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    Calculus Cheat Sheet Limits Reduced

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    Μικρός Βίκτωρας
    This document provides a calculus cheat sheet covering key topics in limits, evaluation techniques like L'Hospital's rule, and properties of continuous and piecewise functions. The summary includes: 1) Limits are defined as making a function arbitrarily close to a value L by taking the input sufficiently close to a point without reaching it. One-sided limits also exist. 2) Evaluation techniques include L'Hospital's rule, factoring, and rationalizing denominators. Continuous functions have limits equal to their value. 3) Properties of limits include adding/subtracting/multiplying/dividing limits and raising to powers. One-sided limits determine if a limit exists.

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    Calculus Cheat Sheet Limits Reduced

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    Μικρός Βίκτωρας
    173 views1 page
    This document provides a calculus cheat sheet covering key topics in limits, evaluation techniques like L'Hospital's rule, and properties of continuous and piecewise functions. The summary includes: 1) Limits are defined as making a function arbitrarily close to a value L by taking the input sufficiently close to a point without reaching it. One-sided limits also exist. 2) Evaluation techniques include L'Hospital's rule, factoring, and rationalizing denominators. Continuous functions have limits equal to their value. 3) Properties of limits include adding/subtracting/multiplying/dividing limits and raising to powers. One-sided limits determine if a limit exists.

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    This document provides a calculus cheat sheet covering key topics in limits, evaluation techniques like L'Hospital's rule, and properties of continuous and piecewise functions. The summary includes: 1) Limits are defined as making a function arbitrarily close to a value L by taking the input sufficiently close to a point without reaching it. One-sided limits also exist. 2) Evaluation techniques include L'Hospital's rule, factoring, and rationalizing denominators. Continuous functions have limits equal to their value. 3) Properties of limits include adding/subtracting/multiplying/dividing limits and raising to powers. One-sided limits determine if a limit exists.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    173 views1 page

    Calculus Cheat Sheet Limits Reduced

    Uploaded by

    Μικρός Βίκτωρας
    This document provides a calculus cheat sheet covering key topics in limits, evaluation techniques like L'Hospital's rule, and properties of continuous and piecewise functions. The summary includes: 1) Limits are defined as making a function arbitrarily close to a value L by taking the input sufficiently close to a point without reaching it. One-sided limits also exist. 2) Evaluation techniques include L'Hospital's rule, factoring, and rationalizing denominators. Continuous functions have limits equal to their value. 3) Properties of limits include adding/subtracting/multiplying/dividing limits and raising to powers. One-sided limits determine if a limit exists.

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    Calculus Cheat Sheet

    Calculus Cheat Sheet

    Limits
    Definitions Limit at Infinity : We say lim f ( x ) = L if we Precise Definition : We say lim f ( x ) = L if for every > 0 there is a > 0 such that whenever 0 < x a < then f ( x ) L < . Working Definition : We say lim f ( x ) = L if we can make f ( x ) as close to L as we want by taking x sufficiently close to a (on either side of a) without letting x = a . Right hand limit : lim+ f ( x ) = L . This has
    x a xa xa

    can make f ( x ) as close to L as we want by taking x large enough and positive. There is a similar definition for lim f ( x ) = L
    x

    Evaluation Techniques LHospitals Rule Continuous Functions f ( x) 0 f ( x) If f ( x ) is continuous at a then lim f ( x ) = f ( a ) xa If lim = or lim then, = xa g ( x ) x a g ( x ) 0 Continuous Functions and Composition f ( x) f ( x) a is a number, or lim = lim f ( x ) is continuous at b and lim g ( x ) = b then x a g ( x ) x a g ( x )

    lim f ( g ( x ) ) = f lim g ( x ) = f ( b )
    x a x a

    xa

    except we require x large and negative. Infinite Limit : We say lim f ( x ) = if we can make f ( x ) arbitrarily large (and positive) by taking x sufficiently close to a (on either side of a) without letting x = a . There is a similar definition for lim f ( x ) = except we make f ( x ) arbitrarily large and
    xa x a

    Factor and Cancel ( x 2 )( x + 6 ) x 2 + 4 x 12 lim = lim 2 x2 x2 x 2x x ( x 2) x+6 8 = =4 x2 x 2 Rationalize Numerator/Denominator 3 x 3 x 3+ x lim 2 = lim 2 x 9 x 81 x 9 x 81 3 + x 9 x 1 = lim = lim x 9 ( x 2 81) 3 + x x9 ( x + 9 ) 3 + x = lim

    Polynomials at Infinity p ( x ) and q ( x ) are polynomials. To compute


    x

    lim

    q ( x)

    p ( x)

    factor largest power of x out of both

    p ( x ) and q ( x ) and then compute limit. x 2 3 42 3 42 3x 2 4 3 x = lim 2 5 = lim 5 x = x 5 x 2 x 2 x x x 2 2 2 x x lim

    the same definition as the limit except it requires x > a . Left hand limit : lim f ( x ) = L . This has the
    xa

    Piecewise Function

    same definition as the limit except it requires negative. x<a. Relationship between the limit and one-sided limits lim f ( x ) = L lim+ f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = L lim+ f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = L lim f ( x ) = L
    xa x a x a +

    lim f ( x ) lim f ( x ) lim f ( x ) Does Not Exist


    x a x a

    x a

    x a

    x a

    x a

    Properties Assume lim f ( x ) and lim g ( x ) both exist and c is any number then,
    x a xa

    1 108 Combine Rational Expressions 1 1 1 1 x ( x + h) = lim lim h0 h x + h x h0 h x ( x + h ) =

    (18)( 6 )

    x 2 + 5 if x < 2 lim g ( x ) where g ( x ) = 1 3 x if x 2 Compute two one sided limits, lim g ( x ) = lim x 2 + 5 = 9
    x 2 x 2

    One sided limits are different so lim g ( x )


    x 2

    x 2

    lim+ g ( x ) = lim+ 1 3 x = 7
    x 2

    x 2

    1. lim cf ( x ) = c lim f ( x ) x a x a 2. lim f ( x ) g ( x ) = lim f ( x ) lim g ( x ) x a x a x a 3. lim f ( x ) g ( x ) = lim f ( x ) lim g ( x )


    x a x a x a

    f ( x ) lim f ( x ) x a provided lim g ( x ) 0 4. lim = x a g ( x ) xa lim g ( x ) xa


    n 5. lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) xa x a 6. lim n f ( x ) = n lim f ( x ) x a x a n

    1 h 1 1 = lim = 2 = lim h 0 h x ( x + h ) h 0 x ( x + h ) x

    doesnt exist. If the two one sided limits had been equal then lim g ( x ) would have existed
    x 2

    and had the same value.

    Basic Limit Evaluations at Note : sgn ( a ) = 1 if a > 0 and sgn ( a ) = 1 if a < 0 . 1. lim e x = &
    x x

    lim e x = 0
    x 0

    5. n even : lim x n =
    x

    2. lim ln ( x ) =
    x

    &

    lim ln ( x ) =

    6. n odd : lim x n = & lim x n =


    x x

    Some Continuous Functions Partial list of continuous functions and the values of x for which they are continuous. 1. Polynomials for all x. 7. cos ( x ) and sin ( x ) for all x. 2. Rational function, except for xs that give 8. tan ( x ) and sec ( x ) provided division by zero. n 3 3 3. x (n odd) for all x. x , , , , , 2 2 2 2 n x (n even) for all x 0 . 4. 9. cot ( x ) and csc ( x ) provided x 5. e for all x. x , 2 , , 0, , 2 , 6. ln x for x > 0 . Intermediate Value Theorem Suppose that f ( x ) is continuous on [a, b] and let M be any number between f ( a ) and f ( b ) . Then there exists a number c such that a < c < b and f ( c ) = M .

    b 3. If r > 0 then lim r = 0 x x 4. If r > 0 and x r is real for negative x b then lim r = 0 x x

    7. n even : lim a x n +
    x

    + b x + c = sgn ( a ) + b x + c = sgn ( a ) + c x + d = sgn ( a )


    2005 Paul Dawkins

    8. n odd : lim a x n +
    x

    9. n odd : lim a x +
    n

    Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes.

    Visit http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu for a complete set of Calculus notes.

    2005 Paul Dawkins

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