<endl;
for(;y<=10;y++)
{
cout<<"\nEntry : "<<y<<endl<<endl;
cout<<"Enter : ";
cin>>num[y]; sum+=num[y];
}
cout<<"\n\nThe sum all the elements entered for
the array is : " << sum;
getch();
}

void main()
{
int array[10], count=0, sum1=0, sum2=0,
sum3=0;
clrscr();
//*********input**************
cout<<"\nENTER 10 NUMBERS FOR THE ARRAY :"
<<endl<<endl;
for(count=0;count<10;count++)
{
cin >> array[count];
}
//************process***********
for(count=0 ; count<10 ; count++)
{
if(count%2!=0)
sum1=sum1+array[count];
else
sum2=sum2+array[count];
}
for(count=2 ; count<10 ; count=count+3)
{
sum3=sum3+array[count];
}
//**************output***********

do
{
clrscr();
cout<<"\nENTER THE STRING:\n\n";
cin.getline(str, 70);
len=strlen(str);
cout<<"\nENTER A CHARACTER: ";
cin.get(ch);
flag='n';
for(count=0;str[count]!=len;count++)
{
if(ch==str[count])
{
flag='Y';
break;
}
}
if(flag=='Y')
{
cout<<"\n";
cout.put(ch);
cout<<" is contained in the string : \n\n";
cout.write(str,len);
}
else

TO INDEX
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<ctype.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
char str[50];
int flag=1;
cout<<"\nENTER A STRING : \n\n";
cin.getline(str,50);
for(int i=0; str[i]!='\0';i++)
{
if(islower(str[i]))
{
flag=1;
str[i]=toupper(str[i]);
}
}
if((flag==1)||(str[i]=='\0'))
{
cout<<"\nUPPERCASE STRING IS :\n\n";
cout<<str;
}

cout<<"\nTHE TWO MATRICES CANNOTBE ADDED

SINCE THEY ARE INIDENTICAL.";
cout<<"\nTHANK YOU.";
exit(0);
}
cout<<"\n\nINPUT ELEMENTS FOR MATRIX A :\n";
for(count1=0;count1<ra;count1++)
{
cout<<"\n";
for(count2=0;count2<ca;count2++)
cin>>a[count1][count2];
}
cout<<"\n\nINPUT ELEMENTS FOR MATRIX B :\n";
for(count1=0;count1<rb;count1++)
{
cout<<"\n";
for(count2=0;count2<cb;count2++)
cin>>b[count1][count2];
}
for(count1=0;count1<ra;count1++)
{
for(count2=0;count2<ca;count2++)
c[count1][count2]=a[count1][count2]+b[count1]
[count2];
}

//TO PRINT THE CUBE OF A NUMBER USING A

FUNCTION RETURN TO
INDEX
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
float cube(float);
float x,y;
clrscr();
cout<<"\nENTER A NUMBER : ";
cin>>x;
y=cube(x);
cout<<"\nTHE CUBE OF "<<x<<" is " << y;
getch();
}
float cube(float s)
{
float n;
n=s*s*s;
return n;
}

{
char ch;
int i;
float amt[50], big;
float large(float array[],int n);
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<50;i++)
{
cout<<"ENTER ELEMENT NUMBER : "<<i+1<<" :
";
cin>>amt[i];
cout<<"WANT TO ENTER MORE? (Y/N): ";
cin>>ch;
if(ch!='y'&& ch!='Y')
break;
}
if(i<50)
i++;
big=large(amt, i);
cout<<"\nTHE LARGEST ELEMENT OF THE ARRAYIS
: "<<big<<endl;
getch();
}
float large(float array[], int n)
{

*/PREFIX AND SUFFIX

INDEX
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int num;
void suffix(int);
void prefix(int);
clrscr();
cin>>num;
prefix(num);
suffix(num);
getch();
}
void prefix(int n)
{
cout<<"\n"<<++n;
cout<<"\n"<<--n;
}
void suffix(int n)
{
cout<<"\n"<<n++;
cout<<"\n"<<n--;
}

RETURN TO

OF DIGITS RETURN TO
INDEX
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void pyramid()
{
static int n=0;
int p, m ,q;
n++;
for(p=1;p<=n;p++)
{
for(q=0;q<=n-p;q++)
cout<<' ';
m=p;
for(q=1;q<=p;q++)
cout<<m++<<' ';
cout<<endl;
}
cout<<endl;
}
void main()
{
int i;
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<5;i++)

#include<conio.h>
int lcd(int a,int b)
{
int i,j=2,flag=1;
if(a>b)
i=a;
else
i=b;
while((j<=i)&&(flag))
{
if((a%j==0)&&(b%j==0))
flag=0;
else
j++;
}
if(flag)
j=1;
return j;
}
void main()
{
clrscr();
int x, y, z;
cout<<"\nENTER 2 NUMBERS WHOSE LCD IS TO
BE FOUND : ";

//TO SUM N NATURAL NUMBERS STARTING FROM A

GIVEN NUMBER USING FUNCTION
RETURN TO INDEX
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
int summat(int first,int count);
void main()
{
clrscr();
unsigned long a, b, sum;
cout<<"\nENTER THE FIRST TERM : ";
cin>>a;
cout<<"\nHOW MANY NUMBERS ARE TO BE
ADDED: ";
cin>>b;
sum=summat(a,b);
cout<<"THE SUM IS : "<<sum<<"\n";
getch();
}
int summat(int first,int count)
{
unsigned long i, s=0,j=first;
for(i=0;i<count;i++)
s+=j++;
return s;

//TO ILLUSTRATE THE CALL BY VALUE METHOD OF

FUNCTION INVOKING
RETURN TO INDEX
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
int change(int);
int original=10;
cout<<"THE ORIGINAL VALUE IS : "<<original;
cout<<"\nRETURN VALUE OF FUNCTION CHANGE()
IS : "
<<change(original);
cout<<"\nTHE VALUE AFTER FUNCTION CHANGE()
IS OVER : "
<< original;
getch();
}
int change(int a)
{
a=20;
return a;

//TO SWAP TWO VALUES USING CALL BY

REFERENCE RETURN TO
INDEX
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
void swap(int &, int &);
int a=7, b=9;
clrscr();
cout<<"\nTHE ORIGINAL VALUES ARE : ";
cout<<"a= " <<a<<" b= " <<b <<"\n";
swap(a,b);
cout<<"THE VALUES AFTER SWAP() ARE : ";
cout<<"a= " <<a << " b= " <<b <<"\n";
getch();
}
void swap(int &x, int &y)
{
int temp;
temp=x;
x=y;
y=temp;
cout<<"THE SWAPPED VALUES ARE : ";
cout<<"a= " <<x<< " b= "<<y<<"\n";

// TO INVOKE A FUNCTION TAKING NO ARGUMENTS

AND RETURNINGNO VALUE
RETURN TO INDEX
#include<iostream.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<conio.h>
void func(void);
void main()
{
clrscr();
func();
getch();
}
void func(void)
{
char name[25];
cout<<"\nENTER YOUR NAME : ";
cin.getline(name,25);
int len=strlen(name);
cout.write("HELLO ",7).write(name,len);
return;
getch();
}

}
int getdata(void)
{
int marks;
void err_msg(void);
do
{
cout<<"ENTER MARKS : ";
cin>>marks;
if(marks<0||marks>100)
err_msg();
}while(marks<0||marks>100);
return marks;
}
void err_msg(void)
{
cout<<"MARKS ARE OUT OF 100"<<endl;
cout<<"\nPLEASE ENTER MARKS BETWEEN 0 TO
100";
cout<<"\nTRY AGAIN";
getch();
}
float calcperc(int s1,int s2,int s3)
{
float per;

clrscr();
cout<<"\nWELCOME!!!WELCOME!!!\n\nTO THE
MOST PRESTIGIOUS RESTAURANT.\
\n'THE AFFORDABLES''!!!";
for(r3=7; r3<=73; r3++)
{
gotoxy(r3,16);
cout<<"*";
gotoxy(r3,22);
cout<<"*";
}
for(r1=0, r2=17; r1<=4; r1++, r2++)
{
gotoxy(7,r2);
cout<<"*";
gotoxy(73,r2);
cout<<"*";
}
gotoxy(9,19);
cout << "PLEASE ENTER YOUR NAME : ";
cin.getline ( rachit, 24);
}
void hello()
{
switch(choice)

*********************************
//TERNARY OPERATOR
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int count=0;
int num1=7, num2=4;
clrscr();
count=(num1<num2)?num1:num2;
cout<<count;
getch();
}

//NESTED TERNARY OPERATOR RETURN TO

INDEX
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int count=0;
int num1=2;
clrscr();
count=(num1<0)?-1:(num1>0)?7:9;
cout<<count;
getch();
}

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
string user_name;
cout << "Please enter your name: ";
cin >> user_name;
cout << "Hi " << user_name << "\n";
}
//doesnt consider a space.characters upto
//space or enter key are considered for cout

//If you want to put two strings together, known as appending one string onto another, you can
use the +sign:
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
string user_first_name;
string user_last_name;
cout << "Please enter your first name: ";
cin >> user_first_name;
cout << "Please enter your last name: ";
cin >> user_last_name;
string user_full_name;
user_full_name = user_first_name + " " + user_last_name;
cout << "Your name is: " << user_full_name << "\n";
}

If you want to put two strings together, known as appending one string
onto another, you can use the +sign:
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
string user_first_name;
string user_last_name;
cout << "Please enter your first name: ";
cin >> user_first_name;
cout << "Please enter your last name: ";
cin >> user_last_name;
string user_full_name = user_first_name + " " + user_last_name;
cout << "Your name is: " << user_full_name << "\n";
}

To read complete line till a

carriage return is detected

getline( cin, user_first_name, '\n' );

// it neglects new line character

The little secret of floating point numbers

I want to let you in on something about floating point numbers like float or doublethey sure sound
good in practice, since they can represent a huge range of values. The maximum value a double can
represent is about 1.8 10^308. Thats a number with 308 zeros at the end of it. But a double is
only 8
bytesdoesnt that mean it can store only2^32 (18,446,744,073,709,551,616) possible values?
(Thats a LOT of zeros, but its not 308 zeros.) Yes, thats right! In fact, a double can only represent
about 18 quintillion numbers. Thats very largeso large I had to look up what was the name for a
number with 18 zeros. But its still not 308 zeros. Floating point numbers allow you to exactly
represent only a small number of the values that are in their actual overall range by using a format
similar to scientific notation.
In scientific notation, you write out numbers in the form 10 ^. The x usually stores the first few
digits
of the number, and the y value, the exponent, stores the power to raise the number to. For example,

you could write the distance between the sun and the earth as 9.295610^7
miles (approximately 93 million miles).
This allows the computer to store really big numbers by putting a very large number in the exponent.
But the non-exponent part cant store 300 digits, it can only store about 15 digits. So you can only get
15
digits of precision when you work with floating point numbers. If youre dealing with relatively small
values, then the difference between the number the computer stores, and the actual number, will be
very small. If youre working with huge values, well, youre going to have large absolute error, evenif
the relative error is small. For example, if I had only two digits of precision, I could write that the earth is
9.3 10^7 miles from the sun. Thats very close, in relative terms, to the right value (less than .1% off)
But in absolute terms, its 44 thousand miles! Thats nearly twice the circumference of the earth. But of
course, thats using only 2 digits of precision. With 15, you can get a lot closer for numbers as small as
a
million. In most cases, the inexactness of floating point numbers wont affect you unless youre doing
some
serious number crunching or scientific computing, but when it matters, it matters.

String comparisons
C++ string objects allow you to use all of the comparisons that you learned about earlier
in this chapter.
By comparing string objects, we can write our password checker!
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
string password;
cout << "Enter your password: " << "\n";
getline( cin, password, '\n' );
if ( password == "xyzzy" )
{ cout << "Access allowed" << "\n";
} else
{ cout << "Bad password. Denied access!" << "\n"; // returning is a convenient way
to stop the program return 0;
} // continue onward!
}

The bool type

C++ allows you to store the results of comparisons
by using a special type called a bool.
10
The bool type
is not that different from an integer, but it has one
advantage: it makes it very clear that you are only
ever going to use two possible values, true and
false. These keywords, and the bool type, make
your
intentions more clear. The result of all comparison
operators is a Boolean.
int x;
cin >> x;
bool is_x_two = x == 2; // note double-equals for
comparison
if ( is_x_two )
{
// take some action because x is two!
}

Lets look at an example of using Boolean and to create a password

program that checks for both a
username and a password.
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
string username;
string password;
cout << "Enter your username: " << "\n";
getline( cin, username, '\n' );
cout << "Enter your password: " << "\n";
getline( cin, password, '\n' );
if ( username == "root" && password == "xyzzy" )
Alex Allain (www.cprogramming.com) 69
{ cout << "Access allowed" << "\n";
} else
{ cout << "Bad username or password. Denied access!" << "\n";
returning is a convenient way to stop the program return 0;
} // continue onward!
}

//

// TO FIND THE ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION

RETURN
TO INDEX
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<process.h>
void main()
{
float a,b,c,root1,root2,delta;
char choice;
do
{
clrscr();
cout<<"ENTER THE VALUES FOR THE VARIABLESIN
EQUATION : ax^2 + bx + c :";
cout<<"\nENTER a : ";
cin>>a;
cout<<"\nENTER b : ";
cin>>b;
cout<<"\nENTER c : ";
cin>>c;

if(!a)
{
cout<<"\nINVALID ENTRYFOR a.";
exit(0);
}
delta=(b*b)-(4*a*c);
if(delta<0)
cout<<"\nIMAGINARY ANDCOMPLEX ROOTS.";
else if (delta>0)
{
root1=(-b+sqrt(delta))/(2*a);
root2=(-b-sqrt(delta))/(2*a);
cout<<"\nROOTS ARE REAL AND
UNEQUAL."<<endl;
cout<<"\nROOTS ARE : "<< root1 << "\t"
<<root2;
}
else if(delta==0)
{
root1=(-b/(2*a));
root2=root1;
cout<<"\nROOTS ARE REAL AND EQUAL."<<endl;
cout<<"\nROOTS ARE : "<< root1 << "\t"
<<root2;
}